Airline Deregulation Act (1978)

Airline Deregulation Act (1978)
Airline Deregulation Act The Airline Deregulation Act was signed and brought into effect by
President Jimmy Carter on October 28, 1978 (Deregulation, 2007). This law was the first of its kind
to deregulate an entire industry in the United States' history (Deregulation, 2007). According to
Avstop.com (n.d.), "The main purpose of the act was to remove government control over fares,
routes and market entry (of new airlines) from commercial aviation. The Civil Aeronautics Board's
powers of regulation were to be phased out, eventually allowing passengers to be exposed to market
forces in the airline industry. The Act, however, did not remove or diminish the FAA's regulatory
powers over all aspects of airline safety." There are several stated goals ... Show more content on
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It clearly states that there is no tolerance for companies to dominate the market and own a
monopoly. The act is promoting a fair and honest market in the optimistic efforts "to provide
efficiency, innovation, and low prices, and to determine the variety, quality, and price of air
transportation services" (Airline Deregulation Act of 1978). The Airline Deregulation Act of 1978
also sets competition on a high pedestal. This also pertains to the fair market clauses. Because the
government does not want a single corporation in power, this act encourages new companies to join
in the air transportation industry. In addition to new companies, the act also supports the idea of
existing companies to spread their commerce to other aspects in other aviation markets. Through
this act, the government can strengthen smaller air carriers by not allowing an edge to the larger
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September 11 : The Attacks Of September 11th And 9 / 11
Since the events that shook the United States and the rest of the world on September 11th of 2001
everyone has seen the world differently, terrorist attacks have happened all over the world and
struck fear in people's minds. But for every successful terrorist attack against a target there are
multiple other attacks that where caught before the terrorists could strike. Before the attack could
happen law enforcement and other personnel stopped them because of information that was received
or discovered regarding the pending terrorist attack. Where does this information all come from?
September 11th changed the world and the United States in regards to how safe and well protected
the world really is against a determined enemy that has an unpredictable mind. The Department of
Homeland Security was formed in 2003 and has changed the way the United States operates in
regards to protecting the United States against future attacks. The Department of Homeland Security
as well as other agencies are providing real time intelligence to many different agencies as well as
local law enforcement in the United States. Prior to September 11th lack of sharing intelligence
among federal and state agencies was one reason the events of that day where not discovered or
disseminated, the information of a possible attack existed in bits and pieces but was not shared
overall to "connect the dots" (Blum, 2010 pg. 78). The Main intelligence agencies prior to the
forming of the Department of

Healthcare Comparison of the Usa and Nigeria
Four Main Differences between the healthcare systems in Nigeria and the USA.
Paul Fortune
College of Nursing After living in my native country, Nigeria for nearly twenty years of my life, I
had the opportunity to relocate to the United States of America to live with my Dad while pursuing a
career in Nursing. On getting to the United States of America or the USA as it is commonly called, I
discovered how lovely and different the country really is. The USA was a lot different from what I
had heard from stories back home in Nigeria. The previous three years, since January 2009 to be
precise, has provided me first–hand experience of some major differences between my country of
origin and the United States of America. In comparison, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The buses run on a strict schedule most of the time; many are spaced out between every thirty
minutes to an hour. An alternative to riding the bus was catching a cab which was expensive. This
transportation process is very different from Nigeria where there is always a bus or taxi running by
the streets looking for passengers to pick up, most transporting up to four different and unrelated
passengers at the same time. Often the maximum amount of time a person would have wait to catch
either a cab or bus is five minutes. Nigerian cabs usually have a fixed price form one stop to another,
and most of the time prices can be bargained down.
Thirdly, the other major difference in between the United States of America differs from Nigeria is
the Climate. In United States of America there are four seasons in a year namely fall, summer,
spring and winter. Winter starts from December through February, and then comes spring which
starts from March through May, followed by summer from June through august and finally fall/
autumn which start from September through November. While in Nigeria we have just two season
comprising of the raining and dry season (harmattan). The raining season usually begins around
February or march and last till around September. In September the dry season kick in and last
through January. It snows in United States of America while there has never been a record of snow
in Nigeria.
Finally, one of the most significant

