Aleba thesis ppt.pptx

Effects of Intra Row Spacing on Growth and
Yield of Orange-Fleshed Sweet
Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Varieties in Bahir
Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Sunday, January 22, 2023 1
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Alebachew M.
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Msc Thesis
Alebachew Maru
August, 2022

 Introduction
 Materials and Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Conclusion and
Recommendation
Outline
Sunday, January 22, 2023 2
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INTRODUCTION
 Root and tubers contribute a major share of traditional food
system in Ethiopia (EIAR, 2015).
 The principal root and tuber crops in Ethiopia include
Enset,Potato, Taro,Yams, Anchote, Cassava, Tannia and Sweet
potato.
Sunday, January 22, 2023
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Background and Justification
 Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is grown for its tuberous storage
roots for food security and income generation.
 It has large, starchy, sweet-tasting and tuberous roots (Fekadu
Gurumu, 2019).

Background and Justification (Cont…)
 Sweet potato is increasingly becoming an important economic
crop due to its potential of alleviating poverty, reducing night
blindness (using orange-flesh varieties), and improving the
nutritional status of the rural poor in an inexpensive and
sustainable way (FAO, 2004).
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 The fresh roots can be boiled or roasted as well as processed into
pure to use in a range of products including breads, chapattis,
cakes, juices, porridge.
 Furthermore, the sweet potato has high nutritive value and
contains carbohydates, protein, fat, fiberm, vitamin A and C and
minerals. Further more, the leaves can be used as food for humans
and animals (CIP, 2018).

 Sweet potato is the seventh most important food crop and
second most important tuber crop in the world after Irish
potato with an annual production of 124 million tons
produced on 9 million hectares of land (FAOSTAT, 2021).
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 In Africa, sweet potato is the second most important
root crop after cassava with the production of 12.6
million tons produced on 2.9 million hectares (FAOSTAT,
2020). Its production is concentrated in the East African
countries around Lake Victoria (Echodu et al., 2019).

 The Growth and yield of sweet potato are influenced
by different factors including such as stem density,
environmental conditions, plant density, soil fertility,
variety
 As indicated by various researchers (Singh and
Singh, 2002; Onunka and Nwokocha,2003,
Masarirambi et al., 2012; Sayanowako et al.,
2014).
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 More importantly, several research findings has
shown the influence of intra row spacing and
varieties on growth and yield of sweet potato.
 Therefore, local level researches aiming at optimizing
these two important agronomic practices should be
conducted.
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Statement of the Problem
 Sweet potato is mainly produced in South Nations
Nationalities and People Region in Ethiopia.
 Although suitable environmental conditions, Amhara Region
is not the major producer of the crop. On the other hand the
region is suffering from nutrition security where nutritive root
vegetable crops like sweet potato is not common.
 In recent years however, Bureau of Agriculture and selected
research centers are trying to introduce sweet potato to the
lowland parts of the region.
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Statement of the Problem (Cont…)
 Accordingly, Sirinka and Adet Agricultural Research
Centers have been conducting researches with the
objective of evaluating the growth and yield
performance of released varieties with successful
results
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 Researches towards optimization of agronomic partices like intra row
spacing of sweet potato in Amhara region are rare. Sweet potato in
the region is produced using the blanket recommended intra row
and inter row spacing of 30×60 cm, respectively (Fekadu Gurumu,
2019), without considering the environmental conditions and the
variety used.
 Therefore the productivity of sweet potato (8 t ha-1 ) in the region is
low both in quantity and quality (Fekadu Gurumu, 2019).
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 On the other hand, Abdissa et al. (2011) reported that a sweet
potato yield up to 64.4 t ha-1 by implementing appropriate
agronomic practices.
 The demand for sweet potato in the region is also in increasing trend.
Increasing the production and productivity of sweet potato is therefore
necessary to alleviate shortage and seasonal supply of the crop and
nutrition insecurity in the region.
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Objectives of the Study
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General objective
Specific objective
 The specific objectives of the study were to
o Evaluate the effects of intra row spacing and variety
on growth and yield of orange fleshed sweet potato.
 Contributing for enhanced production and productivity
of sweet potato through determining the optimum plant
population and best performing variety in the study
area..

Objectives of the Study (Cont...)
 Identify the optimum intra row spacing and best
performing variety for economical production of
sweet potato in the study area.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the Study Area
 The experiment was conducted in Woramit Horticulture
Research and Training sub-center of Adet Agricultural
Research Center during 2021 rainy season.

