This document discusses how alchemists interpreted the Bible and used biblical stories and imagery to develop their theories and practices. Specifically:
- Alchemists believed the Bible contained secrets about transmutation and provided a key to systems of change. They searched for common archetypes between nature and Scripture.
- They drew on biblical narratives, ascribing early alchemical texts to figures like Moses, Solomon, and Adam. Stories like the Book of Enoch explained the divine and demonic origins of alchemy.
- Alchemists viewed nature as a book authored by God, and believed the Holy Spirit could illuminate secrets to restore the Golden Age, as hinted at in passages like Romans 1:20. Their interpretations
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that spread across Europe between 1347-1351. It is estimated to have killed between 30-60% of Europe's population and was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was often carried by fleas on rodents. The plague existed in three forms: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. There was no known treatment and it brought widespread death across the continent.
Freemasonry 027 higgins - the beginning of masonryColinJxxx
The document discusses the origins of Freemasonry and ancient cosmic science. It claims that Freemasonry is a modern survival of an ancient cosmic science that dates back to 3995 BC. It provides context on how architecture was used in ancient times to record knowledge through symbolic monuments and structures, with temples like Solomon's representing sacred texts in stone. Overall the document presents Freemasonry as having origins in ancient mystical traditions and sciences that were encoded in architectural symbolism.
Freemasonry 193 from masonic perspectivesColinJxxx
This document discusses various theories about the origins of Freemasonry. It summarizes that while early histories traced Masonry back to biblical figures, more recent research finds no direct evidence connecting operative stonemason guilds to the origins of speculative Freemasonry. Alternative theories proposed connections to the Knights Templar or Rosicrucians, but these are now largely discredited. The document explores evidence suggesting Freemasonry emerged separately in England and Scotland in the late 16th/early 17th century as a society for men of differing religious and political views to meet in harmony during a time of intolerance.
Science in the 16th Century- Interactive LectureCaitlin Pala
This document discusses science in early modern Europe, including:
1) There was debate around whether there was a "Scientific Revolution" and how science related to religion. Science was created by communities of scholars, not just individuals.
2) The term "science" comes from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge. Natural philosophy and history created knowledge about the natural world and were part of the medieval university.
3) Early modern science included organizations like the Accademia dei Lincei that brought together natural historians, as well as figures like Tycho Brahe who made important astronomical observations.
This document provides a summary of a longer document about the origins and early history of Masonry. It discusses how ancient civilizations used architecture and monuments to record knowledge and traditions before the invention of writing. Masonry is proposed to have evolved from these ancient mystical traditions and symbolism recorded in great structures like the Temple of Solomon. The document traces how architecture served as the primary means of recording human knowledge and transmitting philosophical and religious ideas until the rise of the printing press in the 15th century.
The book as seance frederic myers and the london sprcienciaspsiquicas
This document summarizes Frederic Myers' theory that books can act as a form of séance, allowing communication between the living and the dead. Myers believed that thoughts and memories are recorded in a "cosmic photograph" and can be accessed by sensitive individuals. For Myers, writing was a way to make contact with future readers and guide the evolution of human consciousness after death. The document discusses how Myers' ideas were a product of his time when science was challenging traditional religion, and analyzes his goal of establishing a "science of religion" based on empirical evidence rather than dogma.
Continuing Look inside the secret society of the Freemasons or the Masonic Order. Practices, beliefs, teachings and rituals. It's all here in this handbook. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
This document summarizes the views of some Masonic scholars on the possible origins and early history of Speculative Freemasonry prior to its establishment in 1717. It discusses theories that link Freemasonry to groups like the medieval stonemason guilds, Hermetic schools, and Rosicrucians in the 17th century. However, it finds little direct evidence and argues that most theories rely too heavily on supposition rather than facts from historical records of the time.
The Black Death was a devastating pandemic that spread across Europe between 1347-1351. It is estimated to have killed between 30-60% of Europe's population and was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which was often carried by fleas on rodents. The plague existed in three forms: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. There was no known treatment and it brought widespread death across the continent.
Freemasonry 027 higgins - the beginning of masonryColinJxxx
The document discusses the origins of Freemasonry and ancient cosmic science. It claims that Freemasonry is a modern survival of an ancient cosmic science that dates back to 3995 BC. It provides context on how architecture was used in ancient times to record knowledge through symbolic monuments and structures, with temples like Solomon's representing sacred texts in stone. Overall the document presents Freemasonry as having origins in ancient mystical traditions and sciences that were encoded in architectural symbolism.
Freemasonry 193 from masonic perspectivesColinJxxx
This document discusses various theories about the origins of Freemasonry. It summarizes that while early histories traced Masonry back to biblical figures, more recent research finds no direct evidence connecting operative stonemason guilds to the origins of speculative Freemasonry. Alternative theories proposed connections to the Knights Templar or Rosicrucians, but these are now largely discredited. The document explores evidence suggesting Freemasonry emerged separately in England and Scotland in the late 16th/early 17th century as a society for men of differing religious and political views to meet in harmony during a time of intolerance.
Science in the 16th Century- Interactive LectureCaitlin Pala
This document discusses science in early modern Europe, including:
1) There was debate around whether there was a "Scientific Revolution" and how science related to religion. Science was created by communities of scholars, not just individuals.
2) The term "science" comes from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge. Natural philosophy and history created knowledge about the natural world and were part of the medieval university.
3) Early modern science included organizations like the Accademia dei Lincei that brought together natural historians, as well as figures like Tycho Brahe who made important astronomical observations.
This document provides a summary of a longer document about the origins and early history of Masonry. It discusses how ancient civilizations used architecture and monuments to record knowledge and traditions before the invention of writing. Masonry is proposed to have evolved from these ancient mystical traditions and symbolism recorded in great structures like the Temple of Solomon. The document traces how architecture served as the primary means of recording human knowledge and transmitting philosophical and religious ideas until the rise of the printing press in the 15th century.
The book as seance frederic myers and the london sprcienciaspsiquicas
This document summarizes Frederic Myers' theory that books can act as a form of séance, allowing communication between the living and the dead. Myers believed that thoughts and memories are recorded in a "cosmic photograph" and can be accessed by sensitive individuals. For Myers, writing was a way to make contact with future readers and guide the evolution of human consciousness after death. The document discusses how Myers' ideas were a product of his time when science was challenging traditional religion, and analyzes his goal of establishing a "science of religion" based on empirical evidence rather than dogma.
Continuing Look inside the secret society of the Freemasons or the Masonic Order. Practices, beliefs, teachings and rituals. It's all here in this handbook. Gloucester, Virginia Links and News website. Visit us for more incredible content.
This document summarizes the views of some Masonic scholars on the possible origins and early history of Speculative Freemasonry prior to its establishment in 1717. It discusses theories that link Freemasonry to groups like the medieval stonemason guilds, Hermetic schools, and Rosicrucians in the 17th century. However, it finds little direct evidence and argues that most theories rely too heavily on supposition rather than facts from historical records of the time.
The document provides an analysis of Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein and argues that it was an early work of science fiction. It summarizes that while the story contains gothic horror elements, it was also grounded in the scientific ideas of Shelley's time regarding electricity and the possibility of reanimating life. The novel portrayed the main character Victor Frankenstein as a scientist, and speculated on the implications of scientific advancement in a plausible way that captured the public's imagination, establishing the new genre of science fiction.