Urban Mass Transportation Administration (FTA)
Introduction
Transportation investment increased significantly with highway systems created during the 1940's
and the impressive interstate system program of the 1950's. Massively subsidized by the federal
government, these surface initiatives connected States from coast–to–coast, but concurrently made
suburban living feasible, while eroding inner–city investment (Shoup & Lang, 2011). Later, when
the streetcar, rail, and bus systems within cities began to falter and fade, President Kennedy
suggested federal investment in urban transportation. However, it wasn't until President Johnson
signed the Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 that government funding for mass transit and the
Urban Mass Transportation Administration were established (Federal Transit Administration [FTA],
n.d.).
A decade later, the National Mass Transportation Assistance Act created formula grant funding to
assist with operating expenses of public and nonprofit transit agencies. While signing the Act,
President Gerald Ford (1974) announced the legislation would "enable localities to plan intelligently
for their long–term needs" and offer financial support "which can be used for rural transportation."
Since those initial transportation initiatives, transit planning and appropriations have continued to
expand. Fitting to the larger role, in 1991 the Urban Mass Transportation Administration was
rechristened the Federal Transit Administration (FTA).
From the initiation of funding public transit, the

History Of The Department Of Homeland Security
History of the Department of Homeland Security Marc Gates The Department of Homeland Security
is an agency made up of 22 different federal agencies which were combined in an effort to
streamline the United States effectiveness in defending our nation. The Department of Homeland
Security states its core mission include "prevent terrorism and enhancing security, secure and
manage our borders, enforce and administer our immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace,
ensure resilience to disasters" (Department of Homeland Security, 2015). DHS employs over
240,000 employees tasked with various responsibilities and in 2016 has a budget of $41.2 billion.
The Department of Homeland Security was created in response to attacks that occurred on the world
trade center on September 11 2001. At the time of this writing there have been four secretaries of the
department of Homeland Security appointed by two different presidents. The attacks on the world
trade center would change the how the United States viewed terrorism and how it organized its
domestic defense. The agencies that make up The Department of Homeland Security, individually
have an immense amount of responsibilities and they all bring a vast amount of expertise to the
DHS. Even though these numerous agencies help make up the DHS the issues of changing
structures and combining multiple agencies in a new agency would prove challenging. The DHS is
consistently scrutinized by the American people as well

Terrorism : Laws Against Terrorism
Laws Against Terrorism
Terrorism is a widespread tactic used by people all over the world. Terrorists use violence to
intimidate civilians in the hopes of a certain political gains. On September 11th, 2001 terrorists
struck the World Trade Centers in the United States. This attack caused mass panic and fear
throughout America. The United States had to create various laws and regulations to keep America
safe from another terrorist attack. The laws and regulations that have passed since the September
11th terrorist attacks have been very helpful in protecting the United States from terrorism.
First, in order to show how effective these laws are, the terroristic acts that happened before the
September 11th attack must be discussed. Leading up to the September 11th attacks, there were
quite a few acts of terrorism that could have been addressed many years earlier. Addressing some of
these violent acts could have been preventative in a terrorist attack. The first attacks started as early
as the 1970s. In 1979 terrorists attacked an embassy in Iran and held 52 Americans hostage for over
a year. During the 1980s many other United States embassies were bombed in places such as
Lebanon, Kuwait, and Beirut. In 1993 the first world trade center in New York was bombed causing
6 deaths and over 1,000 injuries to American citizens. These are just a few of the many attacks that
were directed against the United States of America.
Second, the September 11th attack brought many laws and

Department Of Homeland Security Case Study
In 2013, the American Society of Engineers rated America's infrastructure was as an average of "D"
(American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015). The American Society of Engineers define this grade
as "poor" but this is as of almost three years ago and the grade of our national infrastructure is
falling fast. Once it drops to "F", the grade is considered failing. May structures have already failed
or are as be described as "on life support". This is an issue that needs to be taken care of through the
Department of Transportation and local public works before it becomes a response issue for the
Department of Homeland Security. Decaying infrastructure can have devastating effects on the
people of the United States. In April 2009, delinquents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even if the responsibility will be upheld through the Department of Transportation and local public
works, the funds for these projects need to be available. According to Former Transportation
Secretary Ray LaHood, public spending on infrastructure has fallen to its lowest level since 1947
and the federal Highway Trust Fund is the major source of funds for infrastructure maintenance.
However, its main source of funding is the federal gas tax of 18 cents a gallon and is not nearly
enough funding to support the maintenance of the infrastructure (Kroft, 2014). In an interview
between 60 Minutes' Steve Kroft and Ray LaHood, Ray LaHood goes on to say, "The last time we
raised the gas tax, which is how we built the interstate system, was 1993... Politicians in Washington
don't have the political courage to say, 'This is what we have to do.' That's what it takes." Another
way to fund these projects can be seen through the FIGG Engineering Group. A bridge that linked
Chesapeake and Portsmouth, VA became structurally deficient and unsafe to cross. In this case, the
local government could not fund the replacement of the bridge (Sofge, 2012). The FIGG
Engineering Group organized a bridge construction in the bridge replacement project. The 5,375'
long bridge links Chesapeake and Portsmouth Virginia and was built in less than two years. This
bridge

