All reflexes are involuntary.Only polysynaptic reflex arcs use aff.pdf
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All reflexes are involuntary. Only polysynaptic reflex arcs use afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Monosynaptic reflex pathways do not use interneurons. The purpose of all reflexes is to prevent injury. A reflex is a rapid,involuntary sequence of actions that occur in response to a specific stimulus.In polysynaptic reflex arcs,one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals.When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons,one sensory neuron,and one motor neuron,it is defined as monosynaptic.Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse.A monosynaptic reflex has only one synapse in its reflex arc,there are no interneurons. Solution All reflexes are involuntary. Only polysynaptic reflex arcs use afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Monosynaptic reflex pathways do not use interneurons. The purpose of all reflexes is to prevent injury. A reflex is a rapid,involuntary sequence of actions that occur in response to a specific stimulus.In polysynaptic reflex arcs,one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals.When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons,one sensory neuron,and one motor neuron,it is defined as monosynaptic.Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse.A monosynaptic reflex has only one synapse in its reflex arc,there are no interneurons..
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Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes They are involuntary.pdf
Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes? They are involuntary. The simplest pathway
by which they occur is a reflex arc. They must be integrated in the brain. They allow
individuals to react to a stimulus very quickly.
Solution
Answer: They must be intergrated in the brain.
Explanation:
A reflex is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.
Scientific use of the term \"reflex\" refers to a behavior that is mediated via the reflex arc. A
reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex action. In higher animals, most sensory
neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This characteristic
allows reflex actions to occur relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons without the
delay of routing signals through the brain, although the brain will receive sensory input while the
reflex is carried out. Analysis of the signal takes place after action has been taken..
Reflexes
Reflexes are important to understand for all medical professional it is an assessment tool for patients with neurological conditions.
a god knowledge of primitive reflexes can be effective for pediatric health care as well. it helps us in identifying any developmental delay in children.
Control and Coordination
An informative and a well designed presentation on Control and Coordination in Animals
You are right. The s orbitals are spherically sym.pdf
You are right. The s orbitals are spherically symmetrical and have no preferred
directional properties. On the contrary, p orbitals have definite directional properties. there have
three orthogonal p orbitals ---Px, Py, Pz. Could you please tell me where you got the question?
Thanks!
Solution
You are right. The s orbitals are spherically symmetrical and have no preferred
directional properties. On the contrary, p orbitals have definite directional properties. there have
three orthogonal p orbitals ---Px, Py, Pz. Could you please tell me where you got the question?
Thanks!.
9.The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organis.pdf
9.
The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organisms. Four of which, - (at very
low levels of nutrients) , -(highly metabolically diverse and containing chemolithoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs), - (largest class in terms of species ), and - (
predators on other bacteria) Proteobacteria are commonly reported in the soil ecosystems.
Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, they are so dominative and can be
able to grown in any soil ecosystem with minimum support of its requirements (c source).
The proteo bacteria dominates soil ecosystems, its relative abundance increases from 21.40% in
sandy to 35.35% in forest soil ecosystems.In Grass /forest-grass ecosystems, Proteobacteria were
the most abundant and there the soil had the highest soil nutrients and MAP. Proteobacteria had
significant correlations with pH, and soil moisture, mean annual precipitation (MAP), and
nutrients. MAP was correlated with soil chemical and physical properties. MAP plays a major
role that affects the composition of the soil bacteria. If MAP gradient increases Proteeobacterial
level decreases.
The fundamental difference between spatial and chemical specialist bacteria: Spatial Bacteria
can be seen/ grown in any area whereas, chemical specialist bacteria found in some /endemic/
restricted places only. Ex: Special bacteria types in coal mines and on oil spils. Where spatial
bacteria are normal bacteria , whereas chemical specialist bacteria creates energy from that
degrading chemical/ toxic and utilises it for its energy, in that way it degrades that chemical. Ex:
Certain bacteria can degrade pesticides, they get energy from that pesticide by utilising the
pesticide. Further it degrades the toxic effect of that pesticide. These are of commercial value,
with industrial usage.
50-80% of the soil bacteria remains in inactive state:
Most of the bacteria remains inactive until environmental conditions are favorable. So 50-80% of
the soil bacteria remains in inactive state, until favourable conditions are available. Endospores,
cysts, conidia or states of reduced metabolic activity are the inactive states for bacteria. They
break the inactive states if favourable conditions comes.
Solution
9.
The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organisms. Four of which, - (at very
low levels of nutrients) , -(highly metabolically diverse and containing chemolithoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs), - (largest class in terms of species ), and - (
predators on other bacteria) Proteobacteria are commonly reported in the soil ecosystems.
Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, they are so dominative and can be
able to grown in any soil ecosystem with minimum support of its requirements (c source).
The proteo bacteria dominates soil ecosystems, its relative abundance increases from 21.40% in
sandy to 35.35% in forest soil ecosystems.In Grass /forest-grass ecosystems, Proteo.