Secret cipher of the uf onauts by allen h. greenfieldPublicLeaks
This document discusses a secret English-based cipher used by a group known as the UFOnauts to communicate covertly. It provides background on the cipher, tracing it from ancient Qabalistic systems to its modern formulation by Aleister Crowley. Key figures who have studied and advanced understanding of the cipher are profiled, suggesting they comprise an informal worldwide organization of illuminated individuals with knowledge of UFO phenomena. The premise is laid out that decoding the cipher could help analyze UFO cases, predict manifestations, and trace the UFOnauts, though the cipher likely changes when widely known.
Secret cipher of the uf onauts by allen h. greenfieldPublicLeaker
This document discusses a secret English-based cipher used by a group known as the UFOnauts to communicate covertly. It provides background on the cipher, tracing it from ancient Qabalistic systems to its modern formulation by Aleister Crowley. Key figures who have studied and advanced understanding of the cipher are profiled, suggesting they comprise an informal worldwide organization of illuminated individuals with knowledge of UFO phenomena. The premise is laid out that decoding the cipher could help analyze UFO cases, predict manifestations, and trace the UFOnauts, though the cipher likely changes when widely known.
Against Friendship An Essay By The Wizard Earl Of NorthumberlandDaphne Smith
1) The document summarizes an unpublished essay by Henry Percy, the 9th Earl of Northumberland, in which he radically rejects the classical ideal of perfect friendship.
2) Northumberland recalls being naively immersed in wealth and abundance of friends in his youth, but finding that friends easily became enemies. Seeking the "originall Cause" of this, he realizes the ideal of friendship is an illusion perpetuated by philosophers and poets.
3) He blames ancient thinkers for creating an impossible ideal of friendship as an intellectual exercise, and blames customary ignorance for allowing the ideal to persist through generations without scrutiny. Northumberland argues only truth and experience can dispel the "maske of Error" around friendship ideals
What curiosity in the structure hollow earth in scienceMarcus 2012
The document discusses two instances where the idea of a hollow Earth intersected with science. First, in the late 17th century, Edmund Halley proposed that the Earth has a nested, hollow structure to explain observations of the Earth's changing magnetic field. Second, in the late 19th century, Mostafa Abdelkader proposed a hollow Earth model to support religious conceptions, though his theory was not empirically testable. The bulk of the document focuses on Halley's 1692 hollow Earth theory, outlining his reasoning and the evidence he used to develop this early scientific hypothesis of Earth's internal structure.
Frank sewall danteandswedenborg-london-1893Francis Batt
This document discusses Dante's Divine Comedy and its role in shaping popular conceptions of the afterlife during the Middle Ages. It was widely accepted as authoritative on spiritual matters even though not considered a divine revelation. The Comedy brought together diverse traditions about Hell, Purgatory and Heaven into a coherent system. It made the afterlife seem tangible and closely connected to earthly life. The author argues the Comedy, like Plato's philosophy before it, helped prepare the world intellectually for revelations of spiritual truth, in this case the opening of scripture's spiritual sense prophesied as the Second Coming.
1. The document summarizes prophecies attributed to Pseudo-Methodius, a 7th century author who wrote under the name of the 4th century bishop Methodius of Patara. The prophecies describe events from early Christian history up until a future time of tribulation.
2. It predicts a future Roman Emperor who will defeat enemies of Christianity and bring peace, but Christians will become ungrateful and sinful, leading God to allow temptation. The King of the Greeks/Romans will then conquer Muslim lands, impose slavery, and pursue those who deny Christ.
3. Armies will emerge from the north and lay waste to the earth, but an angel will destroy them after they take J
Elizabethan Demonology, Shakespeare Society, Free eBook. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Part of our Histories Mysteries series. Visit us as we unleash the truth you have never been taught about history. You have to read between the lines of these books and decipher the codes they contain.
The document discusses the Masonic/Templar connection and the symbolism of Baphomet. It states that Baphomet, the goat-headed figure, was formulated to symbolize the astral light or life force that adepts believe they can manipulate through magic. It says the Templars may have obtained this symbol from Arabians.
1) The document discusses theories that ancient civilizations recorded encounters with ultraterrestrial beings referred to as "gods" or "Watchers" who descended from openings in the sky, earth, and sea.
2) It provides accounts from Apollo 11 astronauts and NASA officials of strange lights and spacecraft seen on the moon, though these encounters were covered up.
3) The document explores the idea that similarities between creation stories in ancient mythologies could stem from a single, original divine revelation to humanity that became distorted over time.
This document provides background information on Freemasonic symbolism and its origins according to Masonic manuscripts and constitutions. It discusses theories that stonemasonry existed before the Great Flood and was used in the construction of the Tower of Babel. The document then examines the origins of the liberal arts and sciences according to a 1701 Masonic constitution, and discusses how these were written on two pillars of stone before the flood. It explores connections between Masonic symbolism and figures from ancient myths like Enoch and theories about the preservation of knowledge before the Deluge. The document also looks at the Dionysiac Architects fraternity and their role in spreading architectural styles and secrets across the ancient world.
This document discusses the human body as a symbol of the three worlds - heaven, earth, and hell - according to ancient mystery schools. It states that heaven represents the skull and brain, earth represents the middle part of the body, and hell represents the lower regions. It explores how religious symbols and concepts map onto the human anatomy, with the brain representing places of worship and spiritual enlightenment, and the spinal cord representing connections between realms. The document aims to reveal how ancient religions and scriptures can be understood through viewing the human body as a symbolic microcosm.
An Examination Of Ancient Greek And Roman Witches Throughout LiteratureSandra Valenzuela
This document provides an in-depth study of beliefs about witchcraft and sorcery in ancient Greece and Rome. It analyzes evidence from mythology, literature, and archaeology. The stereotype of witches as dangerous women emerged as patriarchal religion grew. However, evidence shows both men and women engaged in magic. Practices like binding curses and communicating with the dead were believed real. Goddesses like Hecate and Circe were seen as patrons of witchcraft as matriarchal religion declined. Locations like Thessaly and crossroads were associated with magic. The document examines how beliefs evolved over time.
This document summarizes Immanuel Velikovsky's book Worlds in Collision, which proposes that catastrophic planetary disturbances have occurred within recorded history. Some key points:
1. Velikovsky's theory that planetary systems have been disrupted, causing enormous cataclysms on Earth, was highly controversial when published in 1950.
2. Many of Velikovsky's initially controversial claims, such as Venus having a hot surface and thick carbon-rich atmosphere, have since been verified by space probes.
3. Velikovsky accurately predicted several phenomena, like Jupiter emitting radio signals and Venus being surrounded by hydrocarbon gases, increasing the credibility of his planetary catastrophe theory.
Paul came to Athens to satisfy the anxious
questionings of mankind by revealing the
God whom they had failed to find. It was a
crisis in the world's history, little as his
listeners on the Hill of Mars recognized its
gravity.
Maimonides was born in 1135 in Cordoba, Spain. When the Almohads conquered Cordoba in 1148, Jews either converted, were killed, or went into exile. Maimonides and his family went to Fez, Morocco and later moved to Fustat, Egypt in 1168. While in Egypt, Maimonides wrote several influential works and established himself as an important philosopher and physician. He developed medical theories based on careful observation and study of sources like Galen, though he was skeptical of some of Galen's ideas which were not well supported. Maimonides made important contributions to medicine and had a significant influence on Jewish thought.
The document provides an overview of life, history, and literature during the Medieval period in Europe. It discusses how most people lived agrarian lifestyles and found entertainment in social activities and festivals. It also describes the rise of Christianity, developments like the Crusades and Black Death, and influential literary works created by monks, troubadours, and authors like Dante. The document concludes by explaining the developments that led to the printing press, a pivotal innovation attributed to Johannes Gutenberg.
