International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study on the Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste of Dhaka cityIJERD Editor
With a population of 170 million Bangladesh is considered as the new growing economic force in
the queue of world trade whereas organic solid waste has been increasing on same scale as the population poses
promising use for it as renewable energy resource. This increasing waste is becoming an issue not only for the
lack of space but also due to it being the cause of illness, pollution, destruction of natural beauty of the city. This
research aims to evaluate and estimates the biogas productions from the municipal solid waste (MSW) through
anaerobic digestion processes. Both Biogas production and power generation from MSW can lead the economy
to prosperity. The estimated potentiality to generate electricity from biogas is 207, 873 and 2878 MW/day, in
years 2020, 2025 and 2050 respectively, could help to meet the increasing demand of electricity in urban
Bangladesh.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
Growing Renewable Energy in the Future of India: Opportunities over Challengesijsrd.com
As the demand is going to increase the generations have to be increased. So as the time is going to pass the conventional energy sources are going to be decreased and it might happen that after some years these sources are going to be exhausted. The best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources, which are never going to become exhausted because they are the natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The challenges required for the conventional energy for increasing population demand with the use of renewable energy the future of India get good opportunities to full fill it. Among the various non-conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, Hydro energy, tidal energy, wave energy, Ocean Thermal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass energy, fuel cell energy, Hydrogen etc. are never going to become exhausted because they are natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The sharp increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe's reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. Approximately, 90% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Energy and development are inter-related. Energy sector is the backbone of any country's growth and economy. India is one of the largest growing economies in the world and today not just India, but the whole world is looking for alternate sources of energy like wind, solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel etc. known as renewable energy sources for Sustainable energy development.
Potential Of Conversion of Waste to EnergyAnmol Kabra
This document summarizes a study conducted on the potential for converting waste to energy in India. It begins with an introduction explaining India's energy crisis and waste management problems. It then describes various waste to energy processes like incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. The document outlines the methodology, which involved characterizing waste samples from IIT Guwahati and Patna through physical and chemical analysis. It was concluded that incineration and anaerobic digestion were the most feasible waste to energy solutions for India.
this presentation is about the problems in gurugram with the perspective of sustainability which arised due to some reasons. this also shows the zoning plan of the city.
Briquetting machine report for phase-1manugowdapes
This document discusses the design and fabrication of a low-cost briquetting machine. It begins by introducing briquetting as a process to compress biomass into densified briquettes using screw or pneumatic compressors. It then describes the process of briquetting which involves drying, grinding, and compressing biomass. The document goes on to discuss the need for an integrated low-cost machine that can grind and compress biomass. It cites issues with fossil fuel depletion and air pollution as motivation for developing biomass briquettes as an alternative. The machine is intended to efficiently produce briquettes from dry waste that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels like coal.
Sustainable Energy Principles And Practice December 2018Martin Scherfler
Sustainable Energy Principles & Practice is an initiative using Auroville and its outstanding experience in human unity & sustainable living as a platform for the learning and personal growth of students from around the world.
A learning-in-action program, it connects core human values with system thinking and hands-on work experience by introducing participants to local and global energy issues, policies and by exploring possible interventions that contributed to addressing global climate change and local issues of energy poverty and livelihood. The program is based on the 3H approach that nurtures hands (skills), head (competencies) and heart (inner capacities) of all participants. 13 students participated in this 10-day program held in December 2018 at Auroville International Township in Tamil Nadu, India.
This document proposes a hybrid renewable energy system using solar, wind, and biomass power for a rural village in Uttarakhand, India. It analyzes the feasibility of the system using the HOMER software. The village has abundant solar and biomass resources due to its location and access to agricultural waste. The proposed system would help electrify the village in a sustainable way and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Load data from the village is collected and the resources are analyzed to size an optimal hybrid system configuration using the HOMER optimization tool.
Study on the Electricity Generation from Municipal Solid Waste of Dhaka cityIJERD Editor
With a population of 170 million Bangladesh is considered as the new growing economic force in
the queue of world trade whereas organic solid waste has been increasing on same scale as the population poses
promising use for it as renewable energy resource. This increasing waste is becoming an issue not only for the
lack of space but also due to it being the cause of illness, pollution, destruction of natural beauty of the city. This
research aims to evaluate and estimates the biogas productions from the municipal solid waste (MSW) through
anaerobic digestion processes. Both Biogas production and power generation from MSW can lead the economy
to prosperity. The estimated potentiality to generate electricity from biogas is 207, 873 and 2878 MW/day, in
years 2020, 2025 and 2050 respectively, could help to meet the increasing demand of electricity in urban
Bangladesh.
Bioenergy production is a promising way to manage the organic waste material while generating the heat and electricity. Anaerobic digestion of the organic material is gaining attraction due to its easy operation and the cost effectiveness. Biogas plant is an efficient bio energy production which mainly practices in developing country to transform waste into gas through the anaerobic digestion. It is a renewable energy source which helps to fulfil the energy need especially for developing country. In this research, the small-scale biogas plant was designed and implemented for household need with cow dung as a substrate. Biogas composition was measured with a multifunctional portable gas analyser. The mean content of methane (CH4) was 63.64% and carbon dioxide (CO2) was 29.04%. Substrate was allowed for store in varying time, i.e., one week, two weeks, and three weeks before the digestion process to increase the bacterial community. The longer the manure/cow dung is stored in a closed container before pass through the digester, the shorter the time for the anaerobic decomposition process.
Growing Renewable Energy in the Future of India: Opportunities over Challengesijsrd.com
As the demand is going to increase the generations have to be increased. So as the time is going to pass the conventional energy sources are going to be decreased and it might happen that after some years these sources are going to be exhausted. The best alternative of conventional energy sources are the non-conventional energy sources, which are never going to become exhausted because they are the natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The challenges required for the conventional energy for increasing population demand with the use of renewable energy the future of India get good opportunities to full fill it. Among the various non-conventional energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, Hydro energy, tidal energy, wave energy, Ocean Thermal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass energy, fuel cell energy, Hydrogen etc. are never going to become exhausted because they are natural sources and they are permanently available for use. The sharp increase in energy consumption particularly in the past several decades has raised fears of exhausting the globe's reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. Approximately, 90% of our energy consumption comes from fossil fuels. Energy and development are inter-related. Energy sector is the backbone of any country's growth and economy. India is one of the largest growing economies in the world and today not just India, but the whole world is looking for alternate sources of energy like wind, solar, hydro, biomass, biofuel etc. known as renewable energy sources for Sustainable energy development.
Potential Of Conversion of Waste to EnergyAnmol Kabra
This document summarizes a study conducted on the potential for converting waste to energy in India. It begins with an introduction explaining India's energy crisis and waste management problems. It then describes various waste to energy processes like incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and landfilling. The document outlines the methodology, which involved characterizing waste samples from IIT Guwahati and Patna through physical and chemical analysis. It was concluded that incineration and anaerobic digestion were the most feasible waste to energy solutions for India.
this presentation is about the problems in gurugram with the perspective of sustainability which arised due to some reasons. this also shows the zoning plan of the city.
Briquetting machine report for phase-1manugowdapes
This document discusses the design and fabrication of a low-cost briquetting machine. It begins by introducing briquetting as a process to compress biomass into densified briquettes using screw or pneumatic compressors. It then describes the process of briquetting which involves drying, grinding, and compressing biomass. The document goes on to discuss the need for an integrated low-cost machine that can grind and compress biomass. It cites issues with fossil fuel depletion and air pollution as motivation for developing biomass briquettes as an alternative. The machine is intended to efficiently produce briquettes from dry waste that can be used as a replacement for fossil fuels like coal.
Sustainable Energy Principles And Practice December 2018Martin Scherfler
Sustainable Energy Principles & Practice is an initiative using Auroville and its outstanding experience in human unity & sustainable living as a platform for the learning and personal growth of students from around the world.
A learning-in-action program, it connects core human values with system thinking and hands-on work experience by introducing participants to local and global energy issues, policies and by exploring possible interventions that contributed to addressing global climate change and local issues of energy poverty and livelihood. The program is based on the 3H approach that nurtures hands (skills), head (competencies) and heart (inner capacities) of all participants. 13 students participated in this 10-day program held in December 2018 at Auroville International Township in Tamil Nadu, India.
This document proposes a hybrid renewable energy system using solar, wind, and biomass power for a rural village in Uttarakhand, India. It analyzes the feasibility of the system using the HOMER software. The village has abundant solar and biomass resources due to its location and access to agricultural waste. The proposed system would help electrify the village in a sustainable way and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Load data from the village is collected and the resources are analyzed to size an optimal hybrid system configuration using the HOMER optimization tool.
Dipal Chandra Barua, Bright Green Energy FoundationWAME
Solar home systems were introduced in rural Bangladesh in 1996 to provide affordable clean energy access. An innovative financing model made solar home systems affordable by allowing payments in installments similar to monthly kerosene costs. Over 4 million solar home systems have now been installed, providing energy to over 20 million rural people and supporting rural economic development. Challenges in the early stages included lack of infrastructure, access to financing, and awareness of clean energy options. Rapid expansion was enabled by reliable after-sales support and understanding rural customer needs. The goal is to install 7.5 million solar home systems in Bangladesh by 2020.
The document discusses India's bioenergy policies and strategies. It provides details on:
- India's power generation capacity mix, with coal being the largest source at 56.2%
- India's renewable energy targets of 40% of power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 and installing 175 GW of renewable capacity by 2022
- Bioenergy programs in India including waste-to-energy, biogas, and national biofuels policy aimed at blending ethanol and biodiesel into transportation fuels.
