This document is the preface to a book titled "Emerging Technologies of the 21st Century" edited by Ajit Kumar Roy. The preface provides background on the global technology revolution and the potential for emerging technologies like information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology, and materials technology to transform many aspects of life. The book contains 42 chapters organized into 6 sections covering topics like biotechnology, nanotechnology, expert systems, applied technologies, databases/modeling/analytics, and IPR/social issues. The preface expresses the editor's hope that the compilation of expert contributions will be useful for understanding the important role of new technologies and software tools in 21st century society.

1. Emerging Technologies of the 21st Century

2. 21st Century
Edited by
AJIT KUMAR ROY
National Consultant (Impact Assessment) for
East and North East Region of India
National Agricultural Innovation Project (World Bank Funded)
KAB-2, PUSA, New Delhi-110012
Ex. Consultant (Statistics), College of Fisheries
Central Agricultural University
Lembucherra, Tripura West
Ex. Computer Specialist, SAARC Agricultural Information Centre
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ex Pr. Head, Social Science, CIFA, ICAR, Bhubaneswar
Ex Co-ordinator, Bioinformatics Centre, CIFA, ICAR, Bhubaneswar
NEW INDIA PUBLISHING AGENCY
New Delhi – 110 034

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© Editor, 2015
ISBN : 978-93-83305-33-9
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Composed, Designed and Printed at Jai Bharat Printing Press, Delhi

4. DEDICATION
The book is dedicated to my late parents,
my wife, sons and daughter in laws &
future generations of my family to come.
v

5. PREFACE
Global technology revolution is leading to social, economic, political, and
personal change throughout the world. Like the agricultural and industrial
revolutions of the past, this technology revolution has the potential to transform
human quality of life and lifespan, transform work and industry, reshuffle
wealth, shift power among nations and within nations. It is believed that various
technologies including information technology, biotechnology, nanotechnology,
and materials technology have the potential for significant and dominant global
effects. New digital technologies open the door on changes in learning and
teaching that go much deeper than anything we have experienced in history. It
is believed that life in the coming days will be revolutionized by the growing
effect of multidisciplinary technology across all dimensions of life: social,
economic, political, and personal. Against this backdrop, it is attempted to bring
together a compilation in the form of a Book broadly on various emerging technologies
applied in the disciplines covering Basic and Applied Sciences, in the form a book
entitled “Emerging Technologies of the 21st Century”
All the forty two Book chapters constitute the following focus areas like
Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Nanotechnology, Expert System Neural Network,
Applied Technologies, Database,Modeling,Analytics and Business Intelligence Software,
IPR & Social Issues. Chapters on Emerging digital technologies, Information and
communication Technology Tools, skill and technologies for 21st century Education,
Big data, Business intelligence soft wares, GIS, IPR and Knowledge/Patenting/
Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge Management (KM) challenges are also included
in the book.
It is expected that the book will be very much useful because with the
emergence of new technologies and application through software tools are
becoming very important in the 21st Century society. The compilation of all
important chapters could not have been possible without the contributions of
expert professionals from India and abroad working in various research
institutes and universities. The editor express deep sense of gratitude to all of
them.
—Ajit Kumar Roy
vii

6. About the Editor
Born in 1946, Sri Ajit Kumar Roy obtained his M.Sc.
degree in Statistics. Sri Roy joined Agricultural Research
Service (ARS) of Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR) as Scientist in 1976. Presently National
Consultant(Impact Assessment),for East & north Eastern
States if India, National Agricultural Innovation
Project(world bank funded).
Prof. Roy has been engaged in R & D activities in social
science, IT, bioinformatics, statistics and economics for the
last 45 years. He was deputed by Govt. of India to take up
the assignment of Computer Specialist at SAARC Agricultural Information
Centre (SAIC), Dhaka, Bangladesh for over 3 years. He has in his credit fifteen
books, eight technical manuals, many e-publications, (published by SAIC and
CIFA), and over ninety research publications covering the areas of statistics,
economics, bioinformatics and ICT applications in aquaculture/fisheries/
agriculture research of in journals of National & International repute. He has
retired from active service as Head, Social Science Section, Central Institute of
Freshwater Aquaculture CIFA, ICAR, Bhubaneswar.As coordinator of BTIS
Project engaged in development of the informatics based infrastructure of
Bioinformatics Centre on Aquaculture at CIFA, Bhubaneswar. He has organized
many workshops on application of ICT in fisheries/agriculture research. As
Principal Scientist and Head, Social Science Section, CIFA, Bhubaneswar, he
was involved in research in the area of application of Bioinformatics, Statistics
and Econometrics in fisheries and aquaculture research. As
Consultant(Statistics) he was involved in teaching, research and consultancy
at Central Agricultural University, Manipur for two and half years. Some of
his latest publications listed below have revolutionized R&D activities in the
areas of Social Science Research in Aquaculture/Fisheries. i) Information and
knowledge Management Tools Techniques,NIPA,101 Vikas Surya Plaza,
Pitampura, New Delhi.xiv+684(ISBN:978-93-81450-62-8) ii) Applied Computational
Biology and Statistics in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics. NIPA, 101 Vikas Surya
Plaza, Pitampura, New Delhi,.xiv+1138(ISBN: 9789380235929).iii) Modeling,
Forecasting, Artificial Neural Network and Expert system in Fisheries &
Aquaculture, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi,xv+239p(ISBN:1081-7035-571-0)
2009 iv)Applied Bioinformatics, Statistics and Economics in Fisheries Research.
NIPA, Pitampura, New Delhi, XII+606 p. (ISBN: 81-89422-86-3),2008 v) Socio
ix