More Related Content
Similar to All reflexes are involuntary.Only polysynaptic reflex arcs use aff.pdf
Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes They are involuntary.pdf
Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes? They are involuntary. The simplest pathway
by which they occur is a reflex arc. They must be integrated in the brain. They allow
individuals to react to a stimulus very quickly.
Solution
Answer: They must be intergrated in the brain.
Explanation:
A reflex is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus.
Scientific use of the term \"reflex\" refers to a behavior that is mediated via the reflex arc. A
reflex arc is a neural pathway that controls a reflex action. In higher animals, most sensory
neurons do not pass directly into the brain, but synapse in the spinal cord. This characteristic
allows reflex actions to occur relatively quickly by activating spinal motor neurons without the
delay of routing signals through the brain, although the brain will receive sensory input while the
reflex is carried out. Analysis of the signal takes place after action has been taken..
Reflexes
Reflexes are important to understand for all medical professional it is an assessment tool for patients with neurological conditions.
a god knowledge of primitive reflexes can be effective for pediatric health care as well. it helps us in identifying any developmental delay in children.
Control and Coordination
An informative and a well designed presentation on Control and Coordination in Animals
Similar to All reflexes are involuntary.Only polysynaptic reflex arcs use aff.pdf (20)
Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes They are involuntary.pdf
Which of the following is NOT true of reflexes They are involuntary.pdf
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You are right. The s orbitals are spherically sym.pdf
You are right. The s orbitals are spherically symmetrical and have no preferred
directional properties. On the contrary, p orbitals have definite directional properties. there have
three orthogonal p orbitals ---Px, Py, Pz. Could you please tell me where you got the question?
Thanks!
Solution
You are right. The s orbitals are spherically symmetrical and have no preferred
directional properties. On the contrary, p orbitals have definite directional properties. there have
three orthogonal p orbitals ---Px, Py, Pz. Could you please tell me where you got the question?
Thanks!.
9.The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organis.pdf
9.
The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organisms. Four of which, - (at very
low levels of nutrients) , -(highly metabolically diverse and containing chemolithoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs), - (largest class in terms of species ), and - (
predators on other bacteria) Proteobacteria are commonly reported in the soil ecosystems.
Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, they are so dominative and can be
able to grown in any soil ecosystem with minimum support of its requirements (c source).
The proteo bacteria dominates soil ecosystems, its relative abundance increases from 21.40% in
sandy to 35.35% in forest soil ecosystems.In Grass /forest-grass ecosystems, Proteobacteria were
the most abundant and there the soil had the highest soil nutrients and MAP. Proteobacteria had
significant correlations with pH, and soil moisture, mean annual precipitation (MAP), and
nutrients. MAP was correlated with soil chemical and physical properties. MAP plays a major
role that affects the composition of the soil bacteria. If MAP gradient increases Proteeobacterial
level decreases.
The fundamental difference between spatial and chemical specialist bacteria: Spatial Bacteria
can be seen/ grown in any area whereas, chemical specialist bacteria found in some /endemic/
restricted places only. Ex: Special bacteria types in coal mines and on oil spils. Where spatial
bacteria are normal bacteria , whereas chemical specialist bacteria creates energy from that
degrading chemical/ toxic and utilises it for its energy, in that way it degrades that chemical. Ex:
Certain bacteria can degrade pesticides, they get energy from that pesticide by utilising the
pesticide. Further it degrades the toxic effect of that pesticide. These are of commercial value,
with industrial usage.
50-80% of the soil bacteria remains in inactive state:
Most of the bacteria remains inactive until environmental conditions are favorable. So 50-80% of
the soil bacteria remains in inactive state, until favourable conditions are available. Endospores,
cysts, conidia or states of reduced metabolic activity are the inactive states for bacteria. They
break the inactive states if favourable conditions comes.
Solution
9.
The Proteobacteria have a metabolically diverse group of organisms. Four of which, - (at very
low levels of nutrients) , -(highly metabolically diverse and containing chemolithoautotrophs,
photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs), - (largest class in terms of species ), and - (
predators on other bacteria) Proteobacteria are commonly reported in the soil ecosystems.
Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, they are so dominative and can be
able to grown in any soil ecosystem with minimum support of its requirements (c source).
The proteo bacteria dominates soil ecosystems, its relative abundance increases from 21.40% in
sandy to 35.35% in forest soil ecosystems.In Grass /forest-grass ecosystems, Proteo.
7. C8. C9. B10. BThe plant makes Oxygen for the snail and th.pdf
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. B
The plant makes Oxygen for the snail and the snail makes CO2 for the plant. The oxygen made
by plant will be used by snail for respiration and CO2 made by snail will be used by plant for
photosynthesis. The Bacteria will decompose the waste of snail and provides nutrients for snail.
But this all happens untill light source is available for plant th take up photosynthesis.