Renewable and sustainable energy reviewsHITESHDAS14
The document summarizes renewable and sustainable energy sources. It discusses various renewable technologies including solar energy applications like solar thermal and solar power, wind energy, bioenergy sources like biogas from anaerobic digestion, biodiesel, and biomass gasification. It also discusses hydrogen production from biomass and the use of gasifiers for power generation. The conclusion states that renewable technologies like solar drying, biodiesel, and wind energy have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel consumption while providing sustainable energy solutions.
The document summarizes the key points from Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy's presentation on sustainable energy utilization at SANGAM 2008 in Bangalore. It discusses India's current energy usage patterns and reliance on biomass in rural areas. It also outlines the potential for renewable sources like solar and wind in India given the country's suitable resources and growing energy demand. Specific strategies are proposed for non-governmental organizations to promote renewable energy adoption through community-level assessments, training, and demonstration projects.
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy.
Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW),construction and demolition (C&D) debris, agricultural waste such as crop silage and livestock manure, industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills or other facilities and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills. It is a very useful method and environment friendly.
A Study on the Effect of Climate Emergency in Urban India and with Growing Po...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the effects of climate emergency in urban India and how the region is tackling it. It finds that urban areas utilize more natural resources and produce more greenhouse gases than rural areas due to transportation, industries, and lack of climate-resilient planning. Climate change is causing problems like droughts, floods, cyclones, and heat waves which impact populations and economies. The government is implementing schemes to promote renewable energy, green buildings, electric vehicles, and sustainable development. However, solid waste management and air pollution remain issues. Adapting smart green technologies and upgrading infrastructure in urban slums will be key to addressing climate change as the urban population increases 50% by 2050.
This document provides an overview of bioenergy usage in India. It discusses how biomass contributes around 30% of India's total primary energy consumption, predominantly used in rural areas for cooking and space heating. Traditional biomass usage is characterized by low efficiency and environmental degradation. Government programs to promote improved bioenergy technologies have had limited success achieving their potential. Looking ahead, biomass is expected to continue playing an important role in rural energy given population growth and lack of access to commercial fuels. Modern bioenergy technologies provide opportunities to meet energy needs more sustainably if social, economic and environmental impacts are balanced.
India has significant potential and prospects for renewable energy development. As of September 2020, India's installed renewable energy capacity excluding large hydro was over 89 GW, with wind and solar being the largest sources at over 38 GW and 36 GW respectively. India has set ambitious targets of achieving 450 GW of total installed renewable energy capacity by 2022, including 227 GW from sources like solar, wind, biomass, small hydro and other renewable sources. Key states leading wind and solar installations in India include Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The government is also promoting renewable energy through initiatives like international solar alliances to make India a global renewable energy leader.
Sustainable Development of Bioenergy from Agriculture Residues and EnvironmentTriple A Research Journal
This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy
sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the
biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy
conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures
necessary to reduce emissions globally. The current literature is reviewed
regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass
technology. This study gives an overview of present and future use of
biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and
other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market
situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that
biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested,
implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy,
environment, sustainability related with bioenergy development, disperse
systems formulation science, surfactant sciences
An energy crisis occurs when there is a bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. Demand for energy has greatly increased due to industrialization and population growth, but supply cannot meet demand. This can be caused by market failures, infrastructure issues, disruptions or planned outages. Alternative energy sources like biomass are gaining popularity in response to concerns over petroleum. Biomass currently contributes significantly to India's energy supply but faces challenges in becoming a major competitor to fossil fuels. Initiatives like Husk Power Systems show promise in using biomass waste for rural electrification in India.
To save the Environment, we have to first improve our economy and lead to green economy from present brown economy by the following means shown in presentation.
Role of Urban Areas in Biodiversity ConservationManoj Neupane
This document discusses the role of urban areas in biodiversity conservation. It outlines that while urbanization is resulting in biodiversity loss, urban areas can still play an important role by providing corridors and stepping stones for wildlife migration. When urban areas incorporate green spaces like parks, gardens, and street trees, they generate diverse habitats that support many plant and animal species. The document reviews global practices of integrating biodiversity considerations into urban planning and provides examples of biodiversity initiatives taken in urban parks in Nepal. It argues that with proper planning, urbanization need not threaten biodiversity and that cities provide opportunities to conserve nature.
The document discusses various energy resources and their use in India. It covers renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass as well as non-renewable resources like coal, oil and gas. India's energy needs are growing rapidly with development, and it relies heavily on non-renewable sources that import. There is a need to shift towards more renewable resources and implement new technologies to sustainably meet India's energy demands.
Final ub role of energy efficiency in smart and sustainable Usha Batra
The document discusses the role of energy efficiency in smart and sustainable development in India. It makes three key points:
1) Energy efficiency and conservation are essential for India's smart growth and development given its increasing energy demands and imports but also to reduce pollution and meet climate targets. Significant potential exists for energy savings across sectors like industry, buildings, transportation, and agriculture.
2) The Government of India has implemented several initiatives to promote energy efficiency such as building codes, performance standards, audits, awards, and renewable energy targets. However, challenges remain in meeting energy needs while balancing environmental and economic factors.
3) Transitioning to sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, biomass and increasing renewable capacities will be
TiE Bangalore UNDP Energy programme and EnterpreneurshipTiE Bangalore
A Talk by Dr. S.N. Srinivas on on some of the project initiatives at UNDP, their implications to policy making, opportunities it has created/ can create for entrepreneurs.
Community management of peatland: Participatory action research for community...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes participatory action research conducted on community-based peatland restoration in Dompas Village, Bengkalis, Riau, Indonesia. The research developed 4 community-based business models for peatland restoration, including timber and ecotourism, pineapple agroforestry, coffee agroforestry, and home garden agroforestry. Through a participatory process using Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development framework and Osterwalder's business model canvas, the models were co-designed and implemented by community groups. The research found that community-based approaches that connect restoration to livelihoods can help reduce fires and improve livelihoods in peatland areas of Indonesia.
Waste to Energy has significant potential in India but has so far been underutilized. The country generates over 150,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day but currently only exploits around 24 MW of the estimated 1460 MW available from waste-to-energy projects. Several cities have attempted waste-to-energy plants but many have failed, primarily due to lack of segregated waste collection and financial issues. To better utilize waste-to-energy potential, India needs to focus on primary waste collection, segregation, increasing private sector participation, and bridging gaps between policy and implementation.
El documento describe las fases en el proceso de toma de decisiones, incluyendo 1) comprender la necesidad de decidir y los costos asociados con una mala decisión, 2) buscar información de manera activa y selectiva, 3) construir alternativas de elección, 4) determinar criterios para evaluar las alternativas, 5) evaluar las alternativas aplicando los criterios, y 6) elegir. También menciona algunas titulaciones disponibles desde ciencias sociales.
O documento apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de mercado sobre o desenvolvimento de software na América Latina. A pesquisa entrevistou mais de 1.200 desenvolvedores em 12 países e analisou tópicos como tamanho de equipes, percepções sobre fornecedores, sistemas operacionais, bancos de dados, linguagens de programação e envolvimento com novas tecnologias. Os resultados são apresentados separadamente para cada país/região pesquisada.
Dipal Chandra Barua, Bright Green Energy FoundationWAME
Solar home systems were introduced in rural Bangladesh in 1996 to provide affordable clean energy access. An innovative financing model made solar home systems affordable by allowing payments in installments similar to monthly kerosene costs. Over 4 million solar home systems have now been installed, providing energy to over 20 million rural people and supporting rural economic development. Challenges in the early stages included lack of infrastructure, access to financing, and awareness of clean energy options. Rapid expansion was enabled by reliable after-sales support and understanding rural customer needs. The goal is to install 7.5 million solar home systems in Bangladesh by 2020.
The document discusses India's bioenergy policies and strategies. It provides details on:
- India's power generation capacity mix, with coal being the largest source at 56.2%
- India's renewable energy targets of 40% of power from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030 and installing 175 GW of renewable capacity by 2022
- Bioenergy programs in India including waste-to-energy, biogas, and national biofuels policy aimed at blending ethanol and biodiesel into transportation fuels.
Renewable and sustainable energy reviewsHITESHDAS14
The document summarizes renewable and sustainable energy sources. It discusses various renewable technologies including solar energy applications like solar thermal and solar power, wind energy, bioenergy sources like biogas from anaerobic digestion, biodiesel, and biomass gasification. It also discusses hydrogen production from biomass and the use of gasifiers for power generation. The conclusion states that renewable technologies like solar drying, biodiesel, and wind energy have the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel consumption while providing sustainable energy solutions.
The document summarizes the key points from Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy's presentation on sustainable energy utilization at SANGAM 2008 in Bangalore. It discusses India's current energy usage patterns and reliance on biomass in rural areas. It also outlines the potential for renewable sources like solar and wind in India given the country's suitable resources and growing energy demand. Specific strategies are proposed for non-governmental organizations to promote renewable energy adoption through community-level assessments, training, and demonstration projects.
Resource recycling and waste-to-energy: The cornerstones of circular economyIJRTEMJOURNAL
"Circular Economy" is the pursued goal of sustainable development of mankind for the 21st
century. In short, the fundamental spirit of circular economy is the concept of "Zero Waste". The example used
in our daily lives means 100% of waste treatment, leaving no trace. At this time, it would be an ideal goal that
the waste could be fully recovered into available raw materials or energies. In particular, "waste-to-energy" is
a key factor, because all the wastes are almost related to energy. Resource recycling of waste metal from the
household garbage is the best example. When smelting metals, the refining industry needs to reduce the metal
oxides (mineral materials) to metals, such as steel, aluminium, copper, etc. The reduction processes consume
considerable portion of energy for the entire smelting process, for example, 70.6% for steel and 77.4% for
aluminium. However, if the waste metallic products can be fully recovered, as long as by melting and reshaping,
the original oxide metal reduction processes that consume a lot of energy can be avoided. On the other hand,
when the general garbage cannot be recovered as a resource, they can be converted into fuel or electricity by
biological or thermal treatment. Another more important human waste utilization is the waste paper recycling.