Art and Culture - Module 05 - Hellenism and RomeRandy Connolly
Fifth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers the art and culture of first the Hellenistic world, then that of Republican and Imperial Rome. Presentation focuses on the Second Century Crisis and cultural and aesthetic responses to it.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology (Facts on File Library of Religion ...KhiemNguyenBinh
This document provides an introduction to an encyclopedia about Greek and Roman mythology. It discusses how myths were used and viewed in the ancient world. Myths were not seen as strictly true or false, and were an important source of knowledge. Later classical authors engaged more consciously with myths through allusions, rationalizations, and adapting them for contemporary purposes. Myths permeated Roman culture as the Romans embraced Greek culture. The encyclopedia aims to present myths in their original literary and artistic contexts.
The Oxford Companion to Classical LiteratureImranEbrahim
The document provides a preface and list of plates and maps for "The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature" which was compiled and edited by S.P. Harvey. It was published in 1937 by the Clarendon Press in Oxford and aimed to provide convenient information for readers interested in the literatures of Greece and Rome as well as modern European literature containing classical allusions. The preface acknowledges the many sources consulted in preparing the book and thanks those who provided suggestions to improve the work.
How To Write An Empathy Essay By Jones Jessica - IGina Rizzo
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests to HelpWriting.net, an online writing assistance service. It describes a bidding process where writers can submit proposals, and customers can select a writer and provide instructions for their assignment. The document outlines steps for customers to receive their paper, provide feedback, and request revisions to ensure satisfaction with the writing help received.
Rocket Outer Space Lined Paper Lined Paper, WritinGina Rizzo
The document provides instructions for requesting a paper writing service from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and qualifications and place a deposit. 4) Review the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
The document provides an analysis of Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein and argues that it was an early work of science fiction. It summarizes that while the story contains gothic horror elements, it was also grounded in the scientific ideas of Shelley's time regarding electricity and the possibility of reanimating life. The novel portrayed the main character Victor Frankenstein as a scientist, and speculated on the implications of scientific advancement in a plausible way that captured the public's imagination, establishing the new genre of science fiction.
Secret cipher of the uf onauts by allen h. greenfieldPublicLeaks
This document discusses a secret English-based cipher used by a group known as the UFOnauts to communicate covertly. It provides background on the cipher, tracing it from ancient Qabalistic systems to its modern formulation by Aleister Crowley. Key figures who have studied and advanced understanding of the cipher are profiled, suggesting they comprise an informal worldwide organization of illuminated individuals with knowledge of UFO phenomena. The premise is laid out that decoding the cipher could help analyze UFO cases, predict manifestations, and trace the UFOnauts, though the cipher likely changes when widely known.
Secret cipher of the uf onauts by allen h. greenfieldPublicLeaker
This document discusses a secret English-based cipher used by a group known as the UFOnauts to communicate covertly. It provides background on the cipher, tracing it from ancient Qabalistic systems to its modern formulation by Aleister Crowley. Key figures who have studied and advanced understanding of the cipher are profiled, suggesting they comprise an informal worldwide organization of illuminated individuals with knowledge of UFO phenomena. The premise is laid out that decoding the cipher could help analyze UFO cases, predict manifestations, and trace the UFOnauts, though the cipher likely changes when widely known.
Against Friendship An Essay By The Wizard Earl Of NorthumberlandDaphne Smith
1) The document summarizes an unpublished essay by Henry Percy, the 9th Earl of Northumberland, in which he radically rejects the classical ideal of perfect friendship.
2) Northumberland recalls being naively immersed in wealth and abundance of friends in his youth, but finding that friends easily became enemies. Seeking the "originall Cause" of this, he realizes the ideal of friendship is an illusion perpetuated by philosophers and poets.
3) He blames ancient thinkers for creating an impossible ideal of friendship as an intellectual exercise, and blames customary ignorance for allowing the ideal to persist through generations without scrutiny. Northumberland argues only truth and experience can dispel the "maske of Error" around friendship ideals
What curiosity in the structure hollow earth in scienceMarcus 2012
The document discusses two instances where the idea of a hollow Earth intersected with science. First, in the late 17th century, Edmund Halley proposed that the Earth has a nested, hollow structure to explain observations of the Earth's changing magnetic field. Second, in the late 19th century, Mostafa Abdelkader proposed a hollow Earth model to support religious conceptions, though his theory was not empirically testable. The bulk of the document focuses on Halley's 1692 hollow Earth theory, outlining his reasoning and the evidence he used to develop this early scientific hypothesis of Earth's internal structure.
Frank sewall danteandswedenborg-london-1893Francis Batt
This document discusses Dante's Divine Comedy and its role in shaping popular conceptions of the afterlife during the Middle Ages. It was widely accepted as authoritative on spiritual matters even though not considered a divine revelation. The Comedy brought together diverse traditions about Hell, Purgatory and Heaven into a coherent system. It made the afterlife seem tangible and closely connected to earthly life. The author argues the Comedy, like Plato's philosophy before it, helped prepare the world intellectually for revelations of spiritual truth, in this case the opening of scripture's spiritual sense prophesied as the Second Coming.
1. The document summarizes prophecies attributed to Pseudo-Methodius, a 7th century author who wrote under the name of the 4th century bishop Methodius of Patara. The prophecies describe events from early Christian history up until a future time of tribulation.
2. It predicts a future Roman Emperor who will defeat enemies of Christianity and bring peace, but Christians will become ungrateful and sinful, leading God to allow temptation. The King of the Greeks/Romans will then conquer Muslim lands, impose slavery, and pursue those who deny Christ.
3. Armies will emerge from the north and lay waste to the earth, but an angel will destroy them after they take J
Elizabethan Demonology, Shakespeare Society, Free eBook. http://www.gloucestercounty-va.com Part of our Histories Mysteries series. Visit us as we unleash the truth you have never been taught about history. You have to read between the lines of these books and decipher the codes they contain.
The document discusses the Masonic/Templar connection and the symbolism of Baphomet. It states that Baphomet, the goat-headed figure, was formulated to symbolize the astral light or life force that adepts believe they can manipulate through magic. It says the Templars may have obtained this symbol from Arabians.
1) The document discusses theories that ancient civilizations recorded encounters with ultraterrestrial beings referred to as "gods" or "Watchers" who descended from openings in the sky, earth, and sea.
2) It provides accounts from Apollo 11 astronauts and NASA officials of strange lights and spacecraft seen on the moon, though these encounters were covered up.
3) The document explores the idea that similarities between creation stories in ancient mythologies could stem from a single, original divine revelation to humanity that became distorted over time.
This document provides background information on Freemasonic symbolism and its origins according to Masonic manuscripts and constitutions. It discusses theories that stonemasonry existed before the Great Flood and was used in the construction of the Tower of Babel. The document then examines the origins of the liberal arts and sciences according to a 1701 Masonic constitution, and discusses how these were written on two pillars of stone before the flood. It explores connections between Masonic symbolism and figures from ancient myths like Enoch and theories about the preservation of knowledge before the Deluge. The document also looks at the Dionysiac Architects fraternity and their role in spreading architectural styles and secrets across the ancient world.
This document discusses the human body as a symbol of the three worlds - heaven, earth, and hell - according to ancient mystery schools. It states that heaven represents the skull and brain, earth represents the middle part of the body, and hell represents the lower regions. It explores how religious symbols and concepts map onto the human anatomy, with the brain representing places of worship and spiritual enlightenment, and the spinal cord representing connections between realms. The document aims to reveal how ancient religions and scriptures can be understood through viewing the human body as a symbolic microcosm.
