Production and protection technology of mungbean & urdbean

1. Production and
Protection Technology
of Mungbean And
Urdbean

2. Mung bean
• Alternatively known as
Green gram.
• Kingdom : Plantae
• Family : Leguminosae
• Genus : Vigna
• B.N : Vigna radiata (L.)
• 2n = 22
• Mung bean is mainly
cultivated in India, Pakistan,
Nepal, china, Korea, South
Asia and south-east Asia.

3. • Vigna radiata, popularly known as mung bean, or
simply moong daal.
• Green gram is one of the main pulse crop in India.
• It is the cheapest source of vegetable protein with
protein content of 20-25 percent, rich in vitamins,
calcium and sodium, which are usually deficient in
most bean diets.
• It is an excellent crop for green manuring, because it
matures early, grows fast and produces abundant
vegetative tops.
Introduction

4. Mungbean Year
Area
(Lakh ha)
Production
(Lakh Tonnes)
Yield(Kg/ha)
Gujarat
2008-09 1.620 0.700 432
2009-10 1.650 0.590 358
2010-11 1.770 0.890 503
India
2008-09 22.384 7.789 348
2009-10 24.618 4.436 180
2010-11 28.476 15.332 538
Source: DES, DAC, Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi.

5. Utilization
• Mung beans are mainly utilized for human
food, infant supplements, snacks and desserts.
• It is cooked with meat or served as vegetable dish.
• Its sprouts in meal dishes are very popular in
Philippines.
• It is also a carminative and anti poisoning agent.

6. Farm Practices
• Green gram is a Nitrogen-rich crop used in inter-cropping,
rotation and relay cropping.
• Farmers plant mung during the second cropping season due to
its low moisture content.
• It is fairly drought-tolerant crop with a short maturity period.
• It is also used as a substitute for soybean meal in poultry
feed formulation.
• Mongo is planted by broadcast method or by dibbling method.
• Harvesting starts within 65-72 days after planting when pods
turn brown or black and leaves turn yellow.
• It is done by handpicking the pods which are then sundried,
threshed and packed in sacks.

7. Climatic Requirement
• Mung bean is drought-tolerant and requires a warm
and humid climate during its growing period within
temperature range of 25 °C-35 °C, with moderate rains
of 440 to 550 mm, well distributed throughout its
growing period of 80 days.

8. Best season to grow Green gram
• Usually march to June period has high temperature
and low humidity and this will keep insects and
disease at their lowest.
• Green Gram is cultivated during warm and wet
Kharif season in North India where as in south India
in Mild Winter Season.

9. Recommended Varieties
• GAM 5 GM 3
• GM 4 Pusa 105
• Sabarmati PS 16 PDM 11 (Spring)
• K 851
Sr. no Variety Maturity
days
Weight of 100
seeds(Grams)
Yield(kg/ha)
1 K-851
(Summer and Rabi)
65-70 3.60 1200-1400
2 GM-3
(Summer)
60-70 4.00 1100-1200
3 GM-4
(Summer and Rabi)
61-68 4.14 1400-1500

10. Soil requirement in Green Gram
Cultivation
• Green Gram can be cultivated in wide range of
soils, from black cotton soils in North India red
laterite soils in South India and sandy soils in
Rajasthan.
• For best production of Green Gram One should
select the soil like well drained loamy to sandy loam
soil.
• Avoid water logging soils and saline soils as they are
not suitable for green gram cultivation.

11. Field Preparation in Green Gram
Cultivation
• The main field selected for Green Gram cultivation
must not have been sown with moong or green
gram in the previous seasons to avoid volunteer
plants that will cause admixture.
• Prepare main field by plouging for fine tilth and
form channels and beds for Green Gram cultivation.
• To supplement the soil with proper nutrients, apply
lime @ 2 tones/ha along with Farm Yard Manure @
12.5 tones/ha or composted pith at 13 tones/ha to
get an extra yield of about 15% to 20%.

12. Seed Rate in Green Gram Cultivation
• Seed rate depends on the variety of seed and that
may vary from 15 to 20 kg/ha.
Seed Selection in Green Gram Cultivation
• Seeds used for cultivation must be form genuine
authorized source which will help you to select
proper seed that has genetic purity and seeds
must be vigorous to have good field stand.
• In the process of seed selection, one must check
for diseased seeds, hard seeds, shrunken seeds
immature seeds, deformed seeds.