The production of one tonne of raw pulp emits about 6 tonnes of carbon, consuming about 100 cubic meters of
water, using about 200 kilograms of chemical raw materials, and draining 300 tonnes of toxic waste water. The
entire papermaking process is how terrible environmental pollution! The recycled pulp of one tonne can save
energy 10-13GJ.The proportion of paper waste in Taiwan 2015 is 34.69% and the estimated amount is 2.5
million tonnes. If the paper waste could be fully recycled, it could save energy about 0.725 million kloe (kilolitre oil equivalent). In other words, it virtually reduces Taiwan's oil imports of 4.56 million barrels and CO2
emissions of 2.5 million tonnes annually.
Waste-to-energy technologies convert waste matter into various forms of fuel that can be used to supply energy.
Waste feed stocks can include municipal solid waste (MSW),construction and demolition (C&D) debris, agricultural waste such as crop silage and livestock manure, industrial waste from coal mining, lumber mills or other facilities and even the gases that are naturally produced within landfills. It is a very useful method and environment friendly.
A Study on the Effect of Climate Emergency in Urban India and with Growing Po...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the effects of climate emergency in urban India and how the region is tackling it. It finds that urban areas utilize more natural resources and produce more greenhouse gases than rural areas due to transportation, industries, and lack of climate-resilient planning. Climate change is causing problems like droughts, floods, cyclones, and heat waves which impact populations and economies. The government is implementing schemes to promote renewable energy, green buildings, electric vehicles, and sustainable development. However, solid waste management and air pollution remain issues. Adapting smart green technologies and upgrading infrastructure in urban slums will be key to addressing climate change as the urban population increases 50% by 2050.
This document provides an overview of bioenergy usage in India. It discusses how biomass contributes around 30% of India's total primary energy consumption, predominantly used in rural areas for cooking and space heating. Traditional biomass usage is characterized by low efficiency and environmental degradation. Government programs to promote improved bioenergy technologies have had limited success achieving their potential. Looking ahead, biomass is expected to continue playing an important role in rural energy given population growth and lack of access to commercial fuels. Modern bioenergy technologies provide opportunities to meet energy needs more sustainably if social, economic and environmental impacts are balanced.
India has significant potential and prospects for renewable energy development. As of September 2020, India's installed renewable energy capacity excluding large hydro was over 89 GW, with wind and solar being the largest sources at over 38 GW and 36 GW respectively. India has set ambitious targets of achieving 450 GW of total installed renewable energy capacity by 2022, including 227 GW from sources like solar, wind, biomass, small hydro and other renewable sources. Key states leading wind and solar installations in India include Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The government is also promoting renewable energy through initiatives like international solar alliances to make India a global renewable energy leader.
Sustainable Development of Bioenergy from Agriculture Residues and EnvironmentTriple A Research Journal
This communication discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy
sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the
biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy
conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures
necessary to reduce emissions globally. The current literature is reviewed
regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass
technology. This study gives an overview of present and future use of
biomass as an industrial feedstock for production of fuels, chemicals and
other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market
situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that
biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested,
implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.
Keywords: Biomass resources, wastes, woodfuel, biofuels, energy,
environment, sustainability related with bioenergy development, disperse
systems formulation science, surfactant sciences
An energy crisis occurs when there is a bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. Demand for energy has greatly increased due to industrialization and population growth, but supply cannot meet demand. This can be caused by market failures, infrastructure issues, disruptions or planned outages. Alternative energy sources like biomass are gaining popularity in response to concerns over petroleum. Biomass currently contributes significantly to India's energy supply but faces challenges in becoming a major competitor to fossil fuels. Initiatives like Husk Power Systems show promise in using biomass waste for rural electrification in India.
To save the Environment, we have to first improve our economy and lead to green economy from present brown economy by the following means shown in presentation.
Role of Urban Areas in Biodiversity ConservationManoj Neupane
This document discusses the role of urban areas in biodiversity conservation. It outlines that while urbanization is resulting in biodiversity loss, urban areas can still play an important role by providing corridors and stepping stones for wildlife migration. When urban areas incorporate green spaces like parks, gardens, and street trees, they generate diverse habitats that support many plant and animal species. The document reviews global practices of integrating biodiversity considerations into urban planning and provides examples of biodiversity initiatives taken in urban parks in Nepal. It argues that with proper planning, urbanization need not threaten biodiversity and that cities provide opportunities to conserve nature.
The document discusses various energy resources and their use in India. It covers renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass as well as non-renewable resources like coal, oil and gas. India's energy needs are growing rapidly with development, and it relies heavily on non-renewable sources that import. There is a need to shift towards more renewable resources and implement new technologies to sustainably meet India's energy demands.
Final ub role of energy efficiency in smart and sustainable Usha Batra
The document discusses the role of energy efficiency in smart and sustainable development in India. It makes three key points:
1) Energy efficiency and conservation are essential for India's smart growth and development given its increasing energy demands and imports but also to reduce pollution and meet climate targets. Significant potential exists for energy savings across sectors like industry, buildings, transportation, and agriculture.
2) The Government of India has implemented several initiatives to promote energy efficiency such as building codes, performance standards, audits, awards, and renewable energy targets. However, challenges remain in meeting energy needs while balancing environmental and economic factors.
3) Transitioning to sustainable energy sources like solar, wind, biomass and increasing renewable capacities will be
TiE Bangalore UNDP Energy programme and EnterpreneurshipTiE Bangalore
A Talk by Dr. S.N. Srinivas on on some of the project initiatives at UNDP, their implications to policy making, opportunities it has created/ can create for entrepreneurs.
Community management of peatland: Participatory action research for community...CIFOR-ICRAF
This document summarizes participatory action research conducted on community-based peatland restoration in Dompas Village, Bengkalis, Riau, Indonesia. The research developed 4 community-based business models for peatland restoration, including timber and ecotourism, pineapple agroforestry, coffee agroforestry, and home garden agroforestry. Through a participatory process using Ostrom's Institutional Analysis and Development framework and Osterwalder's business model canvas, the models were co-designed and implemented by community groups. The research found that community-based approaches that connect restoration to livelihoods can help reduce fires and improve livelihoods in peatland areas of Indonesia.
Waste to Energy has significant potential in India but has so far been underutilized. The country generates over 150,000 tons of municipal solid waste per day but currently only exploits around 24 MW of the estimated 1460 MW available from waste-to-energy projects. Several cities have attempted waste-to-energy plants but many have failed, primarily due to lack of segregated waste collection and financial issues. To better utilize waste-to-energy potential, India needs to focus on primary waste collection, segregation, increasing private sector participation, and bridging gaps between policy and implementation.
El documento describe las fases en el proceso de toma de decisiones, incluyendo 1) comprender la necesidad de decidir y los costos asociados con una mala decisión, 2) buscar información de manera activa y selectiva, 3) construir alternativas de elección, 4) determinar criterios para evaluar las alternativas, 5) evaluar las alternativas aplicando los criterios, y 6) elegir. También menciona algunas titulaciones disponibles desde ciencias sociales.
O documento apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa de mercado sobre o desenvolvimento de software na América Latina. A pesquisa entrevistou mais de 1.200 desenvolvedores em 12 países e analisou tópicos como tamanho de equipes, percepções sobre fornecedores, sistemas operacionais, bancos de dados, linguagens de programação e envolvimento com novas tecnologias. Os resultados são apresentados separadamente para cada país/região pesquisada.
O documento discute técnicas de amostragem e pesquisa de mercado para encontrar clientes de forma mais rápida e barata. Apresenta exemplos de como definir claramente o mercado-alvo, usar bases de dados pré-existentes para identificar suspects qualificados e criar questionários para filtrar prospects. Também discute usar as informações coletadas para marketing digital e futuras rodadas de pré-qualificação.
Impacto De Las Nuevas TecnologíAs En ComunicacióN CorporativaJacky Parra
El documento discute el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías en la comunicación corporativa y cómo las empresas están utilizando las redes sociales, blogs, sitios web y otras herramientas digitales para comunicarse con los clientes y empleados. También describe cómo las nuevas tecnologías han permitido que los usuarios se conviertan en productores de contenido y cómo esto ha cambiado el panorama de la comunicación.
La mainboard es la parte principal de un computador que sirve como alojamiento para otros componentes y permite su interacción. Contiene el chipset que controla funciones como la interacción entre el microprocesador y la memoria, y los puertos. Los sockets de la mainboard determinan qué tipo de microprocesador puede usar y su velocidad dependerá del FSB.
Los niños y niñas aprenden de diferentes maneras según su nivel educativo. En educación inicial (5 años), aprenden a través del juego, el movimiento y la experiencia directa. En educación primaria, aprenden jugando, a través de actividades significativas e interactuando con su medio social. Sus características incluyen el desarrollo del pensamiento concreto y la capacidad creciente de atención. Los docentes deben considerar estas características para diseñar actividades de aprendizaje adecuadas en cada nivel.
Este documento presenta información biográfica sobre Mahatma Gandhi y Indira Gandhi. Describe que Mahatma Gandhi nació en 1869 en la India y luchó por los derechos civiles en Sudáfrica. Más tarde dirigió el movimiento de independencia de la India de Gran Bretaña a través de métodos no violentos. También presenta que Indira Gandhi fue dos veces Primera Ministra de la India y la primera mujer en ocupar ese cargo. Apoyó la independencia de Bangladesh y trabajó para reducir la pobreza en la India. Fue
Este documento promueve un sitio web que ofrece varios tipos de contenido divertido como presentaciones PowerPoint, reflexiones, chistes, imágenes y videos para pasar un buen rato. El sitio también permite compartir el contenido con amigos.