An Examination Of Ancient Greek And Roman Witches Throughout LiteratureSandra Valenzuela
This document provides an in-depth study of beliefs about witchcraft and sorcery in ancient Greece and Rome. It analyzes evidence from mythology, literature, and archaeology. The stereotype of witches as dangerous women emerged as patriarchal religion grew. However, evidence shows both men and women engaged in magic. Practices like binding curses and communicating with the dead were believed real. Goddesses like Hecate and Circe were seen as patrons of witchcraft as matriarchal religion declined. Locations like Thessaly and crossroads were associated with magic. The document examines how beliefs evolved over time.
This document summarizes Immanuel Velikovsky's book Worlds in Collision, which proposes that catastrophic planetary disturbances have occurred within recorded history. Some key points:
1. Velikovsky's theory that planetary systems have been disrupted, causing enormous cataclysms on Earth, was highly controversial when published in 1950.
2. Many of Velikovsky's initially controversial claims, such as Venus having a hot surface and thick carbon-rich atmosphere, have since been verified by space probes.
3. Velikovsky accurately predicted several phenomena, like Jupiter emitting radio signals and Venus being surrounded by hydrocarbon gases, increasing the credibility of his planetary catastrophe theory.
Paul came to Athens to satisfy the anxious
questionings of mankind by revealing the
God whom they had failed to find. It was a
crisis in the world's history, little as his
listeners on the Hill of Mars recognized its
gravity.
Maimonides was born in 1135 in Cordoba, Spain. When the Almohads conquered Cordoba in 1148, Jews either converted, were killed, or went into exile. Maimonides and his family went to Fez, Morocco and later moved to Fustat, Egypt in 1168. While in Egypt, Maimonides wrote several influential works and established himself as an important philosopher and physician. He developed medical theories based on careful observation and study of sources like Galen, though he was skeptical of some of Galen's ideas which were not well supported. Maimonides made important contributions to medicine and had a significant influence on Jewish thought.
The document provides an overview of life, history, and literature during the Medieval period in Europe. It discusses how most people lived agrarian lifestyles and found entertainment in social activities and festivals. It also describes the rise of Christianity, developments like the Crusades and Black Death, and influential literary works created by monks, troubadours, and authors like Dante. The document concludes by explaining the developments that led to the printing press, a pivotal innovation attributed to Johannes Gutenberg.
Art and Culture - Module 05 - Hellenism and RomeRandy Connolly
Fifth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers the art and culture of first the Hellenistic world, then that of Republican and Imperial Rome. Presentation focuses on the Second Century Crisis and cultural and aesthetic responses to it.
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology (Facts on File Library of Religion ...KhiemNguyenBinh
This document provides an introduction to an encyclopedia about Greek and Roman mythology. It discusses how myths were used and viewed in the ancient world. Myths were not seen as strictly true or false, and were an important source of knowledge. Later classical authors engaged more consciously with myths through allusions, rationalizations, and adapting them for contemporary purposes. Myths permeated Roman culture as the Romans embraced Greek culture. The encyclopedia aims to present myths in their original literary and artistic contexts.
The Oxford Companion to Classical LiteratureImranEbrahim
The document provides a preface and list of plates and maps for "The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature" which was compiled and edited by S.P. Harvey. It was published in 1937 by the Clarendon Press in Oxford and aimed to provide convenient information for readers interested in the literatures of Greece and Rome as well as modern European literature containing classical allusions. The preface acknowledges the many sources consulted in preparing the book and thanks those who provided suggestions to improve the work.
How To Write An Empathy Essay By Jones Jessica - IGina Rizzo
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests to HelpWriting.net, an online writing assistance service. It describes a bidding process where writers can submit proposals, and customers can select a writer and provide instructions for their assignment. The document outlines steps for customers to receive their paper, provide feedback, and request revisions to ensure satisfaction with the writing help received.
Rocket Outer Space Lined Paper Lined Paper, WritinGina Rizzo
The document provides instructions for requesting a paper writing service from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with paper details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review writer bids and qualifications and place a deposit. 4) Review the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
1. The document discusses a 5-step process for getting college research paper writing assistance from HelpWriting.net, including creating an account, submitting a request, reviewing bids from writers, ensuring paper meets expectations, and requesting revisions.
2. Key aspects include completing a 10-minute order form, choosing a writer based on qualifications and reviews, authorizing payment upon satisfaction, and getting free revisions or a refund if needed.
3. HelpWriting.net uses a bidding system where writers submit bids for requests, and clients can choose a writer and start the assignment process by placing a deposit.
Research Paper Executive Summary How To WriteGina Rizzo
The document provides instructions for writing an executive summary for a research paper in 5 steps: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete a form with paper details; 3) Review writer bids and choose one; 4) Review the paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. It emphasizes providing clear instructions to writers and choosing a writer based on qualifications to receive an original, high-quality paper.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting an assignment request on the HelpWriting.net website. It involves 5 steps: 1) Create an account by providing a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarism. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers to complete assignments for a fee.
The document provides instructions for creating an account on HelpWriting.net in order to request writing assistance services such as paper writing or revisions. It explains that writers will bid on the request and the client can choose a writer, make a deposit, and the writer will start on the assignment. It also notes that clients can request revisions to ensure satisfaction and will receive a full refund if the work is plagiarized.
Writing A Personal Letter - MakeMyAssignments BlogGina Rizzo
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, and HelpWriting.net offers refunds for plagiarized work.
How To Write Better Essays Pdf - BooksFreeGina Rizzo
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The service aims to fully meet customer needs through original, high-quality content.