Solution
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. B
The plant makes Oxygen for the snail and the snail makes CO2 for the plant. The oxygen made
by plant will be used by snail for respiration and CO2 made by snail will be used by plant for
photosynthesis. The Bacteria will decompose the waste of snail and provides nutrients for snail.
But this all happens untill light source is available for plant th take up photosynthesis..
2 I- + Cl2 = 2 Cl- + I2I- is oxidized as the oxidation state of I.pdf
2 I- + Cl2 => 2 Cl- + I2
I- is oxidized as the oxidation state of I increases from -1 in I- to 0 in I2
Cl2 is reduced as the oxidation state of Cl decreases from 0 in Cl2 to -1 in Cl-
Solution
2 I- + Cl2 => 2 Cl- + I2
I- is oxidized as the oxidation state of I increases from -1 in I- to 0 in I2
Cl2 is reduced as the oxidation state of Cl decreases from 0 in Cl2 to -1 in Cl-.
Ionics bonds are between metals and nonmetals. The ionic bond exists .pdf
Ionics bonds are between metals and nonmetals. The ionic bond exists between the negatively
charged oxygen of the methoxide (-OCH3) and the positively charged sodium (Na). Covalent
bonds are between nonmetals, and it exists between the carbons and hydrogens in the methyl
group (CH3)
Solution
Ionics bonds are between metals and nonmetals. The ionic bond exists between the negatively
charged oxygen of the methoxide (-OCH3) and the positively charged sodium (Na). Covalent
bonds are between nonmetals, and it exists between the carbons and hydrogens in the methyl
group (CH3).
buoyancy applies to solids as well as liquids. si.pdf
buoyancy applies to solids as well as liquids. since gases cannot be contained in an
enclosure by themselves, buoyancy cannot be applied as it is
Solution
buoyancy applies to solids as well as liquids. since gases cannot be contained in an
enclosure by themselves, buoyancy cannot be applied as it is.
There are three major forms of fossil fuels coal.pdf
There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were
formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs
Solution
There are three major forms of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. All three were
formed many hundreds of millions of years ago before the time of the dinosaurs.
1. Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign genetic ma.pdf
1. Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign genetic material in to the eukaryotic
cells.Cells that have used the introduced DNA is called transfectants. There are two types of
transfection
Stable transfection in which the foriegn DNA is introduced into the genome and replicated. The
protein coded will be expressed in all generations.
Transient transformation in which the oreign DNA will be not be integrated. The protein
expressed only for short duration.
2. The essential regions are 25 bp border repeats, Restriction site and a Antibiotic resistance
region.
3.The function of Vir genes can be studied in wounded plants. The system is induced by signals
produced by plants following wounding. Phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, activate
the VirA gene, which is a constitutively expressed trans-membrane protein. The activated VirA
gene acts as a kinase, phosphorylating the VirG gene. In its phosphorylated form, VirG acts as an
activator of transcription for the remaining Vir gene operons.Vir D1 + D2 have endonuclease
activity, and make single-stranded cuts within the left and right borders. VirE acts as a ssDNA
binding protein, protecting the single strand T-DNA region during the transport phase of the
process. Once in the plant cell, the complementary strand of the T-DNA is synthesised.These and
the other Vir genes, are necessary for transfer of the T-DNA, but they function in trans, so none
of these genes need to be included in the cloning vectors.
4. Chloroplast are important for photosynthesis in plants. It is benificial for the plant if some of
the genes in the chloroplast are altered for increased photosynthesis and ultimately increased
energy production for the plants . There are 3 methods for chloroplast transformation.
Solution
1. Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign genetic material in to the eukaryotic
cells.Cells that have used the introduced DNA is called transfectants. There are two types of
transfection
Stable transfection in which the foriegn DNA is introduced into the genome and replicated. The
protein coded will be expressed in all generations.
Transient transformation in which the oreign DNA will be not be integrated. The protein
expressed only for short duration.
2. The essential regions are 25 bp border repeats, Restriction site and a Antibiotic resistance
region.
3.The function of Vir genes can be studied in wounded plants. The system is induced by signals
produced by plants following wounding. Phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, activate
the VirA gene, which is a constitutively expressed trans-membrane protein. The activated VirA
gene acts as a kinase, phosphorylating the VirG gene. In its phosphorylated form, VirG acts as an
activator of transcription for the remaining Vir gene operons.Vir D1 + D2 have endonuclease
activity, and make single-stranded cuts within the left and right borders. VirE acts as a ssDNA
binding protein, protecting the single strand T-DNA region during the tr.
1. ANSTorsionMollusca bilaterally symmetrical animals but this.pdf
1. ANS:
Torsion:
Mollusca bilaterally symmetrical animals but this symmetry is lost in gastropod due to the 2
processes termed as coiling and torsion.
Torsion occurs in all gastropods during larva development. In this the visceral mass, mantle and
shell 180 with respect to the head and foot and it brings the mantle cavity and annus to an
anterior position above the head.