Calfee And CAFE Standards
CAFE is an acronym for Corporate Average Fuel Economy. As stated in, "Will Corporate Average
Fuel Economy Help," CAFÉ standards became prevalent by Congress in 1975 after the oil crisis of
the 1970's. These standards were proposed in order to help the United States depend less on foreign
oil (Sen et al. 2017, p. 279). The idea of CAFÉ standards does not only help us rely less on foreign
oil, but it also reduces greenhouse gas emissions. Below general information about CAFÉ and the
CAFÉ standards that are current today will be described. As described above, CAFÉ was first
introduced after the 1973 oil crisis. Congress needed to find solutions to reduce our reliance on oil
imported from other countries. CAFÉ requires car and light truck ... Show more content on
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Today, lightweight cars are not seen as an issue because of the advancements we have made in
technology. However, during the mid–1970's to 1980's, consumers were correlating that the rise in
automobile fatalities was correlated to CAFÉ's standards with fuel–efficiency. During this time of
concern, it was concluded that better fuel–efficiency could be accomplished by technologies that
were available at the time and these technologies would not change the weight of the automobile
(Schmidt 2002, pg.468). Technology is always advancing. During the time of safety concerns,
people did not necessarily realize that improved technology would be launched in the years to come
(Bezdek and Wendling 2003, p. 409).
How have CAFÉ standards progressed and what are the requirements for new car models? Starting
in May of 2010, former President Barack Obama, the National Highway Traffic and Safety
Administration (NHTSA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), all administered "Final
Rules" for automobiles built in 2017 through 2021 (United States Department of Transportation
2014). The regulations were aimed towards CAFÉ and Greenhouse Gas emissions for cars and light
trucks. Along with cars and light trucks, there were also regulations set in place for medium and
heavy–duty trucks. The only difference is that the heavier trucks are years 2014 to 2018. Cars and
light–trucks will have to have an average,

Transportation Systems And The Transportation System
The United States transportation system encompass numerous "interconnected modes of
transportation, including aviation, freight and passenger rail, highway, public transit, and pipelines
and moves billions of passengers and millions of tons of goods every annually" (Government
Accountability Office, 2014). The Transportation Systems Sector consists of seven key subsectors,
or modes: Aviation, Highway Infrastructure and Motor Carrier, Maritime Transportation System,
Mass Transit and Passenger Rail, Pipeline Systems, Freight Rail, and Postal and Shipping
(Department of Homeland Security, n. d). This transportation system is critical for the growth and
prosperity of societies, to the nation's supply chain, and as such is an important national security
asset (Obama, 2012). Good transportation network will help to improve Americans' cost of living
through expansion of business opportunities, keeping jobs here in the United States, making prices
of goods and services cheaper for the American families (The National Economic Council and the
President's Council of Economic Advisers, 2014). Surface transportation consists of the highways,
transit systems, railways, and waterways that comprise the intermodal transportation network in the
United States (American Association of Port Authorities, n. d).
According to the Department of Homeland Security (2010) "Freight Rail consists of seven major
carriers, hundreds of smaller railroads, over 140,000 miles of active railroad, over 1.3

Wildlife Cons And Cons Of The United State Department Of...
Wildlife Crossings Pros and Cons In 2015, the Washington State Department of Transportation
began construction on a series of improvement to I–90, a key interstate that connects eastern and
western Washington. The project includes many measures to improve traveler safety and efficiency
such as avalanche bridges, expanded lanes, straightened curves, and replacement bridges (WSDOT–
I–90–Snoqualmie Pass East, 2016). However, in addition to those changes, they are also adding
controversial wildlife crossing structures to the interstate that are intended to allow wildlife to get
across the roadway safely without entering traffic. There are several benefits like improved genetic
diversity of our wildlife, less injuries and death from collisions with them, and lower economic costs
as result, but also many drawbacks such as high initial costs, predators exploiting the crossing
structures, and the crossing structures not being used by the animals they were intended for. Some of
the major benefits of the I–90 crossing structures are the increased genetic diversity of our wildlife,
lowering our costs from collisions and less injuries and death from collisions. With fewer collisions
with animals and allowing animals a safe way to cross the roadway, they are able to move more
freely and safely between various populations of their species (Doughton, 2015). This allows them
to breed with those they are not closely related to and makes the population more genetically
diverse. Diversity in