This document provides a slide presentation on a slide creation tool. It contains placeholder text and images indicating different slides were created covering various topics. In summary, the document outlines a slideshow project but does not provide substantive details on the content or purpose of the presentation.
El documento habla sobre diferentes tipos de software. Explica que el software son las instrucciones que hacen que la computadora funcione y pueden ser simples o complejas. Luego describe diferentes lenguajes de programación como Basic, C++ y otros para sitios web, móviles y niños. También define el sistema operativo como el programa más importante que gestiona el hardware y software y hace de intermediario entre el usuario y la computadora. Finalmente clasifica el software en propietario y libre según si se puede estudiar, copiar o redistribuir después de su compra.
El documento habla sobre las nuevas tecnologías y la Web 2.0. Define la Web 2.0 como la evolución de las aplicaciones tradicionales a aplicaciones enfocadas en el usuario final que generan colaboración y reemplazan aplicaciones de escritorio. Explica que el término Web 2.0 fue acuñado por Dale Dougherty para referirse al renacimiento y evolución de la web. Además, provee ejemplos como Google AdSense, Flickr y Wikipedia para ilustrar la transición de la Web 1.0 a la Web 2.0.
Carlos Rafael Rea. Coloquio Regiones, 2008Pro Regiones
Este documento describe un proyecto de desarrollo regional sustentable en la cuenca baja del Río San Pedro en Nayarit, México. El proyecto busca abordar problemas ambientales y sociales en la región a través de la participación de comunidades locales, gobiernos e instituciones académicas. Se han realizado diagnósticos comunitarios, capacitación, y proyectos productivos sustentables para mejorar las condiciones ambientales y socioeconómicas de la región. El proyecto ha logrado involucrar a mú
Este documento explica la diferencia entre hechos y opiniones. Los hechos son declaraciones objetivas que pueden ser verificadas como verdaderas o falsas, mientras que las opiniones expresan puntos de vista subjetivos sobre los cuales las personas pueden estar de acuerdo o en desacuerdo. A veces, los hechos y opiniones pueden mezclarse en una misma declaración.
El documento trata sobre la discrecionalidad y la legalidad en la administración pública. Explica que la legalidad requiere que todos los órganos del estado actúen de acuerdo a la ley. También introduce el concepto de discrecionalidad administrativa, que permite cierta flexibilidad cuando la ley no puede regular cada caso específico. Finalmente, distingue la discrecionalidad de la arbitrariedad, señalando que la primera sigue criterios legales mientras que la segunda es caprichosa.
O documento descreve o Folder Mobile, uma solução que permite que empresas forneçam informações sobre seus produtos e serviços em formato mobile através de aplicativos e sites mobile. O Folder Mobile oferece vantagens como conveniência, facilidade de uso, compartilhamento de hardware e melhor experiência para o usuário. Planos variam entre R$3.820,00 a R$10.920,00 dependendo das funcionalidades desejadas.
El documento describe la porcelana, un material cerámico formado al calentar arcilla a altas temperaturas. Explica que la verdadera porcelana surgió en 1708-1709 cuando un químico alemán descubrió que mezclando caolín, feldespato y alabastro calcinado a 1300°C podía replicar la porcelana china. También detalla que la porcelana tiene propiedades como alta dureza, blancura y resistencia eléctrica, y se usa comúnmente en artículos de cocina,
Germán Aracil es un artista español contemporáneo nacido en 1965 en Alicante. Comenzó sus estudios de arte en la Escuela de San Carlos de Bellas Artes de Valencia en 1985 y desde entonces ha expuesto su trabajo con éxito en España, Estados Unidos, Portugal, Japón, Alemania, Francia y Sudamérica.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1) O documento contém várias citações sobre a importância da amizade e dos amigos.
2) As citações descrevem a amizade como um espírito em dois corpos e destacam o valor dos amigos verdadeiros.
3) O texto enfatiza a lealdade e apoio entre amigos, pedindo que a mensagem seja compartilhada com outros para demonstrar a quantidade de amigos de cada um.
The Solar Spine project aims to make Chandigarh a leader in sustainable development by addressing challenges in its northern periphery related to energy, sanitation, and gender equality. It proposes revitalizing a corridor along Chandigarh's Capitol complex into a center for renewable energy and women's empowerment called Surya Deviya. A biogas facility and solar panels will power the center's restaurant and classrooms, providing training in renewable technologies. The entire corridor will be transformed into sustainable infrastructure linking the villages and Capitol Complex to promote future prosperity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STATUS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN BANGALORE & REVIEW OF SOLID WASTE TECHNIQ...Dr. Naveen BP
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is one of the vital issues in the
contemporary urban environment, more particularly in developing countries. Municipal solid
waste generation consists of organic and inorganic waste materials generated by various
activities of the society. Improper disposal of solid wastes can pollute all vital components of the
environment (i.e., air, land and water). This paper addresses the status of waste management
practice in Bangalore city, the state capital of Karnataka (which is one of the fastest developing
cities in Asia) and a review of waste treatment technologies adopted to keep in the trends of
waste management practice over time. The Bangalore metropolitan (BBMP) area covers an area
of 1258 sq km and with a population of about 9.0 million generates around 4000 MT/day of
municipal solid waste (MSW) at an average of 0.27 kg/day/per capita. Presently, Bangalore city
faced with the problems with such high quantities of solid waste continuously and it is planning
to upgrade its management system. The major issues in Bangalore city is open dumping without
a liner and without a leachate management facility and the threat of ground water pollution, as
well as saturation of an existing landfill site are the most pressing problems for the city today.
This paper describes the current practices of waste technologies for composting. The importance
of participatory process of each sector of society to enable waste management socio
economically sustainable and ultimately provide an environmentally sustainable solid waste
management system. The major problems in MSW management at Bangalore are due to the lack
of waste segregation at source, low operational efficiency of waste transport system with old
vehicles, low collection efficiency in newly added residential and industrial areas, and an
inefficient and informal recycling system. As per the MSW Rules, the wet waste can be collected
door-to-door in an ideally bin-less city and sent for composting, while the dry waste can be left
to the informal sector like rag pickers and kabadiwalas for recycling. The MSW Rules make it
mandatory for biodegradable urban wastes for composting / vermicomposting, etc, and bans the
burning of garbage and the dry leaves. Bangalore city might need to focus for a better solution of
waste disposal considering unavailability of landfill sites. In this context a review of solid waste
techniques adopted within India and elsewhere will be reviewed and summarized with
recommendations.
Resources of Renewable Energy in IndiaIJERA Editor
Renewable energy resources sector growth in India has been significant, even for electricity generation from
renewable sources. Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,
tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). Even for the decentralized systems, the
growth for solar home lighting systems has been 300%, solar lanterns 99% and solar photovoltaic water pumps
196%. This is a phenomenal growth in the renewable energy sector mainly for applications that were considered
to be supplied only through major electricity utilities. Some large projects have been proposed, and a 35,000
km2 area of the Thar Desert has been set aside for solar power projects, sufficient to generate 700 to 2,100 giga
watts. Renewable energy systems are also being looked upon as a major application for electrification of 20,000
remote and unelectrified villages and hamlets by 2007 and all households in such villages and hamlets by 2018.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy. Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
This study aimed to identify suitable rooftop locations for solar panel installation in Thiru Nagar, Dindigul District, India using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Google Earth images were used to digitize potential rooftops and calculate their areas in ArcGIS. Factors like solar radiation availability, shadow effects from surrounding structures, and dust accumulation were considered in determining optimal installation sites. The analysis demonstrated how spatial analysis of remote sensing data can help identify locations best suited for solar panel placement and maximize energy production potential.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy.
Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar
energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly
benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation
using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel
installation.
This document provides a proposal for a municipal solid waste processing project in Vadavathur, Kottayam District, Kerala, India. It would be operated by Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd. and use technology from SITCO. The proposed technology is called Eco Health Centre, which uses an Automatic Plastic Separation Module to separate waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable components. It claims to process waste without foul smells, water pollution, leachate, or flies. The anaerobic process produces biogas and plastic-free bio-manure, while the aerobic process produces compost.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF SHREDDING CUM BRIQUETTING MACHINE REPORT Eshver chandra
The demand for energy is becoming a critical challenge for the world as the population continues to grow. This call for Sustainable energy production and supply such as renewable energy technologies. Renewable energy technologies are safe sources of energy that have a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy technologies. So shredding machine is a key to make briquettes which will be used in industries as well as domestic purpose.
The document discusses the problem of sewage and solid waste management in urban India. It notes the rapid increase in domestic and industrial waste due to urbanization and economic growth. Current waste disposal methods are insufficient, with only 30% of sewage facilities meeting benchmarks. Solutions proposed include creating public-private partnerships for waste collection, transport, and processing into usable materials like compost to reduce dumping. Barriers to private sector involvement like financial challenges are also covered.
1. The document summarizes 5 days of an internship focused on sustainability topics. On day 1, the interns met with Mr. Elango Rangaswamy, who has dedicated his life to developing his village through innovations like solar power and more efficient stoves.
2. On day 2, the interns attended guest lectures on protecting water bodies and increasing tree planting.
3. Day 3 involved beach cleaning to raise awareness of environmental protection.
4. Day 4 included a visit to the Rain Centre to learn about rainwater harvesting techniques.
5. The final day featured a meeting with Mr. Jagannadhan to learn about organic farming practices.
The document proposes a solution to convert municipal solid waste into energy in urban areas of India. It estimates that 55 million tons of solid waste is generated annually in urban India. The solution involves segregating, collecting, and treating waste to produce syngas via pyrolysis, which would then be used to generate electricity. This waste-to-energy process could help address India's increasing energy demands while reducing waste and pollution from landfills. The proposal estimates the system could generate 3 megawatts of power per day from treating 300 tons of waste and create over 500,000 jobs.
