Alkaloids
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This document discusses different types of alkaloids, including their origin, chemical properties, and examples. It provides information on common chemical tests used to identify different alkaloids and lists specific alkaloids found in several important plant sources. Key types covered include indole, tropane, quinoline, quinazoline, proto/amino, and steroidal alkaloids. Common plants discussed include belladonna, cinchona, ergot, nux vomica, physostigma, rauwolfia, and vinca.
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Alkaloids
- 1. Alkaloids
- 2. • Natural/ synthetic • Contain one or more nitrogen atoms • Heterocyclic nature • Basic nature
- 3. Chemical tests Test Reagent Observation Mayer’ s test Potassium mercuric iodide Cream coloured ppt Drangendroff’s test Potassium bismuth iodide Reddish brown ppt Wagner’s test Iodine potassium iodide Reddish brown ppt Hager’s test Picric acid Yellow ppt
- 4. Alkaloids biosynthesis Amino acids Alkaloid synthesized Ornithine Tropane Lysine Lupinine, Anabasin, Conneine Phenylalanine Ephedrine, Mescaline, Prunasin Tyrosine+Phenylalanine Opium, Dhurrin Tryptophan Indole, Quinoline, Psilabin Dopamine Emetine, Colchicine Histidine Pilocarpine Valine Linamarine Isoleucine Lotaustraline Tryptophan and tryptamine Reserpine
- 5. Indole alkaloid • Ergot • Nux vomica • Physostigma • Rauwolfia • Vinca Trick: PVR:NE
- 6. Name BS CC test Physostigma Physostigma venosum (Seeds): Leguminosae Physostigmine ---- Vinca Catharanthus roseus( whole plant): Apocynaceae Vincrstine, vinblastine ---- Rauwolfia Rauwolfia serpentine: (Root): Apocynaceae Reserpine, Ajmaline,Yohimbine ----- Nux vomica Strychnos nuxvomica (Seeds): Loganiaceae Srychnine, brucine Mandinn’s test Ergot Claviceps purpurea (Fungi): Hypocreaceae, clavicipitaceae. Rye plant, Secale cereale (Gramnae) Peptide alkaloid, Ergometrine, ergotamine (D and L form): L form is active Van-Urk’s test Fluorescent test
- 7. Tropane alkaloid • Belladonna • Datura • Hyoscymus • Coca
- 8. Name BS CC test Belladona Atropa belladonna (European) Atropa acuminata (Indian). solanaceae : leaves Hyoscine, Atrpine Vitali-Morin test Datura (Angel’s trumpet) Datura metel, solanaceae: leaves and flowering tops Hyoscine, Hyoscine esters Vitali-Morin test Hyoscyamus (Henbane) Hyoscyamus niger. solanaceae: leaves and flowering tops Hyoscine Vitali-Morin test Coca Erythroxylum coca (Bolivia coca), Erythroxylum truxillense (Peruvia coca). Erythroxylaceae: Leaves Cocaine, cinnamyl cocaine -----
- 9. Quinoline alkaloids Name BS CC test Cinchona (Peruvian bark, Jesuit’s bark) Cinchona calisaya, C. ledgeriana, C.officinalis, C. succirubra Rubuiaceae: Barks Quinine, quinidine, cinchonine,cinchonidine Quinine content is high in C. ledgeriana Thallequin test
- 10. Quinazoline alkaloids Name BS CC test Vasaka (Malabar nut, Adulsa, Adhatoda) Adhatoda vasaka. Acanthaceae: leaves Vasicine, Vasicinone -----
- 11. Proto/amino alkaloid do not have heterocyclic ring with nitrogen, but are also derived from amino acid Name BS CC test Ephedra (Ma-Huang) Ephedra gerardiana, Ephedra nebrodensis. Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae: Young stems Ephedrine -----
- 12. Steroidal alkaloid Name BS CC test Kurchi (Holarrhena) Holarrhena antidysentrica. Apocynaceae: bark Kurchicine (Conessine) ----- Ashwagandha (withania, Indian ginseng, Winter cherry) Withania somnifera.Solanace ae: roots and stems Withanine (alkaloid) -----