Why Did The Homeland Security Act Of 2002 Change The Cbp
1 – What is the role of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in securing trade in maritime ports?
Additionally, how did the Homeland Security Act of 2002 change the structure of CBP?
The Homeland Security Act of 2002 changed the structure of many organizations and agencies
within the law enforcement realm. The horrific terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 brought to
light the many shortcomings our country had when it came to the gathering on intelligence,
information sharing and the overall response and protection of the country. The Homeland Security
Act of 2002 is a direct reflection and response to those very short falls. Under the Homeland
Security Act of 2002, the structure of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) changed drastically.
On March 1, 2003, employees from the U.S Customs Service, Immigration and Naturalization
Service and Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service came together to create the Bureau of
Customs and Border Protection (Staff, 2016, p. 1).
The CBP has an extremely important role in protecting the United States border and that most
certainly involves protecting the maritime and port operations within the United States. Under the
Homeland Security Act of 2002, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The initiative works in conjunction with U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the U.S.
Department of State to counter any and all radiological threats that could occur in our port maritime
operations (Staff, 2010, pp. 1–2). The Megaports Initiative is working to equip 100 seaports with
radiation detection capabilities by 2016, scanning approximately 50% of global maritime
containerized cargo and over 80% of U.S. bound

Transportation Security Administration Case Study
Where does the Transportation Security Administration obtain its authority to function as an
agency?
The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was established in the wake of 9/11, this was
going to facilitate a much stronger and affective security for our nation's transportation system,
whereas safeguarding the freedom of movement for the public and commerce to move freely
without the fear of terroristic acts upon American soil and around the world. This agency was
created as part of the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. That the President of the U.S.
George W. Bush signed into law on November 19, 2001, it was the first part of the United States
Department of Transportation, then moved to the Department of Homeland Security

Role Of Customs And Border Protection
1 – What is the role of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in securing trade in maritime ports?
The role of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is to ensure all goods and people coming into
the United States lawful and keeping contraband and WMD out of the United States. Additionally
Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is responsible for international trade in and out of the United
States. The policies and enforcement of the Customs and Border Protection (CBP) can make or
break trade within the United States. The sole goal of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is to
protect the nations from all threats, while at the same time maintaining a balance trade between
United States and the rest of the world. Customs and Border ... Show more content on
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By using technology Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is able to maintain their operation of
finding weakness within the system and closing vulnerabilities before they are exploited.
2 – The Global Transportation System (GTS) has a big impact on just about every aspect of our
daily life. Certainly, Port Management Security is well aware of the economic impact and the threat
of disruption to the GTS. What are the four components of the GTS (air, sea, land, and rail transport
systems) and what are the subsequent critical infrastructure within each that support these
components of the GTS. The Global Transportation System (GTS) touches every aspect of human
life. From the food we eat to the clothes we wear, they are all moved within the Global
Transportation System GTS. Passenger travel from continent to continent using the Global
Transportation System GTS. Even troops and equipment for war is moved within the GTS. Simply
without the GTS and its four components of air, sea, land, and rail transports life would not be
possible for much of the world. The size of the GTS has continue to grow due to more business
operating now on a global scale. In addition, free trade through numerous agreements has open up
opportunities worldwide. With the amount of goods and people being moved, be able to secure port
either air or surface becomes that much difficult. The

United States Department Of Homeland Security (DHS)
The Department of Homeland security was founded shortly after the horrendous attack of the world
trade center's twin towers on November 11, 2001. Congress ultimately passed the Homeland
Security Act of 2002 and President Bush signed the bill into law on November 25, 2002. It was the
largest U.S. government reorganization in the 50 years since the United States Department of
Defense was created. The main priority of the DHS is to protect the United States from terrorist
attacks, man–made accidents, and natural disasters. The stated goal of the DHS is to prepare for,
prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism. The DHS has over 200,000
employees making it the third largest cabinet in the United States after the Departments

Department Of Homeland Security (DHS)
The national security of the United States takes on many ideas. It is not only protecting out boarders,
but also deterring and defeating an enemy before they come to the United States. Today the U.S.
biggest threat is defending terrorism; either by a foreign group or from within our boarders.
"The struggle against international terrorism is different from any other war in our history. We will
not triumph solely or even primarily through military might." (National Strategy for Combating
Terrorism, 2003) And so to combat this in the post 9/11 time, the Department of Homeland Security
(DHS) was born. And as we have seen in the past event, DHS is needed more today than ever. But
DHS was born out of not only necessity but also function.
Prior to 9/11 attacks on the U.S., inter–agency communication was not very good. There were many
territorial issues on who was in charge and how information would be passed. There are several
agencies that have overlapping missions to help protect. Homeland. Intelligence sharing was
identified as a main issue for the failures of the attacks of 9/11as cited by Eric Velez–Villar Assistant
Director, Directorate of Intelligence Federal Bureau of Investigation. "The constantly evolving
national security threat requires an adaptable information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(DoD 5110.4M, 2004) Basically the DoD controls all the U.S. Military to protect the national
interest of the citizens. These interests are spelled out by the President through the Secretary of
Defense to the Chairmen of the Joint chiefs. The DoD is used in defense of the nation and is the lead
when the mission changes from homeland security to defense. The DoD is under the command and
control of the

