Alberto Ferrús-Simposio Internacional sobre Solitón

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El 7 de noviembre de 2016, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó el Simposio Internacional 'Solitón: un concepto con extraordinaria diversidad de aplicaciones inter, trans, y multidisciplinares. Desde el mundo macroscópico al nanoscópico'.

Science

Neuronal action potentials:
ion channels vs solitons
F. Areces Nov. 2016
Alberto Ferrús
Cajal Institute. CSIC

..the soliton model does not involve any ions or flow of ions. Andersen et al., 2009
The soliton mode of pulse propagation is fundamentally different from the
action potential picture given by the ionic hypothesis.

Velocity : 0.5 m/s (0.2µm Ø) – 120 m/s (20µm)

The ionic model (Hodgkin-Huxley)
Im = Cm dU/dt + gK(U −EK) + gNa(U −ENa) + gL(U −EL)
IC = d/dt (Cm · U) = Cm dU/dt + U dCm /dt

Tasaki and Iwasa, 1982
Action potentials and mechanical changes of the plasma membrane

Tasaki et al., 1969
Fluorescence changes in the membrane on AP passage
Squid Crab Squid Crab
ANS = 8-anilinonaphtalate-1-sulfonate
FIT = fluorescein isothiocynate
LSD = lysergic acid diethylamide

Heat
dissipation
Reversible phase
transition
Tasaki et al., 1989

The soliton model
Heimburg and Jackson, 2005
Lipids proteins
Soliton: a self-reinforcing solitary wave. French 1971
∆S = ∆H / Tm

Andersen et al., 2009
Membrane potential changes result
from displacement of charged lipids
..it seems plausible that mechanical
solitons can generate voltage changes
comparable to those observed during
action potentials. The exact values
remain to be determined by experiment.

González-Pérez et al., 2014
Penetrating action potentials

Anesthetics
The Meyer-Overton rule
Kharakoz ,2001Overton, 1991
… but anesthetics do not affect AP velocity !!!

Testable predictions from the soliton model for action potentials
-) Membrane capacitance, Cm, must change transiently in register with AP passage.
-) Since propagation velocity is inversely proportional to Cm, then,
velocity must be determined by the magnitud of Cm change.
-) Since propagation velocities are diverse across neuron types and temperatures,
so should be for soliton’s velocities. The case of membrane inhomogeneities.
-) High frequency firing neurons should have a special lipid composition.
-) Since charged proteins represent up to 50% weight of membrane composition,
experimental loading or depletion of proteins from membranes should lead to
quantitatively predictable changes in AP amplitude and velocity.

$Tasks to be solved by the soliton model -) To explain a triggering mechanism for solitons. -) To explain directionality of soliton conduction. -) To explain the transformation of solitons into synaptic release. -) To explain how to deal with high frequency firing rates. -) To explain the refractory period of the membrane. (mass conservation?) -) To clarify the putative friction component in the membrane melting process, hence, heat generation.$

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The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.

The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young

Sérgio Sacani

The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the ‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space, because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago. We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data 1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’ did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.

THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...

Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan

hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills

Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...

Travis Hills MN

Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.

Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE

University of Maribor

The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx

MAGOTI ERNEST

Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024). Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).

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Alberto Ferrús-Simposio Internacional sobre Solitón

1. Neuronal action potentials: ion channels vs solitons F. Areces Nov. 2016 Alberto Ferrús Cajal Institute. CSIC

2. ..the soliton model does not involve any ions or flow of ions. Andersen et al., 2009 The soliton mode of pulse propagation is fundamentally different from the action potential picture given by the ionic hypothesis.

7. Velocity : 0.5 m/s (0.2µm Ø) – 120 m/s (20µm)

10. Cardiac cells Human Mouse

11. The ionic model (Hodgkin-Huxley) Im = Cm dU/dt + gK(U −EK) + gNa(U −ENa) + gL(U −EL) IC = d/dt (Cm · U) = Cm dU/dt + U dCm /dt

12. Tasaki and Iwasa, 1982 Action potentials and mechanical changes of the plasma membrane

13. Tasaki et al., 1969 Fluorescence changes in the membrane on AP passage Squid Crab Squid Crab ANS = 8-anilinonaphtalate-1-sulfonate FIT = fluorescein isothiocynate LSD = lysergic acid diethylamide

14. Heat dissipation Reversible phase transition Tasaki et al., 1989

15. The soliton model Heimburg and Jackson, 2005 Lipids proteins Soliton: a self-reinforcing solitary wave. French 1971 ∆S = ∆H / Tm

16. Andersen et al., 2009 Membrane potential changes result from displacement of charged lipids ..it seems plausible that mechanical solitons can generate voltage changes comparable to those observed during action potentials. The exact values remain to be determined by experiment.

17. Collision Lautrup et al., 2011

18. González-Pérez et al., 2014 Penetrating action potentials

19. Anesthetics The Meyer-Overton rule Kharakoz ,2001Overton, 1991 … but anesthetics do not affect AP velocity !!!

20. Testable predictions from the soliton model for action potentials -) Membrane capacitance, Cm, must change transiently in register with AP passage. -) Since propagation velocity is inversely proportional to Cm, then, velocity must be determined by the magnitud of Cm change. -) Since propagation velocities are diverse across neuron types and temperatures, so should be for soliton’s velocities. The case of membrane inhomogeneities. -) High frequency firing neurons should have a special lipid composition. -) Since charged proteins represent up to 50% weight of membrane composition, experimental loading or depletion of proteins from membranes should lead to quantitatively predictable changes in AP amplitude and velocity.

21. Tasks to be solved by the soliton model -) To explain a triggering mechanism for solitons. -) To explain directionality of soliton conduction. -) To explain the transformation of solitons into synaptic release. -) To explain how to deal with high frequency firing rates. -) To explain the refractory period of the membrane. (mass conservation?) -) To clarify the putative friction component in the membrane melting process, hence, heat generation.

22. The ultimate test: Genetics

Alberto Ferrús-Simposio Internacional sobre Solitón

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