This document summarizes the life and reign of Ivan the Terrible, ruler of Russia. It describes his complicated upbringing and early life experiences, including the murder of his father. As Tsar, Ivan initially ruled capably and consolidated Russia, but he grew increasingly paranoid and distrustful later in life after the deaths of his beloved wife Anastasia and son Dmitri, which sent him into a spiral of erratic and violent behavior. The summary captures the complexity of Ivan's character and reign as both a capable ruler but also a man whose mental state deteriorated later in life, leading to his notorious and brutal acts.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
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Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Alchemy And The Bible
1. Centre
and
Labyrinth
ESSAYS IN
HONOUR OF
NORTHROP FRYE
EDITED BY Eleanor Cook, Chaviva Hosek,
Jay Macpherson, Patricia Parker,
and Julian Patrick
Published in association with
Victoria University by
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS
Toronto Buffalo London
2. CONTENTS
PAUL RICOEUR
FRANCIS SPARSHOIT
PATRICIA PARKER
MICHAEL DOLZANI
jOHN FRECCERO
jAMES NOHRNBERG
THOMAS WILLARD
jAMES CARSCALLEN
DAVID STAINES
jULIAN PATRICK
HELEN VENDLER
MILTON WILSON
Preface vii
Contributors xi
I
Anatomy ofCriticism or the Order of
Paradigms 1
The Riddle of Katharsis 14
Anagogic Metaphor: Breaking Down the Wall of
Partition 38
The Infernal Method: Northrop Frye and
Contemporary Criticism 59
II
Manfred's Wounds and the Poetics of the
Purgatorio 69
Paradise Reaained by One Greater Man: Milton's
Wisdom Epic as a 'Fable of Identity' 83
Alchemy and the Bible 1 15
Three jokers: The Shape of Alice Munro's
Stories 128
The Holistic Vision of Hugh of Saint Victor 147
III
The Tempest as Supplement 162
The Golden Theme: Keats's Ode To Autumn 18r
Bodies in Motion: Wordsworth's Myths of
Natural Philosophy 197
3. vi Contents
GEOFFREY H. HARTMAN Reading Aright: Keats's Ode to Psyche 210
ELEANOR COOK Riddles, Charms, and Fictions in Wallace
Stevens 227
IV
w. DAVID SHAW Poetic Truth in a Scientific Age: The Victorian
Perspective 245
JENNIFER LEVINE Reading Ulysses 264
Ell MANDEL Northrop Frye and the Canadian Literary
Tradition 284
JAMES REANEY Some Critics Are Music Teachers 298
HAROLD BLOOM Reading Freud: Transference, Taboo, and
Truth 309
ANGUS FLETCHER The Image of Lost Direction 329
4. THOMAS
WILLARD
Alchemy and
the Bible
The Bible has been quoted to many ends, providing everything from a
code ofbehaviour to a code ofart. Some uses ofScripture may strike us as
being more productive than others; we may feel, for example, that
Paul's warning about 'science falsely so called' is better used in a study of
anosis than at a school board hearing about evolution. But few
applications seem farther fetched today than those which alchemists
once made. They read the Bible allegorically, assuming that the
prophets and apostles knew the secrets of transmutation, and they took
the allegory literally as a formula for turning 'earth ... without form,
and void, into pure gold, like unto clear glass.' In the process, they gave
alchemy a reputation for the sort of inspired misreading that Harold
Bloom finds in cabala. But their misreadings were readings all the same,
based on definite principles of interpretation. These principles account
for much of the continued interest in alchemy and remind us that
hermeticism and hermeneutics have a common ancestor in Hermes.1
Alchemical interpretations of the Bible date back to the early
Christian era and persist to this day, but grew most extravagant in the
Renaissance. It was natural for Montaigne to think of alchemists when
he wrote about the variety of interpretations, recalling a priest who
showed him biblical grounds for this 'belle science,' or for Donne to
compare them with other professional misreaders. After suggesting that
politicians could learn statecraft from his own love story, Donne added:
'In this thy booke, such will their nothing see, I As in the Bible some can
finde out Alchimy.' As a poet he exploited the biblical metaphors that
delighted alchemists, and he likened himself to the metal in a refiner's
fire, saying: 'Burne offmy rusts.' But as a preacher and satirist he pointed
out the dangers of conceited interpretations. He joked about Catholics
5. 1 16 Thomas Willard
who combed the Bible for evidence of Purgatory much as others looked
for hints about metals. And he implied that Paracelsus, the great
Renaissance alchemist, ruined men's souls with false readings of
Scripture as cheerfully as he killed their bodies with false cures.2
What Donne said in jest others reiterated in deadly earnest, alarmed
that Paracelsians recognized no boundary between religion and science.
Bacon thought it 'extreme levity ... to found a system of natural
philosophy on the first chapter ofGenesis, on the book ofJob, and other
parts ofsacred writings. ' Thomas Sprat, a spokesman for the Baconians
in the Royal Society and the Latitudinarians in the Church of England,
regarded alchemists as 'downright Enthusiasts,' blinded by their own
smoke. But although Renaissance thinkers questioned the alchemists'
method of inquiry and conception of the world, they left the most
interesting question for psychologists and critics in the present century:
what were alchemists after when they struggled to join the outward
reality of nature and the inward message ofScripture? The best answer
so far is that they searched for a common archetype, and it confirms
Donne's impression that alchemy is shot through with metaphor. We
will return to the challenges and defences later on, but first we must see
how alchemists drew on the Bible, taking the history and processoftheir
art from biblical narrative and the structure of their world from biblical
imagery.3
In using the Bible as a handbook, alchemists made two assumptions:
their art concerned all sorts of transmutation, not just that of lead into
gold, and it provided a key to any system aimed at change. These
assumptions lie behind the two symbolic chains in alchemy, both
likened to the golden chain in Book vm ofthe Iliad. The first is the chain
ofbeing that reaches from heaven to earth and from man to the animals,
vegetables, and minerals he has dominion over. The second is the chain
of tradition that reaches from Adam or Moses to the alchemists and
conveys the secrets ofnature from generation to generation. Each chain
relies on the other, and both came apart in the Renaissance. Copernicus
took the lower links off the chain ofbeing when he showed the earth did
not hang below the sun and moon at the centre of creation, and
Casaubon broke the chain of tradition when he dated the works of
Hermes Trismegistus to the early Christian era, where they could no
longer be said to connect·Moses and Plato. Some alchemists and poets
clung to the Aurea Catena Homeri, and Goethe praised an eighteenth-
century work ofthat title when he dabbled in alchemy. But by Goethe's
6. 1 17 Alchemy and the Bible
time alchemy was well removed from Christianity. Goethe's Faust
rejects the traditional Logos when he concludes that the world did not
begin with the Word, or even the thought or the power, but simply the
act. At this point he becomes a modern chemist, as Northrop Frye
remarks, studying nature as an object, not a revelation.4
The view of alchemy as a divinely ordained science began with the
first Western texts. Written in Alexandria and reflecting the syncretism
ofPhilo's time, they were often attributed to venerables. The Chemistry
ofMoses purported to contain directions to Bezaleel, who made the Ark
of the Covenant, though several recipes came from earlier works by
'Democritus.' A treatise on stills by Maria thejewess was said to be the
work of Moses' sister Miriam, and a procedure called the labyrinth was
ascribed to Solomon, who had Hiram make a 'molten sea' for the temple
in jerusalem. The first historical personage in Western alchemy,
Zosimos of Panoplis, took special interest in the Book of Enoch, which
explained what really happened when the sons ofGod came down to the
daughters ofmen. The angels instructed their wives in all the crafts, but
their offspring put chemistry and metalwork to the worst possible uses,
making perfumes and swords. They were banished to a remote area,
where the thief angel and smith was chained to a rock like Prometheus.
But their crafts were rumoured to have spread among the children of
Cain, their community being popularlyidentified with the cityofEnoch
which Cain 'the smith' founded, and somehow to have survived the
Flood. This whole story went against the testimony ofBaruch, who said
the giants were too stupid to survive. But Enoch's book was quoted in the
Epistle ofjude, and Zosimos cited a similar story in a book by 'Hermes.'5
The Book of Enoch gave alchemy a divine origin, but also a demonic
cast. The Church Father Tertullian cited it to show the dangers of
forbidden arts, especially in the hands of women, and alchemists were
sometimes regarded as children ofCain. They countered with references
to Bezaleel and Hiram, but increasingly they offered a counter-reading
ofScripture. By the Middle Ages they studied the five books of Moses as
the works of an adept who could produce aurum potabile by melting
down the golden calf, and one reader took the dust-to-dust dictum of
Genesis as evidence that Moses knew all about the materia prima. In the
Renaissance the annals of alchemy swelled into lists ofgreat men; a list
attributed to Paracelsus included seven Hebrew adepts from Adam to
Daniel and eight Greeks from Homer to Plato. Michael Maier, a
Paracelsian with considerable literarygifts, claimed that Adam brought
7. 1 18 Thomas Willard
the philosophers' stone out of Paradise and used the elixir to prolong his
life. Such claims fired the imagination ofjonson's Sir Epicure Mammon,
who asks a sceptic:
Will you believe antiquity? Records?