Transporting Crude Oil By Rail
Transporting Crude Oil by Rail: Overview of Policy Issues and Options By: Alicia Tighe Contents
Overview 1 Timeline 2 Recent Activity 2 Policy Issues and Options 3 Oil spill response planning 3
Liability 4 Route planning and selection 4 Classification of hazardous materials 5 Tank car
standards 5 Safety requirements and inspections 6 Emergency response notification requirements 6
First responder training and equipment 7 Overview A rapid increase in the transport of crude oil by
rail will require updated regulations to ensure the safety of lives and property, a topic that will likely
be a key issue in the coming months due to pending legislative and regulatory activity. In 2013,
railroads originated more than 400,000 carloads of crude oil, or about 800,000 barrels per day,
which represents a 42–fold increase from 2008. This trend is expected to continue as domestic
production of shale oil grows, since rail offers a convenient method of transportation to refineries
from these newer production sites that are not well served by existing pipeline infrastructure.
Accompanying this growth is an increasing number of incidents and amount of property damage,
setting records the past three years. Many of the laws and regulations regarding the shipment of
crude oil were created before this rapid increase, and are inadequate for the unforeseen boom in
transporting oil by rail. This document provides an overview of major policy issues and
recommendations on this topic gathered from

Department Of Homeland Security Essay
Introduction
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) became operational on January 24, 2003 60 days
after the Senate passed the Homeland Security Act of 2002 into law. The Department of Homeland
Security is the third largest cabinet department, only after the Department of Defense and the
Department of Veterans Affairs. The Homeland Security Act of 2002, Public Law 107–296 was
enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress.
The Department of Homeland Security is an executive department of the United States within the
meaning of title 5, United States Code.
MISSION
The primary mission of the Department is to (a) prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;
(b) reduce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The President – using the maximum legal authority available to him – created the Office of
Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Council in the weeks following the attack on
America as an immediate step to secure the homeland. (Bush, 2002)
On March 1 2003, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Transportation Security
Administration (TSA), Coast Guard, The Customs Service, and the United States Secret Service
were transferred from their existing agencies along with 17 other agencies to the new department.
The agencies all work as separate entities, responsible to different authorities all of which are
appointed by DHS. The Department of Homeland Security organizational structure has four
divisions. Border and Transportation Security Emergency Preparedness and Response Chemical,
Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Countermeasures Information Analysis and Infrastructure
Protection
[pic]
The common goal of all agencies, is to work in the civilian aspect to protect the United States,
securing our nation's borders and transportation systems. They administer who and what enters our
native soil and work to prevent the ingress of terrorists and the instruments of terrorism while
ensuring the prompt flow of justifiable interchange. Its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and
respond to domestic emergencies,

How Did The Collapse Of The Soviet Union
The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, also known as the USSR, brought with it a number of
downfalls. This was especially true with regard to businesses that had originated or had ties to the
country, which had been divided into 15 separate republics then. One of the organizations that
suffered dearly with the fall of the Soviet Union was the startup aviation company known as Baltia
Air Lines.
With communism gone, and a rush to put democracy in place, Russia's economy and the everyday
life of its inhabitants were falling apart. In a time where many countries were experiencing growth,
Russia's GDP began to suffer. For Baltia Air Lines, this was a huge setback.
In 1991, the United States Department of Transportation selected three new airlines to conduct
flights from the United States to Russia, with Baltia Air lines joining the ranks of Pan American
World Airways, American Airlines, and Trans World Airlines. Of the three newly appointed airlines,
Baltia had "a far superior" proposal than that of Trans World Airways, as claimed by the U.S.
Department of Transportation. Unfortunately, a number of setbacks led Baltia Air Lines to place its
aviation plans on hold for the time being. Nonetheless, this did not stop Baltia from pursuing its
mission to offer travelers with a non–stop flight from the United States to Russia. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
With a number of investors supporting and investing in the airline company, Baltia Airlines has
taken its time to get everything right in its pursuit of being "America's Newest