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 The sub-center is geographically located at 11° 35′
6″ North, 37° 23′ 24″ East.
 Mean annual rainfall – 800 to 1250 mm.
 Altitude – 1850 m.a.s.l
 Mean monthly Temperature – 25.8 oC
 Soil texture – Clay
 Soil PH – 6.4
Description of the Study Area (Cont…)

Description of Experimental Material
 Test crop: Four orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties
(Alamura, Birtukanie, Dilla and Kulfo)
 Source of planting material: Wormait Horticulture
Research and Training Sub-center of Adet Agricultural
Research Center.
 Description of the four orange fleshed sweet potato
varieties used as experimental materials
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Description of Experimental Material (Cont…)
Note: AwARC= Awasa Agricultural Research Center, ARARI= Amhara
Agricultural Research Center
Source: Ministry of Agriculture Crop variety registration bulletin
(1983-2019).

Experimental Treatments and Design
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 The experimental treatments
o Three levels of Intra row spacing (20 cm, 30 cm and
40 cm)
o Four orange-fleshed sweet potato varieties (Alamura, Dilla,
Kulfo and Birtukanie)– total of twelve treatments
 The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three
replications.
 The gross plot size was 6.72 m2
 4 rows with 14, 9 and 7 plants per row for the intra row
spacing of 20, 30 and 40 cm respectively.
 Inter row spacing – 60 cm

Experimental Treatments and Design (cont…)
 Open space between blocks – 1.5 m
 Open space between the plots within a block – 1 m
 The outer single rows at both sides of the plot and
one plant at both ends of the rows were considered
as border plants.
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Experimental Procedures and Management
of the Experimental Plants
 Land preparation – May to July
 Planting material preparation and planting – July
 Earthing up –Since first hoeing ( since 40 DAP)
 NPS fertilizer at the rate of 100 kg ha-1 was applied
uniformly for all treatments after 15 days of planting.
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Experimental Procedures and Management of
the Experimental Plants (cont…)
 Similarly, urea fertilizer at the rate of 150 kg ha-1 was
applied uniformly for all treatments after 21 days of
planting in ring placement method as recommended by
Getachew Etana et al. (2020) and MoA (2016).
 All other agronomic management practices including
hoeing, heartening up and plant protection (weeding,
insect, disease etc.) were done uniformly for all
treatments according to the recommendation.
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o Sweet potato were harvested when leaves starts yellowing at
appropriate root size 140 days after planting (New Guyana
Marketing Corporation, 2022).
Data collection
 Growth parameters
o Vine length (cm)
o Number of branches per plant
 Yield components
o Number of storage roots per plant
o Storage root length (cm)
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Data collection (Cont…)
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Yield parameters
o Marketable yield (t ha-1)
o Unmarketable yield (t ha-1)
o Total yield (t ha-1)
o Storage root diameter (cm)
o Tuber weight (g)
o Aboveground fresh weight (t ha-1)

Statistical Data Analysis
 ANOVA – GLM procedure of SAS 9.4
 Whenever treatment effects were significant, mean
separations were conducted using LSD at 1 or 5%
probability level depending on ANOVA results.
 Correlation analysis
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Partial Budget Analysis
 Partial Budget Analysis and MRR was done using
CIMMYT(1988) procedures.

 Cost of vine planting material
 Labor cost Variable costs
 Costs that were similar for all treatments were considered as
fixed costs and were not considered in the analysis of marginal
rate of return.
 So as to calculate the gross income
– The farm gate price of sweet potato
– Adjusted marketable yield (10% downscaled)
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Partial Budget Analysis (Cont…)

Partial Budget Analysis (Cont…)
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 MRR (%) = Change in net benefit × 100
Change in TVC
Results and Discussion
 Effects of Intra row Spacing and variety on the Growth
of Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato

Intra row spacing
(cm)
Variety Vine length (cm)
20
Alamura 115.3d
Dilla 146.7b
Kulfo 65ef
Birtukanie 81.3e
30
Alamura 70.9ef
Dilla 133.7bc
Kulfo 69ef
Birtukanie 108.8d
40
Alamura 113d
Dilla 171.7a
Kulfo 61.5f
Birtukanie 122.3cd
SL **
LSD (0.05) 17.7
CV (%) 10
SE+ 5.9
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 Taller and more branched plants were obtained at lower plant
densities.
 planting density has a pronounced effect on the internodes length
as well as on vine length, which is associated with the competition
of the plants for resources like water, nutrient, light and space.
 Vine length varies with cultivar and ranges from about 1 m to 6 m
which is associated with the genetic makeup of the varieties.
 Similarly, internodes length is also highly variable based on the variety
and ranging from a few centimeters up to 1 m in length as indicated by
(Solomon Ali et al., 2015).
 This result is in line with the result of Sultana and Siddique (1991)
and Levy et al. (1986)
 This result is in line with the results of Rana et al. (1993)