I'll show you a book where Moses, and his sister,
And Solomon have written of the art;
Ay, and a treatise penn'd by Adam-
Like Mammon, many alchemists reached back along the chain of
tradition in search of ever greater authorities. But others hoped to
escape the endless regress by seeking instruction from the Holy Spirit,
which taught the patriarchs and prophets, a spirit that would one day
restore the Golden Age. Illuminated by this spirit, they could open what
Shakespeare calls 'nature's infinite book of secrecy.'6
The metaphor of nature as a book, with God as the author, derived
from a famous verse in Paul's letter to the Romans: 'the invisible things
of him [God] from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being
understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and
Godhead.' Tertullian quoted this verse to show that the world was not a
place of deception, as Socrates told Phaedo, but the image of another
world. The argument proved as important for alchemy as it did for
Christianity. For it set up a chain of being, a Jacob's ladder stretching
from visible objects to invisible truths. The student ofnature could read
God's works as he would read God's Word, and the analogy between
nature and Scripture was often drawn. Hugh of Saint Victor referred to
the world as a book written di9ito dei like the tablets from Mount Sinai
and the whole Bible by extension. Bonaventura said the Bible became
necessary only after man could no longer read the Jiber creatorum as
Adam did when he named the beasts. Granted: Bonaventura had no use
for alchemy, which he regarded as one more instance of man's efforts to
build permanent models of an impermanent world. But alchemists
replied, with the English Paracelsian Robert Fludd, that they studied a
philosophy 'orininally delineated by the finger ofGod.'7
The search for the Creator's marks on the creation, for types in the
literal sense of prints from a pattern or blows from a mould, reached its
extreme in the 'signatures' of Paracelsus and Boehme. The Rosicrucian
manifestos explained: 'These Characters and Letters, as God hath here
and there incorporated them in the holy Scripture the Bible, so hath he
imprinted them most apparently into the Wonderful CreationofHeaven
8. 1 19 Alchemy and the Bible
and Earth, yea in all beasts.' Interest in the Creative Word and its marks
on the created world led Paracelsus to discuss the Creation story as an
alchemical operation, a demonstration of what Fludd termed 'the high
Chymical virtue of the Word.' It led Oswald Croll, another disciple, to
treat the elixir as the visible counterpart of the invisible Word of God.
Henry Pinnel, a translator of Paracelsus and Croll, prefaced their tracts
with a praise of Wisdom as the philosophers' stone, packing seventeen
biblical references into a single sentence. He then denied any wish to
overthrow the Bible's authority: 'my desire rather is that both these
Books of God (Nature and Scripture) might be better studyed and more
observed. Doe I seek to make voyd the Word of the Lord by his Works?
God forbid; nay I establish the one by the other.' Contemporaries would
havecaughttheechoofa versemuchquotedin the Reformation: 'Do we
then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the
law.' Indeed, alchemists raised the same issue of faith in the Word as
Luther, who said he liked alchemy 'very well. '8
What Luther liked best was not the work with metals, which he
valued all the same: it was 'the allegory and secret signification, which
is exceeding fine, touching the resurrection of the dead at the last day.'
He liked the faith of alchemists, who said the philosophers' stone gave
them a 'reassuring type' of Christ's resurrection. This faith resided in a
personal vision, captured in the defiant motto of Paracelsus: Do not be
another's man if you can be your own. Indeed, Luther and Paracelsus
had a certain amount in common: both asserted the individual's right to
shake offauthority and pursue the spirit rather than the letter, Luther in
the religious manifesto he nailed to a church door in Wittenberg,
Paracelsus in the medical manifesto he posted outside a lecture hall in
Basel. They both inspired radicals to prophesy the overthrow of
authority, even to fight for it, and the aptly named Mary Rant predicted
that Protestant alchemists would topple governments by making
enough gold for everyone. She missed the point that authorities who
coin money are alchemists and do turn the world upside down, a point
that Marx would make two centuries later. But for many intelligent
people of her time, alchemy became a symbol of threatening and
irrational change, rather like the dynamo of Henry Adams. The
alchemists' 'faith' began to look more like crazed 'enthusiasm,' which
religious and scientific leaders tried to subdue.9
Religious opposition came mostly from Catholics, who thought
alchemists denied the literal Church and clergy as they tried to become
the 'lively stones' that Peter spoke of, 'a spiritual house, a holy
9. r2o Thomas Willard
priesthood.' Marin Mersenne, a Minorite, identified the first axiom of
Fludd's philosophy: 'The whole ofsacred Scripture refers to alchemy and
alchemical principles. The mystical sense ofScripture is nothing else but
explication through alchemy and the philosophers' stone. No matter
what religion is professed, Roman, Lutheran, or another, he alone is
catholic who believes in the catholic stone.' Mersenne's harangue
extended to books and correspondence, arousing considerable support.
Gabriel Naude, the librarian of Cardinal Mazarin, planned to continue
the assault and drew up a bill of grievances which began:
Our Alembick-ldolaters and Alcimists ... are a sort of people so strangely
besotted with the Philosopher's stone that, having found out the secret
Mysteries thereof under the Metamorphoses, the AEneid, and Odissey, the love
of Theaaenes and Chariclea [in Heliodorus], Epitaphs, Pictures, Sculpture,
Antick, and Fantastick representations, and there being nothing but the
Scriptures to make any further search in, they have been so prophane as to take
the sacrifice of the Masse, and the miracle of the Incarnation for Emblems and
figures ofwhat they found to be literally express'd in Genesis, the last chaptersof
the Prophet Esdras, the Canticles, & the Apocalypse concerning that Soveraign
transmutation.
He then listed other biblical alchemists, including Abraham, job, and
1ohn of Patmos.10
Scientific opposition focused on the glibness of alchemists, who
refuted Aristotle and other authorities by quoting Paul on the 'vain
babblings' of Greeks or james on wisdom that is 'earthly, sensual,
devilish.' In the preface to what may well be the first textbook of
chemistry, Andreas Libavius complained that no real progress would
occur until students stopped looking through the Song ofSongs for what
they could only find in the Iaboratory. He returned to this theme when
he wrote the first attack on Rosicrucianism, giving rise to Fludd's first
publication. Quoting the favourite verse from Paul, Libavius argued
that two traditions existed side by side, the one concerned with visibles
and reaching back to Greece, the other concerned with invisibles and
reaching back to Israel. Whoever tried to replace the first with the
second, he said, confused the light of nature with the light of grace.
Libavius denied the existence of hidden analogies between the visible
and invisible worlds, and he told the Rosicrucians: 'This magic and
cabala ofyours is nothing but rhetoric and poetic tropology, begotten of
logical comparisons by similitudes of any kind, by means ofwhich God
10. 121 Alchemy and the Bible
can be transformed into a man and man into a god, with other changes
more mirific than Ovidian metamorphoses can produce.' He used his
terms precisely, being a former professor of rhetoric.11
Naude and Libavius took the same tack: both accused alchemists of
allegorizing the Bible, much as iconographers did the classics. Paracel-
sus and Fludd treated biblical symbols as figures of speech, and Maier
found alchemical themes in classical myths, anticipating the 'fisica
poetica' ofVico. By calling attention to the literary status ofalchemical
writings, adversaries discredited whatever these writings said about
science or religion; and in doing so, they helped make religion and
science less dependent on each other. The Bible was never meant to be a
textbook of science, they argued; therefore, it should not hinder
scientific discoveries, nor should discoveries threaten its authority. The
vision of oneness in alchemy had little value for Libavius and Naude,
and none at all for Mersenne's associates Gassendi and Descartes. For it
was a poetic vision.12
The same vision that made alchemy laughable or threatening three
centuries ago has made it attractive in this century. Several thinkers
have addressed the question that went unanswered on the eve of the
Enlightenment: what needs did alchemy serve? Carl jung devoted four
decades to his answer, producing four large and learned volumes. He
thought ofalchemists as dreamers and studied the archetypal images in
their dream, the images having a value in psychology quite independent
of their value in religion or science. As scientists, the alchemists struck
him as beingdeluded, for they projected ideas on to matter much as they
hoped to project the philosophers' stone. As theologians, they seemed to
be heretics, setting themselves up as saviours. But as dreamers, they
engaged in a noble attempt to resolve basic tensions in Western culture.