The Transportation Service Administration Directorate
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Purpose statement: 4
Background discussion: 4
Analysis methodology discussion 5
Summary and findings 5
Recommendations: 7
Abstract: The report below is a decision support paper for the Transportation Service Administration
directorate, which is a directorate under the department of homeland security. The main purpose of
this directorate is to ensure the safety of the United States' transport infrastructure. The main
objective of this paper is to analyze the objectives of the TSA and determine whether they are in
alignment with the objectives of the department of homeland security. This ensures that the
directorate works towards achieving the overall goal of the DHS as stipulated in its objectives. This
ensures efficiency as duplication of roles with other directorates in the DHS is eliminated. The
report will also examine the agencies priorities in order to determine whether they are aligned with
the departmental priorities. Any noted misalignments will be identified and recommendations
provided on aligning them. Purpose statement:
The Transportation Service Administration directorate is a directorate under the department of
homeland security tasked with ensuring the safety of the United States' transport infrastructure
(Department of Homeland Security, 2016). The United States has some porous borders that lead to
the policies in place for migration being ineffective. This has resulted in security challenges for the
country. The main aim

Department Of Homeland Security: The Nation's...
As we already know that Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in 2002 as a result
of September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Transport Security Administration is one of the agencies
within the DHS tasked to provide security especially in the Nation's Transportation Systems. TSA
came into existence when congress enacted the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA),
which gives "TSA regulatory authority and responsibility for security over all transportation modes"
(Department of Homeland Security, 2007). The Nation's transportation systems comprises of
aviation sector, Maritime sector, mass transit and passenger rail, Highways and motor carriers,
Freight Rail, Pipelines, commercial vehicles, etc. (Mayenschein, 2015). Each ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Beside, supply chain depends not only on one mode of transportation rather involves intermodal
transportation and "an interconnected web of transportation infrastructure" (Obama, 2012). For
instance, air transportation systems are vulnerable to accidents or mishaps, bad weather conditions
and at most terrorist attacks. Imagine a scenario where terrorist organization target and shot down
full loaded passenger airplane with surface–to–air missile (SAM), or a situation where they hijack a
plane and crash it on crowded city and arena (Stewart, & Mueller, 2013, P.615). These types of
situation will cause human loss, property damages; create fear on the travelling public and resulted
in huge economic

America After 9/11 Analysis
"A great people has been moved to defend a great nation. Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations
of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shattered steel,
but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve." (President George W. Bush). After America
suffered through the largest domestic terrorism attack in its history, President George W. Bush called
to unite the nation and urged Americans to move forward from the devastation. Even though
nineteen terrorists killed almost three–thousand innocent civilians and created billions of dollars in
damage all in one morning, the President encouraged the general population that the ties that bound
America and its ideals remained impermeable; and that no act of terrorism could break them. The
infamous morning of September 11, 2001 and the heinous actions that occurred on that day led to
instant changes that would affect America ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an article published in The Washington Post, Hollande claims that, "The response that the U.S.
administration had to these attacks ... far from eradicating the threat, they have expanded it to a
wider space. In particular, Iraq..." After the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, many European countries
along with France have faced a drastic increase in terrorism. Hollande continues, sharing his belief
that every terrorist attack is in some way a replica of 9/11. As a result of terrorism in Paris, France's
airstrike campaign against ISIS in Iraq and Syria has dramatically increased. In America, a recent
poll from the Chicago Council on Global Affairs, "42 percent of Americans said the country is less
safe than it was before Sept. 11, 2001, compared with 27 percent in a 2014 survey" (Taylor) further
contributing to the global uncertainty of terrorism, and our

The Global Air Transport Industry
The global air transport industry is one of the largest industries beating out the pharmaceuticals
industry, textiles or automotive industries and the air transport industry is around half as big as the
global chemicals and food and beverage industry. If we was to label air transport as a country, it
would rank as 21st in the world, equal to Switzerland and doubling Chile or Singapore.
There are 13.4 million indirect jobs in industries supplying the tourism industry are supported by
visitors that fly in. These include employment and activities of suppliers to the air transport industry,
places like aviation fuel suppliers; construction companies that build airport facilities; manufacturers
of goods sold in airport retail outlets; suppliers of sub–components used in aircraft; and a wide
variety of activities in the business services sector. Companies in the air transport industry support
over 9.8 million indirect jobs through the purchase of goods and services. These indirect jobs
contributed approximately $697 billion to global GDP in 2012.
Direct and indirect tourism jobs supported by air transport create 6.9 million jobs in other parts of
the economy, through employees spending their earnings on other goods and services. Direct,
indirect, and induced creates 35 million jobs within tourism, contributing nearly $807 billion
annually to world GDP. The shopping of employees of directly or indirectly job inside the airports
supports jobs in retail like banks and restaurants.