7. and Techno Economic Aspect of Aquaculture in Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh,
India, Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, XXI+154 p.
(ISBN : 978-81-904422-1-3),2008.vi)Evaluation and Impact Assessment of
Technologies and Developmental Activities in Agriculture, Fisheries and Allied
Fields,NIPA.101 Vikas Surya Plaza, Pitampura, New Delhi.xiv+510p. vii)
Fisheries Resource and Production Statistics of NE States of India—An Analytical
Value Added Presentation, Narendra Publishing House, Delhi (India), ( ISBN:
978 - 93 - 80428 - 95 - 6), 313p.

8. C o nt e nt s
Dedication ............................................................................................................... v
Preface ............................................................................................................. vii
Section 1 : Biotechnology
1. The Green Revolution: Clean Energy and Fuel Directly
From Algae Production Systems ................................................................. 1
Dr. Enzo Alibrandi
2. The Role of Next Generation Sequencing in Shaping the
Future of Life Sciences Research in the 21st Century ............................. 5
Upendra Kumar Devisetty & Lekkala Devedu Naidu
3. Various Platforms for Massively Parallel DNA Sequencing
(Next Generation Sequencing) .................................................................. 27
Mamta Singh & Anindya Sundar Barman
4. Next Generation Sequencing Technologies: Relevance in Post
Genomic Era .................................................................................................. 41
Anil Kumar and Shivani Tyagi
5. Next Generation Sequencing: A Way to Accelerate the
Upcoming Epigenetic Research ................................................................. 61
Shailja Dwivedi and Afroz Alam
6. Proteins in Plant Defence System : An overview .................................. 85
Arpita Singh, Sujoy Saha, Ruchi Garg, Atul K. Pandey & A.B. Rai
7. Marker Free Plants - A Route for Transgenics from Micro to the
Market with Enhanced Biosafety ............................................................ 103
Shailja Dwivedi ad Afroz Alam
8. Metabolomics- A Step to Better Future ................................................. 123
Manoj Kumar Singh
9. Safe and Effective Stem Cell Therapy Promises to
Revolutionise 21st Century Medicine ..................................................... 145
Arumugasamy Karthiga and Sanjeexvi Kumar Singh

9. Contents/xii
10. Future Prospects of Plasma Treatment Technology for
Disinfection ................................................................................................ 163
Waman Paunikar, Swapnil Sanmukh, Krishna Khairnar,
Rajshree Chandekar, Chetan Khapekar, Naresh Bokade, Udit Pal,
Ram Prakash, Ghanshyam L. Bodhe?
11. Novel Applications of Bacterial and Algal Viruses in
Advancement of Molecular Biology and for Enhancement
of Bio-fuel Production ............................................................................... 199
Swapnil Ganesh Sanmukh, Krishna Khairnar, Suresh Khairnar,
and Waman Narayan Paunikar
12. Role of Soil Microbes in Sustainable Soil Health and Agricultural
Production ................................................................................................... 213
M. Manjunath, S.Saha, V. Venkataravanappa and A. B. Rai.
13. Motif Discovery in Biological Macromolecules: Current Trends,
Methods, Applications and Future Challenges ..................................... 225
Amandeep Kaur Kahlon, and Ashok Sharma
14. Emerging Application of Proteomics in Realms of Aquaculture
Nutrition, Health and Flesh Quality Management .............................. 271
Arun B. Patel
Section 2 : Nanotechnology
15. Application of Nanotechnology for Plant Disease Management ...... 285
Majumder D, Tariang J. and Maibam N.
16. Use of Nanotechnology for Improving Water Quality ......................... 309
Amitava Rakshit , Sumit Rai and Avinash Rai
Section 3 : Expert System Neural Network
17. Artificial Neural Network with Application to Forecasting in Limited
Data Situation ............................................................................................. 327
H.C.Verma, R.R.Sethi, Deepak Kumar Verma
18. Artificial Neural Network Model for Forecasting Future Rainfall
Scenario of Jharkhand State of India ...................................................... 349
H.C.Verma, and A.Mishra