notably the split between matter and spirit, the powers ofdarkness and
light. This view opened a fascinating door to alchemy, which became an
analogue for the process ofself-discovery, but it assumed that alchemists
were dualists. jung assumed that alchemists sought to free the spirit
from matter rather than restore matter to its original perfection. as they
often asserted. Consequently, he reached some ofthe same conclusions
as Libavius and Naude: alchemists confused nature with grace, he said,
and the alchemical mass was in 'bad taste.' When he studied the parallel
between the philosophers' stone and the Messiah, on which their mass
was based, he emphasized the unorthodox elements in alchemy and did
not deal with the analogy of nature and Scripture.13
In a penetrating review, Northrop Frye has suggested that jung was
11. 122 Thomas Willard
misled on this last point by his lifelong preceptor, Goethe. just as Faust
denied the Logos, ]ung questioned the Incarnation and the potential
reconciliation ofmatter and spirit. As a result he paid little attention to
the Incarnate Word and its cognates, the Word manifest in nature and
Scripture. Blake offers a better guide to Paracelsus and Boehme, Frye has
found, for Blake reminds us that their interest in the Word ofGod turned
alchemy into a vision rather than a doctrine or ritual. Moreover, Frye
notes, the same vision appears in poetry like Blake's, the Bible having
provided both 'the definitive myth for alchemists' and 'the definitive
grammar for allegorical poets.' Frye elaborates this grammar or myth in
his 'Theory ofArchetypal Meaning,' using many biblical images. And in
a recent reassessment ofjung, he again notes that occultists and poets
speak the same language: 'perhaps we cannot fully understand either
one without some reference to the other.'14
By stressing the importance of archetypes, jung and Frye have placed
alchemy in an autonomous position, where it can withstand charges of
being a false religion or pseudo-science. They have also explained the
force of biblical symbols in alchemy. But perhaps we can gain further
insight into the choice of these symbols, and the objections they
aroused, if we recognize that they are sometimes antitypes as well. The
antitype, of course, is a revelation of what has been concealed in the
corresponding type; Paul considered Christ the antitype of the rock in
the wilderness, for example, and alchemists regarded both as prefigura-
tions of the philosophers' stone. Thus alchemy combined neo-Platonic
archetypation with biblical typology. Its archetypes develped spatially
through analogy and identity, while its antitypes functioned tempor-
ally through foreshadowing and fulfilment. And just as the archetypes
crowned the chain ofbeing, the archetypal standing above the heavenly
and earthly in the three worlds of Hermes, the antitypes completed the
chain of tradition. Alchemists found it equally irresistible .to think
archetypally and typologically: they would liken their stone to the
stone with seven eyes in Zechariah, each eye governing a different
planet and metal, or would compare their work in the alembic to God's
work in the world from the Creation to the Last Judgment.15
The neo-Platonic chain of being seemed consistent with the biblical
view. Indeed, Picodella Mirandola argued that Moses must have known
about the three worlds that gave Hermes the name thrice great;
otherwise Moses would not have divided the tabernacle into three parts.
The chain extended through the three kingdoms: the animal, vegetable,
and mineral. At the centre stood man, whom Pico regarded as a separate
12. 123 Alchemy and the Bible
world and kingdom. All the links could be found in the Bible. For
example, the first chapters of john offer this set of metaphors for the
Messiah:
archetypal world
heavenly world
earthly world
human world/kingdom
animal kingdom
vegetable kingdom
mineral kingdom
Word
light
life
bridegroom
Iamb
bread
temple
Looking over this table, we can see the theme of Christus Recapitulatio
Omnium, beautifully expounded in William Alabaster's sonnet of that
title. We can also appreciate the alchemists' fascination with the
symbolism ofthe mass, the corner-stone ofthe temple being metaphori-
cally identical with the bread and wine or body and blood. This
fascination led to what is sometimes called Grail alchemy: the Grail
became identified with the white stone in the Book of Revelation, and
Wolfram von Eschenbach called it the lapis ex caelis. The philosophers'
stone became known as 'the Food of Angels, and ... The Tree of Life. '16
Meanwhile, because the Word of God was transmitted by a chain of
prophets, biblical images took on a historical and typological dimen-
sion. The 'mist from the earth' in Eden returned as the 'water of life' or
'living fountains of waters' in the New Jerusalem. The fiery furnace of
Daniel harkened back to the 'iron furnace' of Egypt, a 'furnace of
affliction' out of which God chose his people, but it also looked forward
to the day of reckoning when God promised to save his people: 'I will
bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is
refined, and will try them as gold is tried.' Malachi predicted the Son of
Righteousness would come as a 'refiner and purifier,' which led
Paracelsians to think he would be a master alchemist. This refiner
would 'fix' what Isaiah and the alchemists termed the 'flying serpent.'
The precious stones of Eden could then be reproduced for the walls of
the heavenly city. The covering cherub covered in gems, who guarded
the gates of Paradise, would meet his match in the angels of the
apocalypse, who would be clothed (as the earliest Vulgate manuscript
said) in white stone.17
We can see both the archetypal and typological habits at work in
Fludd's mind as he says of this passage in job, 'A more excellent
13. I 24 Thomas Willard
description of the materiall Elixir cannot be made by the wisest
Alchimist or deepest philosopher':
Surely there is a vein for the silver, and a place for gold where they find ir:.
Iron is taken out of the earth, and brass is molten out ofthe stone.
He setteth an end to darkness, and searcheth out all perfection: the stones of
darkness, and the shadow of death.
The flood breaketh out from the inhabitant; even the waters forgotten ofthe
foot: they are dried up, they are gone away from men.
As for the earth, out of it cometh bread: and under it is turned up as it were
fire.
The stones of it are the place of sapphires: and it hath dust of gold.
Here Fludd could see a stone reaching up the chain ofbeing, through the
bread it produced to the lions it nourished and onward along the 'path
which no fowl knoweth' (the path of Wisdom, said one cabalist). He
could also see in the stone that conquered darkness a 'type' or 'pattern'
or 'image' of Christ, who would make all things new. job's parable
showed how the fire in the earth, the central sun of alchemy, drove the
first matter through the round of elements until it became the
philosophers' stone, a substance as transparent as sapphire. Similarly,
man's body would become golden, the flesh in which he would see God.