2. ANS:
Bivalve Mollusca’s can breathe through their gills and some bivalves’ gills can gather food.
Every bivalve can make its own shells. The internal mantle continuously secretes calcium
carbonate so the outer shell was forms.
In Mollusca bivalves are divides from front to back into left and right valves.
Ex: Oysters, scallops.
3. ANS:
Among 3 of 5 classes (cephalopod, Polyplacophora & gastropod) groups of mollusks possess a
radula.
Radula Function: In mollusks it is used for feeding, among this it acts like a tongue.
4. ANS:
No, all mollusks did not have calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells. Among the two classes of
aplacophoran (caudofoveata & Solenogastres) calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells are not present.
Due to the largely changing lifestyle and suspension or suspension feeding the bivalves are lost.
The radula & head is raisin in most mollusks.
Solution
1. ANS:
Torsion:
Mollusca bilaterally symmetrical animals but this symmetry is lost in gastropod due to the 2
processes termed as coiling and torsion.
Torsion occurs in all gastropods during larva development. In this the visceral mass, mantle and
shell 180 with respect to the head and foot and it brings the mantle cavity and annus to an
anterior position above the head.
2. ANS:
Bivalve Mollusca’s can breathe through their gills and some bivalves’ gills can gather food.
Every bivalve can make its own shells. The internal mantle continuously secretes calcium
carbonate so the outer shell was forms.
In Mollusca bivalves are divides from front to back into left and right valves.
Ex: Oysters, scallops.
3. ANS:
Among 3 of 5 classes (cephalopod, Polyplacophora & gastropod) groups of mollusks possess a
radula.
Radula Function: In mollusks it is used for feeding, among this it acts like a tongue.
4. ANS:
No, all mollusks did not have calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells. Among the two classes of
aplacophoran (caudofoveata & Solenogastres) calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells are not present.
Due to the largely changing lifestyle and suspension or suspension feeding the bivalves are lost.
The radula & head is raisin in most mollusks..
Caesium (cesium in USA) metal reacts rapidly with.pdf
Caesium (cesium in USA) metal reacts rapidly with water to form a colourless
solution of caesium hydroxide (CsOH) and hydrogen gas (H2). The resulting solution is basic
because of the dissolved hydroxide. The reaction is very exothermic. The reaction is so fast that
if the reaction is carried out in a glass vessel, the glass container will shatter. Although not
known for certain, the reaction is probably slower than that of francium (immediately below
caesium in the periodic table). The reaction is faster than that of rubidium (immediately above
caesium in the periodic table). 2Cs(s) + 2H2O ? 2CsOH(aq) + H2(g)
Solution
Caesium (cesium in USA) metal reacts rapidly with water to form a colourless
solution of caesium hydroxide (CsOH) and hydrogen gas (H2). The resulting solution is basic
because of the dissolved hydroxide. The reaction is very exothermic. The reaction is so fast that
if the reaction is carried out in a glass vessel, the glass container will shatter. Although not
known for certain, the reaction is probably slower than that of francium (immediately below
caesium in the periodic table). The reaction is faster than that of rubidium (immediately above
caesium in the periodic table). 2Cs(s) + 2H2O ? 2CsOH(aq) + H2(g).
1. General mechanism Carboxylic acids can be esterified by alcohols .pdf
1. General mechanism Carboxylic acids can be esterified by alcohols in the presence of a
suitable acidic catalyst as illustrated in Scheme 1. The initial step is protonation of the acid to
give an oxonium ion (1), which can undergo an exchange reaction with an alcohol to give the
intermediate (2), and this in turn can lose a proton to become an ester (3). Each step in the
process is reversible but in the presence of a large excess of the alcohol, the equilibrium point of
the reaction is displaced so that esterification proceeds virtually to completion. However, in the
presence of water, which is a stronger electron donor than are aliphatic alcohols, formation of the
intermediate (2) is not favoured and esterification will not proceed fully. Scheme 1. Acid-
catalysed esterification of fatty acids. Ester exchange or transesterification occurs under similar
conditions (Scheme 2). In this instance, initial protonation of the ester is followed by addition of
the exchanging alcohol to give the intermediate (4), which can be dissociated via the transitions
state (5) to give the ester (6). Again, each step is reversible and in the presence of a large excess
of the alcohol, the equilibrium point of the reaction is displaced so that the product is almost
entirely the required ester (6). Water must once more be excluded, as it would produce some
hydrolysis by dissociation of an intermediate analogous to (4) (R\" = H) to a free acid. The
preferred conditions for acid-catalysed esterification of carboxylic acids or transesterification of
existing esters are therefore a large excess of the appropriate alcohol and absence of water. While
it may be possible to obtain water-free conditions simply by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate to
the reaction medium [256], a better practice in general is to operate with dry reagents and
glassware. Scheme 2. Acid-catalysed transesterification of lipids. A critical practical point is the
choice of acid as catalyst. This must facilitate the reaction but should not cause unwanted side
effects. In principle, the methodology can be used with any alcohol component, but in practice it
is limited to those alcohols that can be eliminated from the reaction medium by selective
evaporation, i.e. methanol to perhaps pentanol. 2. Methanolic hydrogen chloride The most
frequently cited reagent for the preparation of methyl esters is 5% anhydrous hydrogen chloride
(not hydrochloric acid) in methanol, prepared by bubbling dry gaseous hydrogen chloride into
dry methanol. Gaseous hydrogen chloride is available commercially in cylinders or can be
prepared when needed by dropping concentrated sulfuric acid onto fused ammonium chloride or
into concentrated hydrochloric acid in a Kipp\'s apparatus [100]. The stability of the reagent was
studied by Kishimoto and Radin [183], who found that half the titratable acid was lost at room
temperature in six weeks, presumably by reaction between the acid and methanol to give methyl
chloride and water. Simi.