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Variety Number of branch per plant
Alamura 9.3b
Dilla 11b
Kulfo 19.9a
Birtukanie 9b
SL **
LSD (0.05) 2.6
CV (%) 21.9
SE+ 0.8
Intra row Spacing (cm)
20 11.8
30 11.6
40 13.7
SL ns
CV (%) 21.9
SE+ 0.8
 The difference in number of branch among varieties might be
due to the genotypic differences.
 The results of the present study are in agreement with the
findings of Miheret Hendebo (2011) and Martha Mebratu (2014)
where sweet potato varieties differ with the number of branches

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Intra row spacing(cm) Variety NSRPP SRL SRD AFW TW
20
Alamura 5bcde 18.4bcd 5.9bcd 9.8ef 294ef
Dilla 4.8cde 19bc 5.7cd 10.6ef 267f
Kulfo 4.5cde 16d 7.1b 7.6f 420.7bc
Birtukanie 8.3a 12.4e 5.8cd 11.4def 376.3bcd
30
Alamura 9.2a 25.6a 6.2bc 11.3def 306def
Dilla 5.7bc 18.7bc 6.4bc 14.1de 280.7ef
Kulfo 4.1de 20.6b 9.4a 12.9de 446b
Birtukanie 3.8e 16.7cd 6.1bcd 26.5a 326.7def
40
Alamura 6.3b 25a 4.9d 15.8cd 284ef
Dilla 5.2bcde 19.9b 6.7bc 20.5b 296.3ef
Kulfo 4.2de 20.6b 9.8a 7.2f 603.3a
Birtukanie 5.4bcd 17.3cd 6.6bc 19.9bc 349.3cde
SL ** ** ** ** **
LSD (0.05) 1.4 2.5 1.2 4.5 77.5
CV (%) 15.9 7.9 10.2 19.6 12.3
SE+ 0.3 0.6 0.3 1.0 16.9
 The result of the present study indicating significant difference
among varieties for tuber number were acknowledged by Martha
Mebratu (2014).
 The main effect of intra row spacing did not influence number of
storage roots per plant of Sweet potato significantly. the number of
storage roots per plant ranged from 5.3 to 5.7, which are
statistically similar.
 These results are in line with the results of Abdissa et al. (2011)
Bezawit Mekonen (2015)
 The differences in root length among varieties observed
in the present study could be due to the characters of
the cultivars.
 Increasing plant density significantly and linearly
decreased tuberous root length, which is obviously
associated with resource competition.
 These results are in line with the results of Jilani et al.
(2009) and Teshome Alemu et al. (2011)
 The difference in treatments for storage root diameter
might be due to genotypic differences among cultivars
used in the experiment.
 The highest tuber diameter at medium intra row
spacing (30 cm) might be due to efficient utilization of
the available resources at optimum population leading
to better development of sink organs including tuber.
 The results of the present study is in line with the
results of Teshome et al. (2011).
In line with the finding of the present study, Awoke Mensa
(2022) reported there is significant variation (P < 0.05 )
between varieties for stand count at harvest and yield of
top green parts per plot (fresh weight in kg) and highly
significant variation between varieties for yield and other
yield related characters.
 The result of the present study indicating
significant effect of varieties and intra row
spacing might be due to genetic difference
and higher sink (tuber) development at
widest spacing as a result of lesser intra
specific competition for growth factors.
 The present finding is in line with the works
of Muluken Demilie et al. (2019)

Effects of Intra row Spacing on the Yield
of Orange Fleshed Sweet Potato Varieties
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Intra row spacing
(cm)
Variety Marketable yield
(t ha-1)
Total yield (t ha-1)
20
Alamura 19.4b 22.6abc
Dilla 13.6c 17.7d
Kulfo 6.3d 7e
Birtukanie 19.2b 20.7bcd
30
Alamura 22.3ab 24.4ab
Dilla 14c 17.1d
Kulfo 7d 7.9e
Birtukanie 22.8a 24.5a
40
Alamura 14.6c 17d
Dilla 15.5c 19.8cd
Kulfo 5.3d 6.4e
Birtukanie 21.9ab 23.9ab
SL ** **
LSD (0.05) 3.2 3.7
CV (%) 13 13.1
SE+ 1.0 1.1
 The differences in marketable root tuber yield observed in the present
study could be attributed to the genetic variations among the OFSP
varieties in partitioning photosynthates, Which were also acknowledged
by Nedunchezhiyan et al. (2007).
 Marketable yield increased up to medium intra row spacing (30 cm)
used, accommodating 55,555 plants ha-1 and slightly decreased at the
highest intra row spacing (40 cm), accommodating 41,666 plants ha-1.
 This presnt result, indicating highest marketable yield at medium intra
row spacing spacing (30 cm), were acknowledged by Barry et al. (1990)
 The genetic potential of Birtukanie variety and optimum
plant population for better utilization of the available
resources could have attributed to the highest tuberous
root yield than any other treatment combinations.
 This present result was also acknowledged by Birhanu
Amare et al. (2014); Martha Mebrhatu (2014); Wariboko
and Ogidi (2014) .

