Allergy and immunology involves the management of disorders related to the immune system. These conditions range from the very common to the very rare, spanning all ages and encompassing various organ systems. Diseases typically seen by an allergist/immunologist (often referred to simply as an "allergist") include: Allergic diseases of the eye, such as allergic conjunctivitis Respiratory tract-related conditions such as allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis and occupational lung diseases Gastrointestinal disorders caused by immune responses to foods, including eosinophilic esophagitis or gastroenteritis, and food protein-induced enteropathies Skin-related allergic conditions such as atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, acute and chronic urticaria, or angioedema Adverse reactions to foods, drugs, vaccines, stinging insects and other agents Diseases primarily affecting the immune system, including primary immune deficiencies such as severe combined immune deficiency syndromes, antibody deficiencies, complement deficiency, phagocytic cell abnormalities, or other impairments in innate immunity and acquired immune deficiency Systemic diseases including anaphylaxis and systemic diseases involving mast cells or eosinophils Diseases associated with autoimmune responses to self-antigens, such as auto-inflammatory syndromes Stem cell, bone marrow and/or organ transplantation Allergists may practice in dedicated allergy-related clinical settings and frequently provide consultative services to other physicians and hospitals. Some allergists combine their subspecialized training with general internal medicine practice.

1. IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY
PREPARED BY:- RIYA GUPTA
griya2312@gmail.com

2. INTRODUCTION
Def'n:
Mechanisms
 The branch of biomedical science concerned with
the response of the organism to antigenic
challenge, the recognition of self from non-self, and
all of the biological (in vivo), serological (in vitro),
and physical chemical aspects of immune
phenomena
 Defence mechanisms include all physical, chemical
and biological properties of the organism which
reduce it's susceptibility to foreign organisms,
material, etc.
 Functionally these may be divided into those which
are static, or innate to the organism, and those
which are responsive, or adaptive to a potential
pathogen or foreign substance

3. IMMUNESYSTEMDIAGRAMICALREPRESENTATION

4. TYPE OF IMMUNOLOGY
 Evolutionary older system
 First line of defence
 Non-specific
 Resistance is static
 often sufficient to prevent disease
i. physical defences skin & epithelial
surfaces, cilia commensual flora acidic
gastric contents fever
ii. biochemical defences soluble - lysosyme,
acute phase reactants - complement,
fibronectin, interferon cellular - natural
killer cells, RES phagocytes
 Second line of defence
 Activated once the innate
system has been
penetrated/overwhelmed
 Is specific to the infective
agent exhibits memory with
an enhanced response to
subsequent challenge
1.soluble factors
2.cellular factors
1. Innate system 2. Adaptive system

5. HOW A BODY ACT WHEN A
PATHOGEN ATTACKS?

6. IMMUNOLOGY IN ALL ITS
STATES

7. Allergy
Def'n:
 A misguided reaction to foreign
substances by the immune system, the
body system of defense against foreign
invaders, particularly pathogens (the
agents of infection).
 The allergic reaction is misguided in that
these foreign substances are usually
harmless.
 The substances that trigger allergy are
called allergen.
 Examples include pollens, dust mite,
molds, danders, and certain foods.
People prone to allergies are said to
be allergic or atopic.

8. Types of Allergies
Types
:-
 An allergy occurs when your body’s
immune system sees a certain substance
as harmful. It reacts by causing an
allergic reaction. Substances that cause
allergic reactions are allergens.
 Drug Allergy
 Food Allergy
 Insect Allergy
 Latex Allergy
 Mold Allergy
 Pet Allergy
 Pollen Allergy

9. True allergies to drugs (medicines) occur in only a small
number of people. Most drug reactions are not allergic,
but are side effects of the properties of the medicine. A
diagnosis of the cause of the drug reaction is usually
based only upon the patient’s history and symptoms.
Sometimes skin testing for drug allergy is also done.
A food allergy occurs when the body’s immune system sees a
certain food as harmful and reacts by causing allergic symptoms.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated. The body’s immune
system makes antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE). These
IgE antibodies react with a certain food and cause symptoms. the
most common causes of food allergy :Milk ,Egg,Peanut,Tree
Nut,Soy,Wheat,Fish,Shellfish.
Non-IgE mediated. Other parts of the body’s immune system
react to a certain food. This reaction causes symptoms, but does
not involve an IgE antibody. Someone can have both IgE
mediated and non-IgE mediated food allergies.

10. A latex allergy is an allergic reaction to natural rubber latex.
Natural rubber latex gloves, balloons, condoms and other
natural rubber products contain latex. An allergy to latex can
be a serious health risk.
Bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets and fire ants are
the most common stinging insects that cause an allergic
reaction.
Non-stinging insects can also cause allergic reactions.
The most common are cockroaches and the insect-like
dust mite. Allergies to these two insects may be the
most common cause of year-round allergy and asthma.
Mold and mildew are fungi. Since fungi grow in so many
places, both indoors and outdoors, allergic reactions can occur
year round.
The symptoms of mold allergy are very similar to
the symptoms of other allergies, such as sneezing, itching,
runny nose, congestion and dry, scaling skin.
Outdoor molds may cause allergy symptoms in summer and
fall (or year-round in some climates)
Indoor molds may cause allergy symptoms year-round

11. Pollen is one of the most common triggers
of seasonal allergies. Many people know
pollen allergy as “hay fever.” Experts
usually refer to pollen allergy as “seasonal
allergic rhinitis.”
Symptoms:
• Runny nose and mucus production
• Sneezing Itchy nose, eyes, ears and
mouth
• Stuffy nose (nasal congestion)
Allergies to pets with fur are
common. It is important to know that
an allergy-free (hypoallergenic) breed
of dog or cat does not exist.

12. All the information is taken from different source.
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