Working capital. (2014)Total current assets- Total current li.pdf
Working capital. (2014)
Total current assets
-
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
-
215,293
=
293,674
Current ratio. (2014)
Total current assets
/
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
/
215,293
=
2.364067
Free cash flow. (2014)
Operating Cash Flow
-
Capital Expenditures
=
209,151
-
108,497
=
100,654
Debt to assets ratio. (2014)
Debt(Bonds payable)
/
Total assets
=
216,186
/
1,100,764
=
0.196396
Earnings per share. (2014)
Profit after tax
/
No of shares outstanding
=
123101
/
50000
=
2.46202
Working capital
$
293,674
Current ratio
2.364066644
Free cash flow
$
100,654
Debt to assets ratio
19.64%
Earnings per share
$
2.46202
Working capital. (2014)
Total current assets
-
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
-
215,293
=
293,674
Current ratio. (2014)
Total current assets
/
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
/
215,293
=
2.364067
Free cash flow. (2014)
Operating Cash Flow
-
Capital Expenditures
=
209,151
-
108,497
=
100,654
Debt to assets ratio. (2014)
Debt(Bonds payable)
/
Total assets
=
216,186
/
1,100,764
=
0.196396
Earnings per share. (2014)
Profit after tax
/
No of shares outstanding
=
123101
/
50000
=
2.46202
Solution
Working capital. (2014)
Total current assets
-
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
-
215,293
=
293,674
Current ratio. (2014)
Total current assets
/
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
/
215,293
=
2.364067
Free cash flow. (2014)
Operating Cash Flow
-
Capital Expenditures
=
209,151
-
108,497
=
100,654
Debt to assets ratio. (2014)
Debt(Bonds payable)
/
Total assets
=
216,186
/
1,100,764
=
0.196396
Earnings per share. (2014)
Profit after tax
/
No of shares outstanding
=
123101
/
50000
=
2.46202
Working capital
$
293,674
Current ratio
2.364066644
Free cash flow
$
100,654
Debt to assets ratio
19.64%
Earnings per share
$
2.46202
Working capital. (2014)
Total current assets
-
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
-
215,293
=
293,674
Current ratio. (2014)
Total current assets
/
Total current liabilities
=
508,967
/
215,293
=
2.364067
Free cash flow. (2014)
Operating Cash Flow
-
Capital Expenditures
=
209,151
-
108,497
=
100,654
Debt to assets ratio. (2014)
Debt(Bonds payable)
/
Total assets
=
216,186
/
1,100,764
=
0.196396
Earnings per share. (2014)
Profit after tax
/
No of shares outstanding
=
123101
/
50000
=
2.46202.
-CoQ coenzyme (in fact, it stands for Coenzyme-Q)-Lipase neit.pdf
-CoQ: coenzyme (in fact, it stands for Coenzyme-Q)
-Lipase: neither (lipase is an enzyme)
-NADP: coenzyme
-Biotin: coenzyme
-Ni2+: cofactor (nickel is a non-protein compound, but it assists with Ni2+-requiring ARD)
-Metal ion: cofactor (a good example of an inorganic cofactor)
Solution
-CoQ: coenzyme (in fact, it stands for Coenzyme-Q)
-Lipase: neither (lipase is an enzyme)
-NADP: coenzyme
-Biotin: coenzyme
-Ni2+: cofactor (nickel is a non-protein compound, but it assists with Ni2+-requiring ARD)
-Metal ion: cofactor (a good example of an inorganic cofactor).
Ans 5. Risk of sharing digital models with other parties With the g.pdf
Ans 5. Risk of sharing digital models with other parties: With the growing world, the technology
has grown to an extent where one can get the information, share, complete the task , check and
what not everything can be done with digital knowledge.
Risks are:
1. There will be no control over the data you send : Sometimes if the work or the provided task is
not completed in the comany they might carry forward the work to home where you might be
using un encrypted versions. So, this data can be assessed and that may shatter water over the
work or all the hard work you did.
2. Bring your own device: If the company allows the employes to use their own device than there
may be risk of third party using your device.