13. Fertilizers and Manures in Green Gram
Cultivation
• 5 tones of well decomposed compost like cow dung or
any other good compost should be spread along with
basal application of 120 kg super phosphate and 20 kg
urea/acre.
• Irrigated condition : 25 kg N + 50 kg P205 + 20 kg S /ha.
• Rainfed condition : N:P:K = 20:40:00 + 20 kg S/ha.

14. Sowing in Green Gram Cultivation
• Dibble the Green Gram seeds making a space of 30 cm x 10
cm in Green Gram farming. In case of bund crop, dibble the
seeds with 30 cm spacing.
Irrigation in Green Gram Cultivation
• Irrigation should be done after sowing, followed by life
irrigation on 3rd day.
• Irrigate at intervals of 6 to 9 days depending upon climatic
conditions and soil type.
• Irrigation must be provided at flowering & pod formation
stages.
• Make sure soil has proper drainage and avoid water logging
at all stages of plant growth.

15. Weed control in Green Gram Cultivation
• As soon as sowing and irrigation is done Basalin
weedicide should be applied by dissolving 2 ml of
Basalin/ liter of water.
• The spraying of weedicide must be done within 3
days of sowing the seeds. If done later, it can
damage the seed crop.
• To manage and control later emerging weeds in the
crop, manual weeding is carried out.

16. Pests and Disease control in Green Gram
Cultivation
• Stem fly is the main pest found in this crop.
• This pest affects the plant at the early stages
leading to drying and withering. During the growth
stage of moong bean plant attacked by major pests
like leaf hopper, aphids, white fly that affect the
Green Gram crop.
• These pests can be controlled by spraying either
Dimethoate or Phosphomidan, Mehyldematan @ 2
ml per liter of water.
• During the growth stages of this crop, yellow
mosaic disease can be observed.

17. • The impacted plants show yellow mottled
symptoms.
• These plants can be destroyed when they appear
on the plants.
• Leaf curl diseases and leaf crinkle also found to
damage the crop.
• Remove these kind of plants as soon as they
appear.
• Apart from these diseases this crop is also affected
by wilt ,root rot which have to be destroyed & the
impacted area can be controlled by sprayed with
0.1 % Bavistin solution.
• The Powdery mildew and Cercospora can be
controlled with spray of 1% solution of Bavistin.

18. Harvesting of Green Gram
• The best time to harvest the crop, when 85%
of the pods are fully matured.
• Avoid harvesting in bad weather condition and
keep the harvested stake for drying in the field
after cutting on the threshing floor.
• Remove any admixture before start of
harvesting.
Yield of Green Gram
• Green Gram yields at an average of 10 to14
quintals/ha.

19. Black Gram
• Alternatively known as
urad bean.
• Kingdom : Plantae
• Family : Fabaceae
• Genus : Vigna
• B.N : Phaseolus mungo(L.)
• 2n = 22 or 24
• Black gram originated
in India, where it has been
in cultivation from ancient
times and is one of the
most highly prized pulse of
India and Pakistan.

20. Introduction
• Black gram (Vigna Mungo L.)is popularly known as
“urad”, is one of the most important pulse crop
grown across India.
• The urad crop is resistance to adverse climatic
conditions and improve the soil fertility by fixing
atmospheric nitrogen in the soil.
• This crop grown primarily for its protein rich seeds
and used as daal and as main ingredient in
breakfast snacks like dosa, idli, vada & papad.

21. Recommended varieties for Gujarat
• TPU-4 Zandewal
• T-9 RBU-38
• GU-1 PDU 1 (Spring).
Sr.no Variety Days for Maturity Weight of 100
seeds(grams)
Yield(kg/h
a)
1 Urad T-9 75-80 3.20-3.50 900-1000
2 GU-1 65-70 4.20-4.40 1100-1200

22. Uradbean Year
Area
(Lakh ha)
Production
(Lakh Tonnes)
Yield(Kg/ha)
Gujarat
2008-09 0.960 0.640 667
2009-10 0.970 0.500 515
2010-11 1.020 0.690 676
India
2008-09 20.166 8.441 419
2009-10 22.335 8.108 363
2010-11 25.196 14.073 559
Source: DES, DAC, Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi.

23. Agro-Climate required in Black Gram
Cultivation
• This crop prefers dry whether condition with ideal
temperature range between 25 °C to 35 °C.
• Maturity crop period should coincide with the dry
whether condition for high yield and good quality
seeds, this is one of the main criteria to decide time
of planting.