For this sort ofspeculation Fludd coined the term 'spiritual alchemy.'18
Fludd's comments on the Bible are ingenious, and we could certainly
say he engaged in allegorical commentary. We would not be likely to
call it criticism, unless we shared Swift's opinion that most critics distil
'the very Quintessence of what is bad' and are therefore alchemists
themselves. But at least we can say that alchemists like Fludd followed
certain critical principles as they studied the books ofnature, Scripture,
and their fellow practitioners. They assumed that knowledge was a
whole, created and sustained by the Word of God, and they looked for
analogies between different sorts ofexperience. Analogies were basic to
the cosmology of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, so basic that it
might be convenient to adapt Michel Foucault's distinction between
commentary and criticism and say that allegorical commentary belongs
amid the endless resemblances of the Renaissance, while modem
criticism begins with the clear-cut representations of the neo-classical
era. The distinction between commentary and criticism is not that
sharp, yet the debate we have witnessed between alchemists and their
adversaries in the seventeenth century was a clash between radically
different world views.19
14. 125 Alchemy and the Bible
The alchemists lost, ofcourse, and the Cartesian system became basic
to the way we think and speak, as Chomsky has shown. But now that
Chomsky and Descartes have been challenged by linguists suggesting
that all thought is metaphoric, we are in a better position to appreciate
the archetypal and typological thought in alchemy. Alchemy became a
cosmic science precisely because it exploited the analogies in the chain
of being: alchemists spoke of their art in terms of another world (as
terrestrial astronomy, for example) or another kingdom (as a tillage of
metals or hunting of the green lion) or man himself (as a chemical
wedding). It became a key to all mythologies precisely because it
pointed to the main biblical myth: alchemists said the first matter
would pass through death to rebirth and go on to redeem the world, a
process they could liken to the history of Israel or the life of Christ.20
A few alchemists like Armand Barbault have literally kept the fires
burning, but the quest survives mostly in literature, as artists strive to
become 'Full alchemiz'd' like Keats's Endymion or enter the 'golden
city' with Yeats or even record the whole of history like joyce's 'first till
last alshemist.' To be sure, alchemy has produced such nightmares as
the alchimie du verbe in Rimbaud, wrought by an infernal bridegroom
or parody Christ, and the alembic town of Macondo in One Hundred
Years of Solitude, where the experiment goes dreadfully wrong. The
interplay of archetypal and demonic elements goes back to the Bible,
metalcraft being both the invention ofTubal Cain and the spirit's gift to
Bezaleel. It may provide a necessary tension in the alchemical process.
The tension gets resolved, however, when the alchemical dream is over
and we find, with Blake's awakened Albion, that the furnaces of
affliction have become fountains of living waters.21
NOTES
I I Tim. 6:20, Gen. 1:2, Rev. 21:1.8 (Authorized Version); Bloom, Kabbalah
and Criticism (New York, 1975).
2 Montaigne, Essais (Bordeaux, 158o). 11, 363; Donne, A Valediction: of
the Booke; Good Friday, 1613; LXXX Sermons (London, 164o), no. 78;
Ianatius his Conclaue (London, 161 1), 22-30.
3 Bacon, Novum Oraanum, trans. james Spedding, in The Works ofFran-
cis Bacon (London, 1858), Bk 1, Aphorism LXV; Sprat, The History ofthe
Royal Society ofLondon (London, 1667), 38, 74·5·
4 Goethe, Dichtuna und Wahrheit, 11, 8; Faust, 1, iii (1223-36); Frye, 'Forming
Fours,' in Northrop Frye on Culture and Criticism, ed. Robert D. Denham
(Chicago, 1978), 128-9.
15. 126 Thomas Willard
5 Collections des anciens alchimistes arecs, ed. M. Berthelot (Paris, I885),
1.xx (see I Kings 7:23), 1v.xii (see Exod. 31); La Revelation d'Hermes
Trismeaiste, ed. A.J. Festugiere (Paris, 1949),1, 255; Gen. 4:I7, Baruch
3:26-8, Jude 14-15 (see 1 Enoch I :9).
6 Tertullian, De Cultu Feminarum, 11, IO; Morienus, A Testament ofAI·
chemy, trans. Lee Stavenhagen (Hanover, 1974), I3 (see Exod. 32, Gen.
3:I9); Paracelsus, Aurora Philosophorum (London, 1659), chs. I-3: Maier,
Verum Inventum (Frankfurt, I619), ch. 4; Jonson, The Alchemist, IJ.i.8I·4:
Adrian Mynsicht, Aurum Seculum Redivivum (n.p., 1623), Epilogus;
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, J.ii. Io.
7 Rom. 1:20; Tertullian, De Anima, xvm, I2 (see Phaedo 65e-66a); Hugh of
St Victor, Eruditionis DidascaJicae, in PatroJoaiae Latinae, CLXXVJ, 8I4
(see Exod. 31: 18); Bonaventura, Illuminationes in Hexaemeron, Ser-
mons 12, 13; Fludd, Mosaicall Philosophy (London, I659), sig. A3r.
8 The Fame and Confession of the Fraternity ofR:C: (London, I652), 42;
Fludd, 175: Pinnel, Philosophy Reformed & Improved (London, 1657),
sig. A3r; Rom. 3:31; Luther, Table Talk, trans. William Hazlitt (Lon-
don, I857), item Bos.
9 Gloria Mundi, in The Hermetic Museum, trans. A.E. Waite (London,
1893), I, r68; Eirenaeus Philalethes, Secrets Reveal'd (London, 1669), sig.
A5v; Marx, 'The Power of Money in a Bourgeois Society,' in Economic
and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (New York, 1964), I65-9 (see Acts
17:6).
IO 1 Pet. 2:5; Mersenne, Correspondance, ed. Cornelius de Waard (Paris,
1945), item I56; Naude, The History ofMaaick, trans. John Davies (Lon-
don, 1657), 274.
11 2 Tim. 2:16, Jas. 3:I5; Libavius, Alchymia (Frankfurt, 16o6), sig. A2v; Exa-
men Philosophiae Novae (Frankfurt, I615), r8; see Owen Hannaway,
The Chemists and the Word (Baltimore, 1975).
12 Vico, La scienza nuova, 11, vii.
I3 Jung, Psycho/oar and Alchemy, 2nd ed. (Princeton, 1968), 22-5; Alchem-
ical Studies (Princeton, 1967), 116, 158.
I4 Frye, 'Forming Fours,' 126-9; Fearful Symmetry (Princeton, I947), I50-61;
Anatomy ofCriticism (Princeton, 1957), 141-6; 'Expanding Eyes,' in Spir-
itus Mundi (Bloomington, 1976), 120.
15 Exod. 17:6, 1 Cor. 10:4, Zech. 3:9.
I6 Pico, Heptaplus, Second Proem (see Exod. 26); john 1: I, 1:4, 2:19, 3:29, 6:35;
Wolfram, Parzival1x, 469; Rev. 2:I7; .Elias Ashmole, ed., Theatrum Chern·
icum Britannicum (London, 1652), sig. Brv (see Rev. 22:2).
17 Gen. 2:6; Rev. 7:17, 22:1; Dan. 3: Deut. 4:20; lsa. 48:10; Zech. 13:9; A.E.
16. 127 Alchemy and the Bible
Waite, The Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross (London, 1924), 241-2; Isa.
14:29; Ezek. 28:13; Rev. 15:6, 21:19.
18 job 28:1-8; 'Truths Golden Harrow,' ed. C.H. Josten, Ambix, 3 (1949), 84,
109 (see Rev. 21:5, job 19:26); Christian Knorr von Rosenroth, Kabbala
Denudata, I (Sulzbach, 1677), 6o2. For a similar but more recent interpreta-
tion see Mary Anne Atwood, A Suaaestive Inquiry into the Hermetic
Mystery (Belfast, 1920), 275-6.
19 Swift, A Tale ofa Tub, Sec. m; Foucault, Les mots et les choses (Paris,
1966), chs. 2-3.
:zo Chomsky, Cartesian Linauistics (New York, 1966); George Lakoff, Met-
aphors We Live By (Chicago, 1980).
21 Keats, Endymion 1, 78o; Yeats, Byzantium; joyce, Finneaans Wake (Lon-
don, 1939), 185; Rimbaud, Une saison en enfer, Delerium II; Blake, jeru-
salem, pl. 96.