Thus, sharing digital models involves lot of risks as if the data reaches in the hand of other
parties than the awesome amount of work done, the planning execution and even there may be
chances of the other parties to sue the organisation claiming they have copied their work.
Ans 6. Yes, the party managing the modeling process are exposed to additional liability under
some conditions.
Ans: 7 Risks from potential interoperability of the various BIM software platforms in use:
Interoperability is the ability of various entitites and different technology to exchange
information.
1. Information leakage
2. Less efficiency of construction project participants
3. No security in the data exchange
Solution
Ans 5. Risk of sharing digital models with other parties: With the growing world, the technology
has grown to an extent where one can get the information, share, complete the task , check and
what not everything can be done with digital knowledge.
Risks are:
1. There will be no control over the data you send : Sometimes if the work or the provided task is
not completed in the comany they might carry forward the work to home where you might be
using un encrypted versions. So, this data can be assessed and that may shatter water over the
work or all the hard work you did.
2. Bring your own device: If the company allows the employes to use their own device than there
may be risk of third party using your device.
Thus, sharing digital models involves lot of risks as if the data reaches in the hand of other
parties than the awesome amount of work done, the planning execution and even there may be
chances of the other parties to sue the organisation claiming they have copied their work.
Ans 6. Yes, the party managing the modeling process are exposed to additional liability under
some conditions.
Ans: 7 Risks from potential interoperability of the various BIM software platforms in use:
Interoperability is the ability of various entitites and different technology to exchange
information.
1. Information leakage
2. Less efficiency of construction project participants
3. No security in the data exchange.
About File history in windows 8 Any time your personal files c.pdf
About File history in windows 8:
Any time your personal files change, there will be a copy stored on a dedicated, external storage
device of your choice. File History continuously protects your personal files stored in libraries,
desktop, favorites folders. It periodically (every hour by default) scans the file system for
changes and copies changed files to another location. Over time, File History builds a complete
history of the changes made to any personal file.
File History was introduced in Windows 8, and gives you a new way to protect your files. It
supersedes the existing Windows Backup and Restore features of Windows 7 because it was
never a very popular application. This leaves your personal data and digital memories quite
vulnerable, as any accident can lead to data loss.
In Windows 8, Microsoft is actively trying to:
While designing File History, Microsoft used what it had learned in the past and added
requirements to address the changing needs of PC users:
When a specific point in time (PiT) version of a file or even an entire folder is needed, you can
quickly find it and restore it. The restore application was designed to offer an engaging
experience optimized for browsing, searching, previewing and restoring files.
Setting up
Before you start using File History to back up your files, you’ll need to set up a drive to
which you will save files. Microsoft recommends you use an external drive or network location
to help protect your files against a crash or other PC problem.
File History only saves copies of files in your libraries, favorites and on your desktop. If you
have folders elsewhere you want backed up, you can add them to one of your existing libraries or
create a new library.
To set up File History:
You can also set up a drive in AutoPlay by connecting the drive to your PC, tapping or clicking
the notification that appears, then tapping or clicking “Configure this drive for backup.” That’s
it. From that moment, every hour, File History will check your libraries, desktop, favorites for
any changes. If it finds changed files, it will automatically copy them to the File History drive.
Restoring files aruen\'t available elsewhere on your system
When something bad happens and one or more personal files are lost, the restore application
makes it easy to:
Microsoft designed the restore application for wide-screen displays and wanted to offer a unique,
engaging and convenient way of finding a specific version of a file by looking at its preview.
With other backup applications, you have to select a backup set created on a specific date. Then
you have to browse to find a specific folder and then find the one file you need. At this point,
however, it’s impossible to open the file or preview its contents to determine if it’s the correct
one. You have to restore the file and if it isn’t the right version, you have to start over.
With File History, the search starts right in Windows Explorer. You can browse to a specific
location and c.
The answer is 21.3 kJ of heat. See solution belowMoles of water =.pdf
The answer is 21.3 kJ of heat. See solution below:
Moles of water = mass/molar mass of water
= 50.0/18.02 = 2.775 mol
Heat required to melt ice to water at 0oC
= moles x heat of fusion of water
= 2.775 x 6.01 = 16.7 kJ
Heat required to warm melted ice from 0 to 22oC
= moles x heat capacity of water x temperature change
= 2.775 x 75 x (22 - 0)
= 4578 J 4.6 kJ
Total heat required = 16.7 + 4.6
= 21.3 kJ
Solution
The answer is 21.3 kJ of heat. See solution below:
Moles of water = mass/molar mass of water
= 50.0/18.02 = 2.775 mol
Heat required to melt ice to water at 0oC
= moles x heat of fusion of water
= 2.775 x 6.01 = 16.7 kJ
Heat required to warm melted ice from 0 to 22oC
= moles x heat capacity of water x temperature change
= 2.775 x 75 x (22 - 0)
= 4578 J 4.6 kJ
Total heat required = 16.7 + 4.6
= 21.3 kJ.