10. Contents/xiii
19. Web Based Expert System for Identifying Pests and Disease
Problems of Rice Crop ............................................................................... 355
B.Sailaja, A.P.K.Padma Kumari, D.Krishnaveni, Shaik N. Meera,
R.Nagarjuna Kumar, S.Gayatri and G.R.Maruthi Sankar
20. Expert System in Agricultural Extension: An Attractive and
Efficient Technology for Extension Services ......................................... 365
Bishwarup Saha
Section 4 : Applied Technologies
21. Theory of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and its Global Challenges
and Strategies for Control, Utilization of CO2 for Sustainable
Development for entire Chemical Processing ...................................... 377
Omprakash H. Nautiyal
22. BOD Biosensor: A Quick and Robust Technology In 21st Century For
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Estimation ............................................. 431
Purnima Dhall, Anil Kumar, Tushya Kumar Saxena, T. O. Siddiqi,
Altaf Ahmed, Rita Kumar
23. Use of Geo-spatial Technology as an Evolving Technology
of 21st Century for Natural Resource Management in Different
Regions of India .......................................................................................... 449
J. P. Singh, D. Deb and R. S. Chaurasia
24. Solar Energy and Its Future Prospect ...................................................... 481
Amitava Pradhan
Section 5 : Database, Modeling, Analytics and
Business Intelligence Software
25. Future Challenges in Application of Algorithms and Tools for
Clustering of Gene Expression Data ....................................................... 515
Sanchita and Ashok Sharma
26. Relevance of Biological Databases in Post Genomic Era ..................... 533
Anil Kumar and Nikita Chordia
27. Distributed Databases in Automating Processes with Some
Applications ................................................................................................ 549
V.V.Sumanth Kumar, N.Showri Raju, R.Nagarjuna Kumar,
N.Ravi Kumar and G.R.Maruthi Sankar

11. Contents/xiv
28. Framework for Development of Meteorological Data Warehouse .... 557
N.Showri Raju, G.R.Maruthi Sankar and R.Nagarjuna Kumar
29. Highlights on Big Data, Predictive Analytics and Business
Intelligence Software ................................................................................ 569
Aji Kumar Roy
30. Wavelet Analysis – An Emerging Tool for Modelling Complex
Data from Diverse Disciplines ................................................................. 609
Subhabaha Pal, Satyabrata Pal &Arunava Ghosh
31. Conjoint Analysis: An Emerging Tool in Market Research ................ 621
Prasenjit Pal
32. Nonlinear Growth Models under Heteroscedastic and Autocorelated
Error Structure ............................................................................................ 639
Amrit Kumar Paul and Ranjit Kumar Paul
33. Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis: An Application of GARCH and
EGARCH Models in Agriculture ............................................................. 659
Ranjit Kumar Paul* and Amrit Kumar Paul
34. Use of Modelling in Agriculture .............................................................. 685
Amitava Rakshit , Sumit Rai, and Avinash Rai
35. Computational Economics: Advances and Application of IT Tools .. 701
Anil Datt Upadhyay
36. Application of Testing Metrics Model in Modern Software
Testing Project Management .................................................................... 713
Arnab Roy
37. Emergence of Corporate Governance in 21st Century: A Case
Study of Air India ....................................................................................... 731
Ruchi Goyal and Poonam Sethi
38. Information and Communication Technology Initiatives in
Agricultural Research and Development - Research Needs ............... 747
R. Nagarjuna Kumar, B.Sailaja, G.R.Maruthi Sankar, S.R.Meena,
N.Showri Raju and Ravi Kumar

12. Section 6 : IPR & Social Issues
Contents/xv
39. Intellectual Property and Knowledge Management:
Infringement, Misappropriation, and Enforcement ............................ 763
Radha Yadav, Madhu Kamle, Showkat Ahmad Lone and
Jasdeep Chatrath Padaria
40. Emerging IPR Issues in Plant Biotechnology ........................................ 789
Meenakshi Prajneshu and Chayanika Pragya
41. Importance of Intellectual Property Rights and Knowledge,
Patenting, Indigenous, Traditional Knowledge and Knowledge
Management Challenges .......................................................................... 805
Asim Ray and Suman Patel
42. Technology Mediated Participatory Planning for 21st Century ....... 819
Brajaballav Kar & R. N. Subudhi

13. Section 1
Biotechnology

14. Section 2
Nanotechnology

15. Section 3
Expert System Neural Network

16. Section 4
Applied Technologies

17. Section 5
Database, Modeling, Analytics and
Business Intelligence Software

18. Section 6
IPR and Social Issues