Solar assisted dryer for municipal solid wasteSumit Dharmarao
Urban India generates 188,500 tons per day (68.8 million tons per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. Improper solid waste management deteriorates public health, degrades quality of life, and pollutes local air, water and land resources. It also causes global warming and climate change and impacts the entire planet. Improper waste management is also identified as a cause of 22 human diseases and results in numerous premature deaths every year. The composition of urban MSW in India is 51% organics, 17.5% recyclables (paper, plastic, metal, and glass) and 31 % of inerts. The moisture content of urban MSW is 47% and the average calorific value is 7.3 MJ/kg (1745 kcal/kg). The composition of MSW in the North, East, South and Western regions of the country varied between 50-57% of organics, 16-19% of recyclables, 28-31% of inerts and 45-51% of moisture. The calorific value of the waste varied between 6.8-9.8 MJ/kg (1,620-2,340 kcal/kg). Currently, there is no system or mechanism exists to dry the municipal solid waste. In this research work such system can be designed and developed which will dry the municipal solid waste and remove the odor from it. Dried municipal solid waste can be further used as fuel for boiler.
A REVIEW ON GREEN ENERGY -A SUSTAINABLE APPROACHIJSIT Editor
The current systems of energy supply and use are clearly not sustainable in terms of economic
environment and society .So there is an urgent need for us to increase energy efficiency, reduce energy
consumption, reduce harmful effects by using fossil fuels, mitigating greenhouse emissions. So it is better to
adopt green energy technology/sustainable energy/clean energy to attain sustainable development. .
Present paper focuses on the green energy/renewable energy technology that can be adopted in
order to achieveSustainable development. Some innovative are also mentioned in this paper
Gated community - towards a sustainable green infrastructureharini nandalal
This document provides details about a research paper presented by S. Harini at an urban design conference in October 2016. The research examines ways to create sustainable infrastructure development within gated communities. It discusses parameters for sustainable development such as solid waste management, storm water management, and utilizing solar energy. Specifically, it focuses on implementing vermicomposting to manage solid waste, using techniques like rainwater harvesting and permeable pavements to manage stormwater, and harvesting solar energy through methods like solar panels. The document provides case studies and recommendations for policies to mandate adopting these sustainable practices within gated communities in India.
This document provides an overview of renewable resources and discusses various renewable energy sources in India. It defines renewable resources as substances that can be naturally replenished and discusses renewable sources like solar, wind, tidal, and biomass energy. It notes that renewable sources hold great potential but are currently underutilized in India. The document advocates increasing reliance on renewable sources and decreasing dependence on non-renewable fossil fuels to address energy demands in a sustainable way.
Zero Waste City Implementation using Waste To Energy Technology in Myanmarijtsrd
Waste management is a complex topic that is handled in different ways around the world based on available local resources, technologies, and intensity of community initiatives. So, Waste to Energy WTE is a renewable energy technology that has seen a major rise in the last decade as Myanmar has been looking for methods for handling its population boom and related rapid increase in waste generation rates. The conventional fuels required for production of electricity is decreasing day by day and it is very important to find out alternative sources which can be used as the fuel for the production of electricity especially for developing countries like Myanmar. In this paper, feasibility study of waste to energy WTE power conversion plant is presented to fulfil the main aim of zero waste city implementation, Mandalay, Myanmar. With the application of WTE plants, the electricity requirement can be fulfilled and also helpful for environmental condition. For case study, Mandalay Industrial Zone is selected since it has low reliability of power supply form national grid and is suitable for construction of a WTE power plant. The simulation for WTE power plant with a peak load of 30 MW is described using HOMER software. Average energy consumption of the industrial zone is estimated approximately 283 MWh day and WTE has consumed almost 118,935 tonne per year of municipal solid waste MSW . The proposed system is designed to provide approximately 100 of energy from the municipal solid waste for the proposed area. Phyu Phyu Win | Thida Win | Zin Mar "Zero-Waste City Implementation using Waste-To-Energy Technology in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28012.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/28012/zero-waste-city-implementation-using-waste-to-energy-technology-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Solving Power Crisis of Bangladesh by Utilizing Renewable EnergyIJMREMJournal
This document provides an overview of the current conventional and non-conventional energy scenarios in Bangladesh. It discusses the various renewable and non-renewable energy sources available in Bangladesh, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, tidal, biomass and biogas energies. The document analyzes the potential and current status of development and usage of these different energy sources. It finds that while Bangladesh has many conventional and non-conventional energy resources, insufficient infrastructure and a lack of development of alternatives have posed challenges. Harnessing renewable sources like solar, wind and tidal could help meet future energy demands.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
This talk will cover ScyllaDB Architecture from the cluster-level view and zoom in on data distribution and internal node architecture. In the process, we will learn the secret sauce used to get ScyllaDB's high availability and superior performance. We will also touch on the upcoming changes to ScyllaDB architecture, moving to strongly consistent metadata and tablets.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
"What does it really mean for your system to be available, or how to define w...Fwdays
We will talk about system monitoring from a few different angles. We will start by covering the basics, then discuss SLOs, how to define them, and why understanding the business well is crucial for success in this exercise.
inQuba Webinar Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr Graham HillLizaNolte
HERE IS YOUR WEBINAR CONTENT! 'Mastering Customer Journey Management with Dr. Graham Hill'. We hope you find the webinar recording both insightful and enjoyable.
In this webinar, we explored essential aspects of Customer Journey Management and personalization. Here’s a summary of the key insights and topics discussed:
Key Takeaways:
Understanding the Customer Journey: Dr. Hill emphasized the importance of mapping and understanding the complete customer journey to identify touchpoints and opportunities for improvement.
Personalization Strategies: We discussed how to leverage data and insights to create personalized experiences that resonate with customers.
Technology Integration: Insights were shared on how inQuba’s advanced technology can streamline customer interactions and drive operational efficiency.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 2 – CoE RolesDianaGray10
In this session, we will review the players involved in the CoE and how each role impacts opportunities.
Topics covered:
• What roles are essential?
• What place in the automation journey does each role play?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
"NATO Hackathon Winner: AI-Powered Drug Search", Taras KlobaFwdays
This is a session that details how PostgreSQL's features and Azure AI Services can be effectively used to significantly enhance the search functionality in any application.
In this session, we'll share insights on how we used PostgreSQL to facilitate precise searches across multiple fields in our mobile application. The techniques include using LIKE and ILIKE operators and integrating a trigram-based search to handle potential misspellings, thereby increasing the search accuracy.
We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
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Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation Parameters
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Generation of Electricity Using Solid Waste Management in
Krishnagiri Municipalty
T.Subramani1
, R. Murugan2
1
Professor & Dean, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions
University, Salem, India.
2
PG Student of in environmental Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College,
Vinayaka Missions University, Salem,
ABSTRACT
The electricity sector in India supplies the world's 6th largest energy consumer, accounting for 3.4% of global
energy consumption by more than 17% of global population. About 65.34% of the electricity consumed in India
is generated by thermal, 21.53% by hydroelectric power plants, 2.70% by nuclear power plants and 10.42% by
Renewable Energy Sources. More than 50% of India's commercial energy demand is met through the country's
vast coal reserves. The country has also invested heavily in recent years in renewable energy utilization,
especially wind energy. Four major economic and social drivers characterize the energy policy of India: a
rapidly growing economy, increasing household incomes, limited domestic reserves of fossil fuels and the
adverse impact on the environment of rapid development in urban and regional areas. Meanwhile, the rural areas
are struggling with a chronically tight supply of electrical power. In order to properly manage the changing
conditions, knowledge and estimation of the available resources and applying their relation with the population
is of utmost importance. The paper deals with extraction of such information with the help of spatial techniques.
This paper deals with estimation of the amount of solid waste generated by a part of the Krishnagiri city using
spatial techniques. Solid waste management is one of the most essential functions in a country to achieve a
sustainable development. In India, it has been one of the least prioritized functions during the last decades. The
most common ways to treat waste in India today are open dumping and uncontrolled burning. These methods
are causing severe environmental pollution and health problems. India is one of the world‟s largest emitter of
methane gas from waste disposal. Since methane is a strong greenhouse gas, even small emissions have large
impact on the climate. Like most municipalities in India, COK has experienced difficulties keeping in pace with
last decades‟ industrialization, resulting in insufficient collection of municipal solid waste and over burdened
dumpsites. Another consequence of the rapid industrialization is the increased demand for electricity. Today
there is not enough installed capacity of power stations in Krishnagiri to meet this demand, leading to daily
power cuts. This project will give an overview of the current waste used to generate electricity situation in
Krishnagiri and analyze whether Hydro air Tectonics should build this combustion unit or if they should sell the
generated RDF to industries. The result will be presented in a case study. The garbage has several nutrients and
hence can be advantageously processed to produce many bye products and end products viz. gas, electricity and
also organic manure which is highly suited for organic farming.
KEYWORDS: Hydroelectric Power Plants, Cropping Intensity, Krishnagiri , Environmental Pollution . Rapid
Industrialization.
I. INTRODUCTION
Rapid economic growth has created a growing
need for dependable and reliable supplies of
electricity, gas and petroleum products. Due to the
fast paced growth of India's economy, the country's
energy demand has grown an average of 3.6% per
annum over the past 30 years. In India, the typical
rate of population increase is about 23% and in the
urban areas is about 35%. Rate of increase of the
solid waste generated is 1.3% annually.