Developments For Securing The Nation's Ports
Developments in securing the nation's ports have occurred since September 11, 2001:
According to American Association of Ports Authorities (n. d) the United States is served by some
360 commercial ports that provide approximately 3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and
there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies
located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010), broaden
the definition of" the maritime sector to include a wide range of watercraft and vessels and consists
of approximately 95,000 miles of coastline, 361 ports, more than 10,000 miles of navigable
waterways, 3.4 million square miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone, and intermodal landside
connections, which allow the various modes of transportation to move people and goods to, from,
and on the water". The September 11, 2001 terrorist attack brings to attention the vulnerability to
terrorist attack on the U.S. ports and the ships in them. As a result of the attack, the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) was created in 2002 with primary responsibilities of securing the United
States homeland and responding to increasing threats emanating from both nature and humans.
While "preventing terrorist attacks remains the primary focus of the Department of Homeland
Security", the agency lead other 22 Federal Agencies,

Essay On Homeland Security
Homeland Security
Homeland security is an American umbrella term for "the concerted and combined national effort to
ensure a homeland for people that is secure, safe and resilient against terrorism and other hazards
where American interests, aspirations, and their ways of life can thrive to the national effort to
prevent terrorist attacks or any sort of danger within the United States of and minimize the damage
from attacks that do occur.
Homeland security is not constrained and controlled to terrorist incidents. Terrorism is one of many
threats that put in danger the entire society. Homeland security includes both natural disasters and
man–made events. Therefore, the domain and area of homeland security must accommodate an ...
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President Bush recently announced a special bill for The Department of Homeland Security. The
new Department of agencies such as The Coast Guard, Transportation Security Agency, the
Immigration and Naturalization Services and many more, the only problem facing the new bill
announced by the president has only labor issues. If they pass the bill it can be in affect almost
within thirty days of being passed. Hence the new Department of homeland security should
guarantee security for the United States.
The new department would have four major functions in order to ensure the security for our
homeland. These major functions would include transportation and boarder security, disaster and
emergency awareness.
President George W. Bush, he is the man who is involved and started the legislation that does not
give him flexibility and he wants to shape the new departments of homeland security.
There are some people who feel this could create the domino theory that if the White House is
planning to create a new personnel system for Homeland Security Department, which

Department of Homeland Security
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is third largest Executive Department of the Federal
Government charged with protecting the security of American homeland. Its primary mission is to
prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reducing vulnerability to terrorism and minimizing
the damage from potential attacks and natural disasters. The DHS was created by President G.W.
Bush in the aftermath of terrorist attacks on America in 2001. It is relatively new agency that
continues to evolve in the 21st century. In my chosen topic I will perform research on the history
and creation of Department of Homeland Security, identify 3 of the 22 agencies within the DHS and
describe their responsibilities. The purpose of this paper is to define and give detailed information
about Homeland Security in the United States. Exploration of this topic will enhance knowledge
about DHS and help understand the responsibilities of the agencies. First article I selected was
written by Columbia University Press (2012), Homeland Security, United States Department of. The
author's research was taken from The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th edition. Columbia
University Press conducted a tremendous research that provides readers clear insight on how and
when the Department of Homeland Security was established and under what circumstances. The
author indicates that DHS was established in the aftermath of September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks
on Pentagon and World Trade Center. The

U.s. Security Since 911
Changes in U.S. Security Since 911
By
Travis Bublitz
LA 11 Quarter 3 online
May 2015
Then They Were Gone. The twin towers turn into a pile of ash and rubble after two planes
disintegrate in the center of both towers. People were running every were to get to out of the ash and
smoke fire fighters running in while everyone is running out many not making it back out. From this
day on nothing has been the same the people were devastated that it happened and cried out for
better security in our nation. Since September 11, 2001 United States security procedures have
drastically changed.
After the revolutionary war George Washington set a guide line for our national security. First he
wanted to "maintain international independence" then "focus on economic growth" (Donohue 1589).
He felt like that it was important to support our countries economy but not at the price of sacrificing
our security. Under George Washington direction the Constitutional Convention wanted a national
government that could keep the country safe from foreign attacks and keep the individual states
unified. They created a constitution that "strengthened the national government's control over the
military and foreign affairs, as well as over taxation and commerce" (Donohue 1588, 1591).
After the Spanish–American War the focus of the U.S. security changed. United States people felt
like they should help shape the international affairs not just sit back and react to them. This