The Auditors need to be very cautious while auditing a firm where ri.pdf
The Auditors need to be very cautious while auditing a firm where risk of management fraud is
very high.
Before starting the actual audit , the audtors need to assess the following status regarding the
corporate governance of the company;
1. Whether there is an effective Audit Committee having independent Directors and at least one
Financial expert is working. Whether the Audit committee works independently and challenges
management views if required? Whether the Auditors report directly to Audit committee without
any interference from Management? Does the Audit committee understand well the business and
its environment and riskd?
2. Whether the internal Audit of the company is opeartional and give its suggestions
independently?
3. Whether there is strong whistleblower policy and protection for whistleblowers ? Has anything
in the recent pat been reported by whistleblowers?
After assessing the coroprate Governance status of the company , the Auditors need to assess the
fraud risks associated with the business. The Auditors must assess various finance processes for
risk from the input providers, from system or ERP, from output and storage of data and risks
from lapse in approval system or risks from ineffective segregation of duty.
According to the risk assessment, Auditors need to chalk out the Audit paln and do extended
audit if required in the vulnerable areas. Senior partners and associates must be deployed in such
audits to avoid any lapse due to inexperience in auditing.
While doing the actual audit, the following points may be specifically checked;
1. Whether there is frequest and unreasonable change in Accounting Principles and estimates,
2. Whether any loans or advances made to employees or Directors,
3. Whether any asset or liability that is directly related to comapny has been shown as asset &
liability of any special purpose entity (SPE) and no detailed disclosure made about that.
4. Whether some crucial disclosures are made an a masked and incorrect manner.
5. Whether any incorrect/inflated/deflated revenue or expense recorded and approved by
management.
6. Whether any fraudulane payment/receipt/debit or credit note payment or receipt has been
recoreded and approved by management?
7. Whether bad debt or other provision amounts are not based on realistic calculation and twisted
as per management advice?
8. Whether bank transactions are properly done and rconciliations are matched with bank
statementa and whether bank deposit receipts are cross tallied with bank physically?
9. Whether master data related to vendor and cutsomer master creation, manitaning the rates and
discount rates , vendor and customer bank details etc are manitained by authorised persons have
specific access and are properly authorised? The master data change trails need to be carefully
audited.
These are some of the audit points that will be very helpful in auditing a high risk comapny.
Solution
The Auditors need to be very cautious while auditing a firm where r.
Solution Advantage of forming a mutuallistic symbiosis with mycor.pdf
Solution
:
Advantage of forming a mutuallistic symbiosis with mycorrhizae are-
(A) The fungal hyphae are thin and have a high surface to volume ratio.
Mycorrhizae is a mutual relation between fungi and plants.Fungi received food from the plant
by the process of photosynthesis.Fungal hyphae helps in increasing surface area of roots of plant
so they can absorb more nutrients from the soil.It also contribute in plants growth..
The answer is that the brain and CNS has an architecture which is ca.pdf
The answer is that the brain and CNS has an architecture which is called \" Post-mitotic\". There
are only few areas in the brain and the CNS which can produce new nerve cells. The neurons
does not undergo cell division to form new cells because they do not have \"Centrioles\".
Centrioles function in the cell division, the fact that neurons lack this organelle is consistent with
the amitotic nature of the cells. Moreover, each nerve cell has a specific function in our CNS. Its
job is taking a signal from one specific place to another. Adding new nerve cells would mess up
these specific connections in the CNS, thus halting various functions.
When Poliomyeletis attack the motor neurons in the spinal cord, it may get destroyed, damaged
or unaffected. Muscle fibres of the destroyed motor neurons may be orphaned or
reinnervated.Nearby functioning motor units then send terminal axon sprouts to reinnervate the
orphaned muscle fibres. If there are too many orphaned muscle fibres and less number of
surviving motor units to reinnervate them, musce fibre will continue to fibrilate till atropy and
die. The resultant effect of poliomyletis is the loss of all the motor units . In most severe cases,
the virus affects the motor units present in the brain and thu reducing breathing capacity and also
causing difficulty in swallowing and speaking.
Physiologial homeostasis is affected by the polio only when the patient has lost the ability to
breathe due to paralysis. He cannot control the pH of his blood which requires changing the rate
of respiration to remove excess carbon dioxide from the blood when the pH is too low.
Solution
The answer is that the brain and CNS has an architecture which is called \" Post-mitotic\". There
are only few areas in the brain and the CNS which can produce new nerve cells. The neurons
does not undergo cell division to form new cells because they do not have \"Centrioles\".
Centrioles function in the cell division, the fact that neurons lack this organelle is consistent with
the amitotic nature of the cells. Moreover, each nerve cell has a specific function in our CNS. Its
job is taking a signal from one specific place to another. Adding new nerve cells would mess up
these specific connections in the CNS, thus halting various functions.