24. • Soil in Black Gram cultivation should have neutral pH.
• Loam or clay loam soils are best suited soils for it's
cultivation.
Soil requirement in Black Gram Cultivation
Selection of land and it's Preparation in Black
Gram Cultivation
• The field selected for seed production must not have been
sown with black gram in the previous years.
• This is done to avoid volunteer plants that cause
admixture.
• Fields continuously cultivated with black gram may harbour
root rot or wilt pathogen.

25. Seed rate and Treatment in Black Gram
Cultivation
• Seed rate depends on the variety the seed selected.
Usually an average of 15 to 20 kg/ha is sufficient.
• Black gram seeds should be treated with seed
treating fungicide to reduce infection by fungal
pathogens from the soil.
• Black gram seeds are treated with Bavistin 2 grams
for every kg of seeds. Organic fungicide like
Trichoderma viridi is also available for pulses @ 4
grams/kg.

26. Sowing and Spacing in Black Gram Seed
Cultivation
• The Black Gram seeds are sown @ 2 cm depth with a
spacing of 10 cm between plants and 30 cm between rows
in main field.
Irrigation management in Black Gram
Cultivation
• Black gram crop is very sensitive to irrigation. Fields must be
constantly monitored for any drought conditions.
• If this crop is not irrigated properly, pulse crop shed flowers.
• Plants without water produce seeds that are small and hard
with low vigor. Because of this problem Black Gram crop
must have sufficient water supply.

27. • Field should be irrigated immediately after sowing
followed by lite irrigation on 3rd day.
• Then, irrigation should be carried out based on the
need (Usually when field becomes dry).
• Water supply during flowering of the crop, pod
formation & seed development must be provided
for quality output.
Fertilizers in Black Gram cultivation
• Basal fertilizers application alone may not be
sufficient for the seed crop. It is mandatory to
provide nutrition during the heavy growth of crop
and seed formation period.
• Generally N:P:K = 20:40:00 + 20 kg S/ha if
deficiency found

28. • In dryland N:P:K = 10:20:20 + 250gm Rhizobium culture/8kg
seeds + 250 gm PSB culture/8kg seeds
• Nutrient solution preparation is done by soaking the
following chemicals in water (100 lit).
• This solution is sprayed 25 to 35 days after seed sowing
followed by another spray in 40 to 50 days. Below table lists
the items for preparing nutrient solution.
Chemical / Fertilizers Quantity to be soaked in 100 litre
Urea 4.0
D.A.P 1.0
Muriate of Potash 0.6
Potassium Sulphate 0.02
Succinic Acid 0.02
Teepol 0.04 ml

29. Pests and Diseases in Black Gram
cultivation
• The main pest in the Black Gram crop is stem fly. This
pest affects the crop at the early stages by causing
drying and withering plants.
• During the growth phase, major pests like leaf hopper,
aphid, white fly affect the field crop.
• These pests should be controlled by spraying either
dimethoate, phosphomidan or mehyldematan, @ 2
ml/liter.
• During the growing phases of the seed crop incidence
of yellow mosaic can be observed.
• The affected crop shows yellow mottled symptoms.
These plants can be rouged out as and when they are
seen.

30. • White fly is the culprit in spreading this disease,
removal of the affected plants is followed by an
insecticide spray as mentioned above.
• Apart from this, black gram crop is also affected by root
rot, wilt and these are to be removed and the affected
area of the field should be sprayed using 0.1 % Bavistin
solution.
• Rarely the Black Gram crop is affected by Powdery
mildew and it is noticed by the presence of white
powder deposits on the leaves.
• Leaf spot of Cercospora can be noticed by the presence
of brown spots. The Powdery mildew and cercospora
can be controlled by spraying 1% Bavistin solution.

31. Harvesting of black gram crop
• The ripened pods can be collected from the plants
in one or two pickings and dried on the floor.
• In case, If the plants come to harvest, then the crop
should cut and the plants spread over the floor to
dry.
• The plants becomes dry and turn into black and
pods may start splitting.
• The plants should be beaten using pliable sticks to
prevent damage to seeds.
• Then seeds are separated from pods. These plants
after harvesting can be used as fodder for animals.

32. Yield of Black Gram
• Basically black gram yields and average of 450-550
kg/ha.