The amount of municipal solid waste generation
by 2025 is expected to be 750 Gms / capita per day,
which presently ranges from 200 to 500 Gms / capita
per day. Thus, if this scenario continues, there are
bound to be serious problems for waste disposal
especially in the urban areas. Electricity can be
produced by burning "municipal solid waste" (MSW)
as a fuel. MSW power plants, also called waste to
energy (WTE) plants, are designed to dispose of
MSW and to produce electricity as a by-product of
the incinerator operation.
The term MSW describes the stream of solid
waste ("trash" or "garbage") generated by households
and apartments, commercial establishments,
industries and institutions. MSW consists of everyday
items such as product packaging, grass clippings,
furniture, clothing, bottles, food scraps, newspapers,
appliances, paint and batteries. It does not include
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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medical, commercial and industrial hazardous or
radioactive wastes, which must be treated separately.
Burning MSW can generate energy, while reducing
the volume of waste by up to 90 percent.
The solid waste disposal system deals with the
collection and proper disposal or recycling of the
solid wastes. The disposal techniques may include
land filling, burning, composting etc. Presently, the
major portion of the solid waste in Krishnagiri is
collected from households using the ghanta gadi /
trucks or the community bins in the form of
containers, dumper buckets etc.
This collected solid waste is then dumped at the
transfer stations, from where it is taken to the
dumping grounds or for other further processing.
About 30% of it is recycled and small amount is also
converted into compost. Major portion of the
remaining is filled in the dumping grounds. But for
the land filling techniques, a large area of land is
required. The present dumping grounds are now
getting saturated. They also pose health hazards to the
people living in the surrounding areas due to the
unhygienic conditions.
The solid wastes also need to be treated within
lesser time, because it cannot be piled up. The present
practices in Krishnagiri expect the residents to
segregate the solid wastes at the individual level. This
practice can be put to use for efficiently processing
the solid waste can be converted into usable energy.
II. STUDY AREA
The Krishnagiri district has a prehistoric
importance. Archeological sources confirm the
presence of habitats of mankind during Paleolithic,
Neolithic and Mesolithic Ages. Various rock
paintings and rock carvings of Indus Valley
civilization and Iron Age seen in this district support
the historical significance of this district. Krishnagiri
region is a part of the ancient Kongu
Nadu and Cheracountry.
Historically it was ruled by Kongu and Chera
rulers. Later the region came under Cholas, Pallavas,
Gangas, Nulambas, Hoysalas, Vijaya Nagar and
Bijapur emperors, Wodeyars of Mysore and Nayaks
of Madurai. This region of Krishnagiri served as
"Gateway of Tamil Nadu" and the protective barrier
for Southern region defending onslaughts from
barriers with motives of imperialism and exploitation.
Krishnagiri Fort become the first and forth most
defensive place. The majestic fortress built on
Krishnagiri hill by the Vijaya Nagar Emperors, stands
as testimony still now.
The "Mango of Krishnagiri", Dr. C.
Rajagopalachari, who hailed from a small village in
this district rose to the highest position in the nation
as the first Governor General of independent India,
leader of the Congress Party, and as Chief Minister of
Tamil Nadu. The historical importance and potential
growth in education, economy and tourism of present
Krishnagiri made it necessary to create a separate
district. Krishnagiri was formed as 30th district by the
Government of Tamil Nadu. Krishnagiri district was
carved out of Dharmapuri district on 9 February 2004
with five taluks and ten block
2.1 SOLID WASTE
Residual Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is waste
that is household or household like. It comprises
household waste collected by local authorities, some
commercial and industrial wastes e.g. from offices,
schools, shops etc that may be collected by the local
authority or a commercial company. Legislation
limits (by implication1) the amount of mixed MSW
that can be sent to landfill. One of the guiding
principles, now enshrined in law, for European and
UK waste management has been the concept of a
hierarchy of waste management options, where the
most desirable option is not to produce the waste in
the first place (waste prevention) and the least
desirable option is to dispose of the waste with no
recovery of either materials and/or energy.
Fig no 2. 1 Solid waste
Between these two extremes there are a wide
variety of waste treatment options that may be used
as part of a waste management strategy to recover
materials (for example furniture reuse, glass recycling
or organic waste composting) or generate energy
from the wastes .There are a wide variety of
alternative waste management options for dealing
with MSW to limit the residual amount left for
disposal to landfill. (Fig no 2. 1)
2.1.1 Objective
The aim with this project is to do a feasibility
study about the possibility to recover energy from
MSW in Krishnagiri, with focus on combustion. In
order to evaluate the feasibility for building a
combustion unit, the current waste and electricity
situation in Krishnagiri as well as the future MSW
treatment plans are analyzed. This information will be
used to formulate a case study, in which the following
questions are answered:
Should there be mass burning of MSW or only
combustion of the burnable fraction of the
MSW (RDF)?
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Who should process the waste and which
methods should be used?
Where the plant should be situated?
Should there be co-incineration with another
fuel? In that case, which fuel is suitable for co-
incineration?
Which technology should be used for
combustion and what type of flue gas
treatment should be used?
Which type of energy should be recovered?
When the case is formulated the technical and
financial viability are analyzed. The possible energy
extracted from the plant is determined as well as the
plant cost
2.2 Expected result of the study
The study will result in an informative and
analysing report of the current and future MSW
situation in Krishnagiri. It is meant to serve as
informative material for those people interested in
learning more about the MSW and electricity
situation in Krishnagiri as well as guidelines for
future MSW management.
2.3 Limitations
MSW stands for the largest part of the waste
generated in Krishnagiri and causes difficult
problems for the municipality. Therefore, the
focus will be on energy recovery from MSW
and not other waste types.
Energy recovery from MSW can be achieved
through different technologies such as
biomethanation, gasification and combustion.
Due to the fact that combustion has been
proven successful in many developed countries
and that it is an efficient method to reduce the
volume of the waste, this study will focus on
energy recovery from combustion.
In the case study, only the technical and
financial viability will be covered. The
environmental gains from improving the waste
situation in Krishnagiri will not be evaluated,
except from the carbon dioxide reductions,
which will result in Certified Emission
Reductions (CERs) and thereby give financial
revenues.
2.4 Description of the current and future waste
and electricity situation in Krishnagiri
In this section the current and future waste and
electricity situation in Krishnagiri is described. To be
able to get an overview of the waste and electricity
situation, several interviews with companies,
institutions and governmental actors involved in solid
waste management in Krishnagiri were made.
Krishnagiri Municipality is currently managing
the solid waste generated from the town with the
existing vehicles and labor. In krishnagiri the waste
is not collected properly and the waste in not sorted
out in the proper stream. The service is not up to the
expectation and the present system has many
shortcomings.
Therefore a strategy has been devised to
implement a solid waste management plan effectively
in krishnagiri municipality.
The information about future MSW management
in Krishnagiri was given by the company Hydro air
Tectonics, since they are going to take care of at least
half of the generated MSW in Krishnagiri in the near
future. A study visit to one of Hydroair Tectonics
MSW treatment plants in Ichalkaranji, together with
interviews and work at their head office in Mumbai
made it possible to thoroughly analyse their treatment
methods.
2.5 Setting up a waste-to energy plant
This chapter gives an overview of the regulations
and support systems that need to be considered when
setting up a waste-to-energy plant in India. The
information is given by interviews.
2.6 The case for MSW incineration in Krishnagiri
In this chapter, the case study is presented and
the technical and financial viability is analysed. The
presentation of the case is based on analysis of the
information given in the sections above.
In the technical viability analyses, the potential
energy that can be extracted from the plant is
calculated. The methods used for the calculations are
based on literature studies and known equations. In
the technical viability analysis it is assumed that the
company Hydroair Tectonics and the industry Orchid
Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd will cooperate and
exchange energy/fuel. Therefore this section is based
on data from these two companies. Furthermore,
standard values from Borlänge Energy‟s waste-to-
energy facility are used.
In the financial viability analysis, an estimation
of the maximum plant cost for the project is made, in
order for the project to be profitable. The calculations
are based on the possible revenues from the plant and
on the alternative costs for not building the plant.
These data were obtained from interviews and
Internet sources.
III. Solid Waste Management And
Electricity Production In Krishnagiri
3.1 General
Krishnagiri experiences tropical climate during
the summer. Summer is generally warm and dry.
Monsoon season brings substantial amount of rainfall
to this region and Krishnagiri experiences a long
monsoon. Winters are generally pleasant and
comfortable. This is the best time to visit the place.
There are three distinct seasons that can be seen in
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Krishnagiri. Summer is from the months of March to
June.
During this time temperatures are warm and
mercury rise up to around 38°C and dipping a
minimum of 32°C. April and May are generally the
hottest months of the year and the heat could be
uncomfortable. Monsoon season is from the months
of July to November. During this time temperatures
are mild and pleasant. Heavy rainfall can be expected
in short intervals.
Monsoon season is also a good time to visit as
there are breaks in the rainfall. Approximately 25
industries located in this district process mangoes.
Much of the population in this district is employed
through mango cultivation directly and other labour
class benefit through employment in mango
processing units. There are about 150 mango
nurseries which produce mango saplings in and
around „Santhur Village„ .
The district exports mango based products worth
over 8 billion. Under the horticulture development
program, government owned horticulture farms are
functioning here. Through these units, about 300,000
fruit saplings are produced and distributed under
different schemes. Apart from production and export,
Krishnagiri also hosts Mango exhibition every year
which is the unique in its kind in line with the annual
exhibition held at New Delhi.
3.2 Solid waste generation
The solid waste in Krishnagiri can be divided
into the following categories: industrial waste,
agricultural waste, hazardous waste, bio-medical
waste, e-waste, construction and demolition waste
and MSW.