When Poliomyeletis attack the motor neurons in the spinal cord, it may get destroyed, damaged
or unaffected. Muscle fibres of the destroyed motor neurons may be orphaned or
reinnervated.Nearby functioning motor units then send terminal axon sprouts to reinnervate the
orphaned muscle fibres. If there are too many orphaned muscle fibres and less number of
surviving motor units to reinnervate them, musce fibre will continue to fibrilate till atropy and
die. The resultant effect of poliomyletis is the loss of all the motor units . In most severe cases,
the virus affects the motor units present in the brain and thu reducing breathing capacity and also
causing difficulty in swallowing and speaking.
Physio.
tested on eclipseRainFall.javai.pdf
//tested on eclipse
/******************RainFall.java***********/
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class RainFall {
/*Data member variable*/
private double monthlyRainFall;
private double monthsRainFall[]=new double[12];
private int month=0;
private double maxRain=0.0;
private int maxrainMonth;
private double minRain=0.0;
private int minRainMonth;
/*creating map for storing month*/
Map monthMap=new HashMap();
Scanner input=new Scanner(System.in);
/*Initializing map with value while default constructor*/
public RainFall(){
monthMap.put(0, \"January\");
monthMap.put(1, \"February\");
monthMap.put(2, \"March\");
monthMap.put(3, \"April\");
monthMap.put(4, \"May\");
monthMap.put(5, \"June\");
monthMap.put(6, \"July\");
monthMap.put(7, \"August\");
monthMap.put(8, \"September\");
monthMap.put(9, \"October\");
monthMap.put(10, \"November\");
monthMap.put(11, \"December\");
}
public double getMonthlyRainFall() {
return monthlyRainFall;
}
/*Setting monthly rainfall If it is negative then it loops until positive */
public void setMonthlyRainFall(double monthlyRainFall) {
while(monthlyRainFall<0){
System.out.println(\"Please Enter positive value of monthly rainfall\");
monthlyRainFall=input.nextDouble();
}
monthsRainFall[month++]=monthlyRainFall;
}
/*Getting average month rain fall*/
public void averageMonthlyRainFall(){
double totalRainFall=0;
for(int i=0;imonthsRainFall[i]){
minRain=monthsRainFall[i];
minRainMonth=i;
}
}
System.out.println(\"Min Rain Month Fall: \"+monthMap.get(minRainMonth));
}
/*Main method start*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
/*Creating instance of rainFall class*/
RainFall rainFall=new RainFall();
/*getting rainfall for each month from user*/
for(int i=0;i<12;i++){
System.out.println(\"Please Enter rainFall for \"+(i+1)+\" Month\");
rainFall.setMonthlyRainFall(sc.nextDouble());
}
/*Average Monthly rainfall*/
rainFall.averageMonthlyRainFall();
/*Total Rain Fall in a year*/
rainFall.totalRainFall();
/*Max rainFall Month*/
rainFall.maxRainFallMonth();
/*Minimum rainFall Month*/
rainFall.minRainFallMonth();
sc.close();
}
}
/***********output**********/
Please Enter rainFall for 1 Month
121
Please Enter rainFall for 2 Month
134
Please Enter rainFall for 3 Month
156
Please Enter rainFall for 4 Month
178
Please Enter rainFall for 5 Month
234
Please Enter rainFall for 6 Month
245
Please Enter rainFall for 7 Month
56
Please Enter rainFall for 8 Month
456
Please Enter rainFall for 9 Month
765
Please Enter rainFall for 10 Month
122
Please Enter rainFall for 11 Month
179
Please Enter rainFall for 12 Month
110
Average Monthly Rain Fall: 229.67
Total Rain Fall for the year: 2756
Max Rain Month Fall: September
Min Rain Month Fall: July
Thanks a lot. If you have any doubt please let me know
Solution
//tested on eclipse
/******************RainFall.java***********/
import java.text.DecimalFormat;
import java.util.HashMap;
i.
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- 1. All reflexes are involuntary. Only polysynaptic reflex arcs use afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Monosynaptic reflex pathways do not use interneurons. The purpose of all reflexes is to prevent injury. A reflex is a rapid,involuntary sequence of actions that occur in response to a specific stimulus.In polysynaptic reflex arcs,one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals.When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons,one sensory neuron,and one motor neuron,it is defined as monosynaptic.Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse.A monosynaptic reflex has only one synapse in its reflex arc,there are no interneurons. Solution All reflexes are involuntary. Only polysynaptic reflex arcs use afferent and efferent nerve fibers. Monosynaptic reflex pathways do not use interneurons. The purpose of all reflexes is to prevent injury. A reflex is a rapid,involuntary sequence of actions that occur in response to a specific stimulus.In polysynaptic reflex arcs,one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals.When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons,one sensory neuron,and one motor neuron,it is defined as monosynaptic.Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single chemical synapse.A monosynaptic reflex has only one synapse in its reflex arc,there are no interneurons.