Main effect of variety and intra row spacing on
unmarketable yield of sweet potato
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Variety Unmarketable Yield (t ha-1)
Alamura 2.6b
Dilla 3.8a
Kulfo 0.9d
Birtukanie 1.7c
SL **
LSD (0.05) 0.53
CV (%) 24.1
SE+ 0.2
Intra row Spacing (cm)
20 2.3ab
30 1.9b
40 2.5a
SL *
LSD (0.05) 0.46
CV (%) 24.1
SE+ 0.2
 Variety Kulfo produced relatively more oversized roots than
the other cultivars, which might be due its genetic makeup.
 Relatively higher values for unmarketable yield were recorded
from highest and lowest intra row spacing used. This might be
due to intraspecific competition at highest planting density
leading to undersized tubers and efficient utilization of the
available resources at lowest planting density.
 These results are in agreement with observation of Geleta
(2009) .

Relationships of Growth, Yield Related and
Yield Parameters of Sweet potato
 Marketable yield had a highly significant (P < 0.01)
and positive correlation with
– Vine length (r=0.33**), number of storage roots per plant
(r=0.45**), number of branch per plant (r=0.82**), length
(r=0.55**), diameter (r=0.59**) and weight (r=0.54**) of tuber,
aboveground fresh weight (r=0.5**) and total yield (r=0.99).
– However, unmarketable yield was significantly (P<0.05) and
negatively correlated with marketable yield (r=-0.35*).
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Relationships of Growth, Yield Related and
Yield Parameters of Sweet potato (cont…)
 The present result indicating positive association
between marketable yield and growth and yield related
traits of sweet potato were previously acknowledged by
Martha Mebrhatu (2014).
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Partial Budget Analysis
 The highest net benefit (397,855.3 ETB ha-1) – B×30
 Followed by net benefit (394,255.3 ETB ha-1) – A×30
 The lowest net benefit (86,041.8 ETB ha-1) – K×40
 MRR (408.4% ) – B×30
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Conclusion
 Appropriate variety and intra row spacing are one of the most
important agronomic practices that influence the growth and
yield of Sweet potato.
 Based on the results of the present study
– Number of storage roots per plant, length and diameter of
tuberous roots, aboveground fresh weight, and tuber
weight, marketable and total yield were significantly
affected by the interaction effect of variety and intra row
spacing,
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Conclusion (Cont…)
 Whereas, vine length and unmarketable yield were affected by
main effects of variety and intra row spacing.
 While, number of branch per plant was influenced by the main
effect of variety highly significantly.
 The longest vine length (171.7 cm) was recorded at the widest
intra row spacing (40 cm) and Dilla variety treatment
combination and
 The shortest vine length (61.5 cm) was observed at the narrowest
intra row spacing (20 cm) with Kulfo variety.
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 However, Kulfo cultivar showed the highest number of
branches (19.9) compared to Dilla (11), Alamura (9.3) and
Birtukanie varieties (9).
 The highest number of storage roots per plant and storage
root length were obtained from Alamura variety planted with
medium intra row spacing used (30 cm).
 Furthermore, the treatment combination of Kulfo variety and
widest intra row spacing (40 cm) had the highest storage root
diameter and tuber weight.
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 However, it resulted in lowest aboveground fresh weight,
marketable and total yield.
 Whereas, Birtukanie variety planted with medium intra
row spacing used (30 cm) yield the highest values for
aboveground fresh weight and total yield.
 The marketable yield was found to be positively
correlated with growth, yield attributes and yield of sweet
potato except unmarketable yield.
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 The partial budget analysis has shown that the
treatment combination of Birtukanie variety and
30 cm intra row spacing provided the highest net
benefit (397,855.3 ETB ha-1) with highest and
acceptable MRR (408.4%).
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Recommendation
 Based on the results of the present work, planting
Birtukanie variety at 30 cm intra row spacing
– Recorded the highest marketable yield (22.7 t ha-1),
net benefit (397,855.3 ETB ha-1) and acceptable
MRR (408.4%) of sweet potato,
– Which can be recommended for the economical
production of the crop in the study area and areas
with similar agro-ecology.
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Recommendation (cont…)
 However, since the results are limited to one growing
season and single location, it is also recommended to
repeat the study across different seasons and locations.
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