1. Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign genetic material in to the eukaryotic cells.Cells that have used the introduced DNA is called transfectants. There are two types of transfection Stable transfection in which the foriegn DNA is introduced into the genome and replicated. The protein coded will be expressed in all generations. Transient transformation in which the oreign DNA will be not be integrated. The protein expressed only for short duration. 2. The essential regions are 25 bp border repeats, Restriction site and a Antibiotic resistance region. 3.The function of Vir genes can be studied in wounded plants. The system is induced by signals produced by plants following wounding. Phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, activate the VirA gene, which is a constitutively expressed trans-membrane protein. The activated VirA gene acts as a kinase, phosphorylating the VirG gene. In its phosphorylated form, VirG acts as an activator of transcription for the remaining Vir gene operons.Vir D1 + D2 have endonuclease activity, and make single-stranded cuts within the left and right borders. VirE acts as a ssDNA binding protein, protecting the single strand T-DNA region during the transport phase of the process. Once in the plant cell, the complementary strand of the T-DNA is synthesised.These and the other Vir genes, are necessary for transfer of the T-DNA, but they function in trans, so none of these genes need to be included in the cloning vectors. 4. Chloroplast are important for photosynthesis in plants. It is benificial for the plant if some of the genes in the chloroplast are altered for increased photosynthesis and ultimately increased energy production for the plants . There are 3 methods for chloroplast transformation. Solution 1. Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign genetic material in to the eukaryotic cells.Cells that have used the introduced DNA is called transfectants. There are two types of transfection Stable transfection in which the foriegn DNA is introduced into the genome and replicated. The protein coded will be expressed in all generations. Transient transformation in which the oreign DNA will be not be integrated. The protein expressed only for short duration. 2. The essential regions are 25 bp border repeats, Restriction site and a Antibiotic resistance region. 3.The function of Vir genes can be studied in wounded plants. The system is induced by signals produced by plants following wounding. Phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, activate the VirA gene, which is a constitutively expressed trans-membrane protein. The activated VirA gene acts as a kinase, phosphorylating the VirG gene. In its phosphorylated form, VirG acts as an activator of transcription for the remaining Vir gene operons.Vir D1 + D2 have endonuclease activity, and make single-stranded cuts within the left and right borders. VirE acts as a ssDNA binding protein, protecting the single strand T-DNA region during the tr.

1. 1. Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign genetic material in to the eukaryotic
cells.Cells that have used the introduced DNA is called transfectants. There are two types of
transfection
Stable transfection in which the foriegn DNA is introduced into the genome and replicated. The
protein coded will be expressed in all generations.
Transient transformation in which the oreign DNA will be not be integrated. The protein
expressed only for short duration.
2. The essential regions are 25 bp border repeats, Restriction site and a Antibiotic resistance
region.
3.The function of Vir genes can be studied in wounded plants. The system is induced by signals
produced by plants following wounding. Phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, activate
the VirA gene, which is a constitutively expressed trans-membrane protein. The activated VirA
gene acts as a kinase, phosphorylating the VirG gene. In its phosphorylated form, VirG acts as an
activator of transcription for the remaining Vir gene operons.Vir D1 + D2 have endonuclease
activity, and make single-stranded cuts within the left and right borders. VirE acts as a ssDNA
binding protein, protecting the single strand T-DNA region during the transport phase of the
process. Once in the plant cell, the complementary strand of the T-DNA is synthesised.These and
the other Vir genes, are necessary for transfer of the T-DNA, but they function in trans, so none
of these genes need to be included in the cloning vectors.
4. Chloroplast are important for photosynthesis in plants. It is benificial for the plant if some of
the genes in the chloroplast are altered for increased photosynthesis and ultimately increased
energy production for the plants . There are 3 methods for chloroplast transformation.
Solution
1. Transfection is the process of introduction of foreign genetic material in to the eukaryotic
cells.Cells that have used the introduced DNA is called transfectants. There are two types of
transfection
Stable transfection in which the foriegn DNA is introduced into the genome and replicated. The
protein coded will be expressed in all generations.
Transient transformation in which the oreign DNA will be not be integrated. The protein
expressed only for short duration.
2. The essential regions are 25 bp border repeats, Restriction site and a Antibiotic resistance
region.
3.The function of Vir genes can be studied in wounded plants. The system is induced by signals

2. produced by plants following wounding. Phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone, activate
the VirA gene, which is a constitutively expressed trans-membrane protein. The activated VirA
gene acts as a kinase, phosphorylating the VirG gene. In its phosphorylated form, VirG acts as an
activator of transcription for the remaining Vir gene operons.Vir D1 + D2 have endonuclease
activity, and make single-stranded cuts within the left and right borders. VirE acts as a ssDNA
binding protein, protecting the single strand T-DNA region during the transport phase of the
process. Once in the plant cell, the complementary strand of the T-DNA is synthesised.These and
the other Vir genes, are necessary for transfer of the T-DNA, but they function in trans, so none
of these genes need to be included in the cloning vectors.
4. Chloroplast are important for photosynthesis in plants. It is benificial for the plant if some of
the genes in the chloroplast are altered for increased photosynthesis and ultimately increased
energy production for the plants . There are 3 methods for chloroplast transformation.