A study performed in 1996 by Krishnagiri
Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) in
collaboration with the World Bank shows that the
residences are the largest generator of solid waste in
Krishnagiri, which can be seen in Table 2.
Table 3.1 Solid waste generation sources in
Krishnagiri.
3.2.1 Industrial Waste
Industrial waste is unwanted material from an
industrial operation. It may be liquid, sludge, solid or
hazardous waste. One of the largest industrial areas
in Krishnagiri is called Manali and is situated in the
northern suburb in the Tiruvallur district. Major
chemical industries are situated in this area,
particularly petrochemical industries.
No figures exist about how much industrial
waste is generated every day in Krishnagiri. The
industries are themselves responsible for taking care
of their waste. The industries often have private scrap
dealers collecting their recyclable waste. The scrap
dealers buy the waste from the industries and sell it to
manufacturing industries that recycle the material.
3.2.2 Agricultural Waste
Agricultural waste is waste produced as a result
of various agricultural operations. It includes manure,
harvest waste and other wastes from farms, poultry
and slaughter houses. Within the ten zones of
Krishnagiri there is no land for agricultural purposes.
Yet in the nearby districts in Tamil Nadu there are
areas used for agricultural operations. The interesting
crops for cultivation here are paddy, ground nut,
prosopis juliflora and sugarcanes.
In Tamil Nadu there are agricultural waste-to-
energy projects from combustion, gasification and
biomethanation. There are nine combustion power
plants, that together stand for 109 MW. There is one
gasification plant (1 MW) and two biomethanation
plants; one that uses vegetable waste (0.25 MW) and
one that uses poultry litter waste (4 MW).
Figure shows a 0.25 MW biomethanation plant
that was set up at the Koyembedu wholesale market
complex in September 2005. Around 100 tons of
vegetable waste reaches the plant every day. The
plant is unique in India in the way that it produces
electricity only from vegetable waste, no leather or
other animal waste.
3.2.3 Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste is waste that can cause
significant damage to environment and human health
if it is not treated properly.
During a long period of time the industries in
Krishnagiri disposed their hazardous waste together
with the MSW on roadsides and in low-lying areas, as
there was no infrastructure available. As an attempt to
solve this problem the Supreme Court created the
Hazardous Waste Handling Rules 1989, which forced
the state governments to provide infrastructure such
as landfills for disposal and treatment of hazardous
waste.
For fifteen years Tamil Nadu Government
violated these rules allowing industrial expansion
without taking any measurements for the hazardous
waste generated. The proposal from Tamil Nadu
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Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), to establish
common treatment storage and disposal facility for
hazardous waste, became a difficult issue because of
the public opinion that the nearby land and the
groundwater would be polluted. Threatened by
pressure from the Supreme Court, the Tamil Nadu
Government finally selected Gummidipoondi in the
Tiruvallur district for the treatment site.
3.2.4 Bio-Medical Waste
Bio-medical waste means any waste, which is
generated during the diagnosis treatment of
immunization of human beings or animals in research
activities or in the production or testing of
medication.
Bio-medical waste is waste generated from
healthcare centres. The 528 hospitals in Krishnagiri
city generate about 12 000 kg of bio-medical waste
per day. It is considered hazardous firstly for its
potential for infection and secondly for its ingredients
of antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs, corrosive chemicals
and radioactive substances.
According to the Bio-Medical Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, bio- waste
needs to be treated in certain facilities. Two sites
were chosen by TNPCB for location of common
treatment and disposal of biomedical waste from
hospitals in Krishnagiri and the nearby districts. They
are situated in Thenmelpakkam and Chennakuppan in
the Kancheepuram district. The main processes in
these facilities are incineration and autoclaving.
3.2.5 E-Waste
E-waste is the informal name of electronic
products nearing the end of their useful life. Products
such as mobile phones, computers, refrigerators etc
fall under this category.
E-waste contains over a thousand different
substances, many of which are toxic to environment
and human health. One of the primary sources of e-
waste in Krishnagiri is computer waste from the
many western IT companies which have been
established in the southern parts of the city.
Today there are no specific guidelines or
environmental laws for e-waste in India. Since it is
considered both “hazardous” and “non-hazardous” it
falls under the Hazardous Waste Management Rules,
2003. Thus, the creation of new guidelines for
handling e-waste is in progress by the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), which most likely
will be transformed into environmental laws later.
TNPCB has authorized seven e-waste recycling
industries, which receive e-waste scrap from
industries in Tamil Nadu. They use mechanical tools
to break the scrap and then manually segregate it into
different components for recycling. The scrap is
segregated into plastic components, glass, ferrous and
non-ferrous material. Some of the components are not
suitable for this process and are therefore exported to
reprocessing facilities in Belgium, Singapore, Hong
Kong, China and Taiwan for metal recovery.
However there are informal scrap dealers and
recyclers in residential areas in Krishnagiri and in the
outskirts of the city. With small tools and crude
methods they manually sort out valuable materials
from the scrap. In order to segregate aluminium from
the e-waste they often burn the waste, which causes
toxic air pollution.
3.2.6 Construction and Demolition Waste
Construction and demolition waste is waste from
building materials debris and debris resulting from
construction, re-modelling, repair and demolition
operations.
Every day Krishnagiri city generates 10MT of
construction and demolition waste. There are a few
sites identified by the COK, where the generators of
this waste can dump their waste, as well as collect the
waste if they want to use the material for landfilling
etc. This system does not work perfectly and it exists
unauthorized dumping of construction debris along
certain roads.
3.2.7 Municipal solid waste
MSW includes residential and commercial waste
generated in a municipal area, excluding industrial
hazardous waste but including bio-medical waste.
Low-income countries like India produce
approximately 0.4-0.9 kg waste per person and day,
while the waste generation rate in high-income
countries ranges from 1.1-5 kg per person and day.
The average waste generation in Krishnagiri is
estimated to be 585 gram per person and day, which
is the highest per capita generation of all cities in
India.
The population in Krishnagiri 2008 was 71,323
according to KMDA and the total amount of solid
waste collected per day was 3400 tons. Zones 10 and
5 are the largest zones by area but zones 5 and 8
generate the highest amount of waste which is shown
in Figure.3.1
Figure 3.1 Zone wise garbage removal in
Krishnagiri.
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3.3 Municipal solid waste management in
Krishnagiri
The following text will explain the role of the
governmental actors and the different aspects of
MSWM in Krishnagiri.
3.3.1 Governmental actors responsible for SWM
In India it is the local bodies that have the overall
responsibilities for SWM in each city. Unfortunately,
the municipal laws regarding SWM do not have
adequate provision do deal effectively with the
problems of solid waste in India today.
3.3.1.1 The Ministry for Environment and Forest
The principle activities of the Ministry for
Environment and Forest (MoEF) consist of protection
of the environment in the form of legislations. This
includes conservation of flora, fauna, forest and
wildlife as well as control and prevention of
pollution. MoEF created the Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
Figure illustrates the Municipal Solid Waste
(M&H) Rules, 2000, in the form of Schedule (I-IV).
Below each schedule there are specifications,
standards and procedure descriptions how MSW
should be handled. The responsibility for the
implementation of the Municipal Solid Waste (M&H)
Rules, 2000, lies within every municipality.
(Figure.3.2)
Figure 4.2 The Municipal Solid Waste (M&H)
Rules, 2000.
3.3.1.2 Central Pollution Control Board
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is
together with the State Pollution Control Boards
responsible for the implementation and review of the
standards and guidelines described in the Municipal
Solid Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000. They shall make
sure that the monitored data will be in compliance
with the standards specified under Schedules II, III
and IV. In Tamil Nadu it is the Tamil Nadu Pollution
Control Board (TNPCB), which has the responsibility
on state level.
CPCB advises the Central Government on any
matter concerning the improvement of the quality of
air and prevention and control of air and water
pollution. If a company wants to set up a facility that
will cause pollution, it needs to get clearance from
CPCB.
3.3.1.3 The Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(MNRE) is responsible for both renewable energies
and new fossil fuel technologies. Its main objectives
regarding MSW management are
To accelerate the promotion for MSW-to-energy
projects
To create favourable conditions with financial
regime, to develop and demonstrate the viability
of recovering energy from waste
To realize the available potential of MSW-to-
energy by the year 2017
Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency
(TEDA) implements The Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy‟s (MNRE‟s) goals and visions on
state level. They encourage research and development
on renewable energy sources and implement such
projects within Tamil Nadu as well as distribute
subsidies to the projects.TEDA promotes mainly four
renewable energy sources: wind, biomass, solar
energy and energy recovery from waste.
3.3.1.4 The Ministry of Urban Development
The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD)
created the solid waste management manual, which
serves as guidelines for the municipalities to handle
their work more efficiently. It also provides the
municipalities with technical guidelines on aspects of
solid waste management.
The urban local bodies, which are responsible for
the SWM in each city, often lack adequate knowledge
and expertise to deal efficiently with the problems of
waste management. As an attempt to improve the
situation, the MoUD decided in 1998 to create a solid
waste management manual. The manual serves as
guidelines for the urban local bodies to handle their
work more efficiently.
According to the solid waste management
manual, the best method to deal with waste in India is
to adapt the “hierarchy of waste management”. This
method is known throughout the world as a
sustainable solution for the growing problem of solid
waste. Figure.3.3 shows the hierarchy as it is
described in the solid waste management manual.
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Figure 3.3 Hierarchy of waste management.
1. Waste minimisation/reduction at source means that
the waste is prevented from entering the waste stream
by the means of reusing products and using less
material for manufacturing them.
2. Recycling means the act of sorting out recyclable
materials like plastic, glass, metals and paper from
the waste and reprocessing them into new products.
3. Waste processing includes biological and thermal
processing and can result in useful products like
energy and compost.
a) Biological processing includes composting and
biomethanation.
b) Thermal processing includes combustion, pyrolysis
and gasification.
4. Waste transformation (without recovery of
resources) is for example combustion without energy
recovery. Mechanical decomposition and autoclaving
fall under this category.
5. Disposal on land (landfilling) should be the
solution only if the waste cannot be treated with the
four previous methods. The landfills should be
designed to minimize the impact on the environment.
IV. FUTURE MSW-TO-ENERGY IN
KRISHNAGIRI
The problems that Krishnagiri Corporation has
been facing during the last years regarding solid
waste management and electricity production have
become more manifest today than ever. The two
dumpsites in Krishnagiri, Kodungaiyur and
Perungudi, are overfilled with waste and the residents
in Tamil Nadu are getting tired of planning their daily
routines after the announced and unannounced power
cuts.
This, together with stricter regulation from the
government has made Krishnagiri Corporation more
actively work towards changing the situation. This
chapter will describe future MSW management in
Krishnagiri. In the sections where the source is not
given, the facts are based on Hydroair Tectonics
internal documents.
4.1 Hydroair Tectonics
Recently, the company Hydroair Tectonics Ltd
from Mumbai has signed a contract with Krishnagiri
Corporation to take care of the waste going to
Perungudi dumpsite. An area of 30 acres is provided
by the COK at Perungudi dumping ground. In return
the company needs to pay a royalty fee to the COK of
Rs. 15/ton ($0.31/ton) of MSW.
4.1.1 The processing plant
The company will set up an integrated MSW
treatment plant at Perungudi dumping ground in
Krishnagiri, which is going to process 1400 tons of
MSW every day. It is going to be two segregation
units, each processing 700 tons of MSW per day. M/S
Shiram Energy Systems Ltd is an associate for this
project. They have implemented the 6 MW
processing plant in Hyderabad which has been
operating successfully since 2003.
The MSW will be segregated into the
following fractions: recyclables, inert material,
compostable fractions and burnable waste. The
segregation is made both manually and mechanically.
The incoming waste is initially weighted on a weight
bridge, tipped on a tipping ground and then processed
according to figure.4.1
Figure 4.1 Estimated flowchart of the processing
of waste at Perungudi dumpsite in Krishnagiri.
The compostable and inert components are
segregated and processed to compost and bricks
respectively. The burnable material is separated and
chopped to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) which can be
used in a boiler to produce electricity. Most of the
recyclable components will be segregated and sold to
scrap dealers, for resale value.
Larger inert components and other waste that is
not suitable for recycling or biological processing
will be put on a sanitary landfill. More than one third
of the waste received at the plant consists of moisture.
Leachate water will be collected and processed in a
treatment plant.
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4.1.1.1 Compliance with the Municipal Solid
Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000
The technology used will meet the requirements
of The Municipal Solid Waste (M&H) Rules 2000, in
line with the following rules:
Biodegradable Waste will be processed by
composting only.
Compost or any other end products will comply
with standards as specified in Schedule-IV of
The Municipal Solid Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000.
Land filling shall be restricted to non-
biodegradable, inert waste and other waste that
are not suitable either for recycling or for
biological processing.
4.1.2 MSW to products
A large part of the financial income of the plant
will be revenues from selling the products generated
from the segregation process. The products are
recyclables, compost, RDF and bricks. If Hydroair
Tectonics builds a unit for burning RDF with energy
recovery in the future, the primary product will be
electricity.
The following text will give a short description
of the manufacturing process of the products and the
segregation process, based on facts from the existing
plant in Ichalkaranji.
4.1.2.1 Compost
When the large stone blocks and recyclables
have been sorted out manually from the waste at the
tipping ground, the segregation of the compostable
fraction starts. The MSW is fed into a drum machine
with holes measuring 80 mm in diameter. The
compostable fraction, mixed with the inert material,
passes through the holes. The remaining waste makes
up the burnable fraction, which is going to be
processed to RDF. The segregation unit is shown in
figure.4.2.
Figure 4.2 Segregation unit for separation of the
organic and inert components.
The compostable fraction mixed with inert
material is used for aerobic composting in windrows.
The waste is processed for 35 days with regular stir
and mixing with bio- culture, which accelerates the
degradation, as seen in figure.4.3
Figure 4.3 Bioculture is sprayed on the windrows.
The processed waste is passed on to the second
mechanical segregation step, which is a drum
machine with holes measuring 20 mm in
diameter. The larger fractions of inert material
will be separated and sent to a sanitary landfill
or to a stone crusher.
The remaining waste will continue to the next
segregation step, which is based on gravity
separation. Air is added from below and the
inert fraction with higher density is separated
from the compostable fraction.
The final segregation step, before the
compostable fraction can be used as compost, is
the magnetic separator which separates small
components of metals from the organic fraction.
The compost is packed in plastic bags, as
illustrated in figure, and sold to farmers as soil
conditioner or organic fertiliser. (Figure.4.4)
In Schedule-IV of The Municipal Solid Waste
(M&H) Rules, 2000 there are standards specified for
the maximum amount of heavy metals that is allowed
in compost for the purpose of using it as fertilizer.
There are also standards for pH value and C:N
ratio. A sample taken on the 6th of June 2008 from
the compost produced at Hydroair Tectonics‟
segregation plant in Ichalkaranji shows that the
standard values were not exceeded. The values can be
seen in table.4.1
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Figure 4.4 The compost ready to be sold to
farmers.
Table 4.1 Standard values of compost in India and
specific values from the compost produced in
krishnagiri.
4.1.2.2 RDF
The larger fractions of MSW, which are
separated in the first segregation step, consist of
larger stone blocks and burnable waste such as paper,
plastic, textiles, COKonut shells, rubber etc. The
large inert fractions and the recyclable plastic and
metals are sorted out manually and the remaining
burnable waste is passed on to a mechanical
separation unit.
Air is added from below and the heavy non-
combustible material, such as glass and inert material
are separated from the light combustible fractions.
Finally, the combustible material is mechanically
crushed and chopped into a small fluffy fraction. The
RDF processing machinery is illustrated in figure.5.5
Figure 5.5 The RDF processing machinery.
Figure 5.6 Bailed RDF fluff.
The result is called RDF fluff .(Figure.5.6)and
can be used as fuel in a boiler for electricity
generation. Alternatively it can be sold to energy
demanding industries as a substitute for coal.
For the purpose of storing and transportation, the
RDF fluff can be bailed as seen in figure, or
processed further to briquettes or pellets. If it is going
to be sold directly to the market further processing of
RDF fluff is preferable.
In table 5.1 the range of specific characteristics of
RDF fluff is shown.
The higher and lower heating value for
RDF.given in Table 5.2 and Characteristics of RDF
fluff and pelletsare given in Table 5.3
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Table 5.2 The higher and lower heating value for
RDF.
Table 5.3Characteristics of RDF fluff and pellets.
4.1.3 Sanitary landfill
A sanitary landfill will be made at the dumpsite.
The waste going to the landfill is restricted to certain
inert material and other unusable waste and will stand
for less than 8 percent of the incoming waste.
Compactors will be used to arrange the waste in thin
layers and to achieve high density of the waste. To
minimize the run off to the ground water, the sanitary
landfill will have a sealing system consisting of
sheets made of plastic material and soil layer with
low permeability.
The site will be provided with a leachate
collection and removal system, which will be
explained in the next section. Sand, silt and soil,
which are separated during the segregation steps, are
going to be used as earth cover to prevent infiltration.
A cover of 10 cm is provided daily and an
intermediate cover of 40-64 cm during monsoon.
4.1.4 Leachate treatment
A large part of the waste is moisture, which
will result in runoff from the plant, in the form of
leachate water if it is not collected. The leachate from
the project facility and sanitary landfill site will be
collected through a drainage layer, a perforated pipe
collector system and a sump collection area.
It is carried to collection tanks and later on
to a treatment plant. At the plant, the leachate will be
treated so that it can meet certain standards as
specified in the Schedule-IV of The Municipal Solid
Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000. These are illustrated in
table.5.4
Table 5.4 Standard for leachate treatment.
V. CONCLUSION
Both energy from waste and recycling and
composting efforts are a win-win-win for the INDIA.
EfW generates clean electricity, decreases greenhouse
gases that would have been emitted from landfills and
fossil-fuel power plants, and pairs well with increased
recycling rates in states. Recycling and composting
reduces trash that is destined for the landfill that
would have emitted greenhouse gases while
decomposing, saves energy that would have been
used for the production of a virgin material, and
decreases the need to mine for raw materials, which
will preserve our natural resources. Doing so will
ultimately reduce emissions that cause climate
change.
Waste to energy solves the problem of MSW
disposal while recovering the energy from the waste
materials with the significant benefits of
environmental quality, increasingly accepted as a
clean source of energy. Research and technology
development focusing on corrosion phenomena, flue
gas control, fly ash management and beneficial reuse
of residues will further drive the growth of WTE
industry.
WTE incineration needs to be implemented to
make greater contribution in supplying renewable
energy in Bangladesh, while helping solving the
country‟s MSW management problem in the coming
decade. The challenge of MSW disposal and the
demand for alternative energy resources are common
in many developing countries.
Experimentally a 5-10 MW power plant may be
installed based on the quality and current generation
of solid wastes in RCC. It can also be considered as a
Waste Management Plan rather than as an Electricity
Generation Project as the technology can lead to a
substantial reduction in the overall waste quantities
requiring final disposal, which can be better managed
for safe disposal in a controlled manner while
meeting the pollution control standards.
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In addition, power produced from the WTE
activity can reduce the costly natural resources “fossil
fuel” utilization in power generation. It is expected
that the experience on the development of WTE in
Bangladesh can offer some helpful lessons to other
developing counties.
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