American Disabilities Act Pros And Cons
The American with Disabilities Act, commonly known as the ADA, was voted into law in 1990, by
President Bush. The law was created to guarantee people with disabilities would still be able to have
the same opportunities that "normal" people would have. It gives all citizens an equal chance to
strive for the American dream. The law was originally drafted up from the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The American Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in
employment, transportation, public accommodations, communications, and governmental activities.
(ADA). There was a time when certain people were not protected under the Civil Rights Act, simply
because the he or she had a disability. "The term "disability" is a legal

Safe Port Act Of 2006
SAFE Port Act of 2006 Terrorism has been one of the major concerns of the entire world; however,
the incident of 9/11 entirely changed the perception of governments towards the issue of terrorism.
In this regard, the United States of America has significantly improvised its approach towards
dealing with terrorism. The approach of the U.S. is also justifiable as the United States is the only
country that had to face the maximum ramifications caused by terrorism as thousands of people
have lost their lives in multiple terrorist acts. Moreover, the U.S. has also tolerated the loss of
billions of dollars in the shape of loss of capital, and investing in improved military and intelligence
services. Despite of all these efforts, the U.S. has always felt the threat of terrorist activities; based
on this fact, the government and legislature of the United States of America has enacted many acts
of Congress to ensure the security of the residents, capital, and assets of the country. Out of various
strategies to make United States a safer country, the Security and Accountability for Every (SAFE)
Port Act in considered the most imperative yet debated topic among the politicians as well as the
public of the U.S.
Introduction of Safe Port Act of 2006 The basic purpose of the Act was to control all the ongoing
activities of every single port of United States to ensure the safety of United States from the threats
of terrorist activities. President Bush signed the Act on 13 October 2006.

Pros And Cons Of The Keystone Pipeline
What is the Keystone Pipeline? On January 24, 2017 TransCanada submitted a third application for
a Presidential Permit to construct, operate, and maintain the Keystone pipeline system to import
crude across the international border of Canada into the US. Originally, TransCanada submitted an
application in 2008 and another in 2012 during President Obama's administration. The first two
applications received much scrutiny from the State Department, they conducted a combined total of
five Environmental Impact Statements (EIS), multiple public comment periods, and analyzed
multiple alternative routes. Figure 1 shows the entire route of the Keystone pipeline system from
Hardisty, Alberta, Canada through Oklahoma and down to Port Arthur, Texas. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of the opponents argue the pipeline only creates temporary jobs for two years during
construction, and continually report the lower end estimated economic benefits. In contrast, the
proponents typically exaggerate the economic benefits proclaim the lasting stimulus the project will
provide. The truth usually lies somewhere in between. Undoubtedly, the construction phase of the
project will provide the most immediate benefit to the US economy than the operation and
maintenance phases of the project. During the construction phase, it is estimated that $3.4 billion
dollars would be added to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP). Of that, roughly $2.05 billion
would be earmarked for employee earnings related to the construction phase. However, after the
construction phase, approximately only 50 permanent employees and 15 temporary contractors
would remain to operate the pipeline. (Department of State, 2017) Evidently, this project will not
provide a long–term windfall of economic stimulus. Nevertheless, $2.05 billion dollars in employee
earnings in the next two years during slower economic times is nothing to write

Department Of Homeland Security And Terrorism
DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY The events that occurred on September 11th, 2001,
changed the United States and the rest of the world. President George W. Bush declared a war on
terrorism on national television, during a joint session of Congress on September 20th, 2001. The
President's words echoed the cries of this country and during his speech he went step–by–step in his
explanation of the events and actions moving forward. After explaining to the nation the details of
the events that occurred on September 11th, he requested that American's not hold all Muslims
responsible for the cowardly acts and attacks. He acknowledged the country may face many
challenges in finding and eliminating the elusive enemy. Turning our countries grief and anger in to
a mission to rebuild and overcome was part of his plan. Fighting a war on terror was outlined in
President Bush's speech, starting with al–Quida. He proclaimed that America would "pursue nations
that provide aid or safe haven to terrorism. Every nation in every region now has a decision to make:
Either you are with us or you are with the terrorist" (McNamee, 2001). During his speech, the
president unveiled the plans for the United Stated Department of Homeland Security. The Start of
Homeland Security Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge was appointed director of the Office of
Homeland Security eleven days after the terrorist attacks. The Office of Homeland Security was
tasked with coordinating and overseeing strategies

The Department Of Homeland Security
The Department of Homeland Security The Department of Homeland Security is an agency made up
of 22 different federal agencies which were combined in an effort to streamline the United States
effectiveness in defending our nation. The core mission of the Department of Homeland Security
include prevent terrorism and enhancing security, secure and manage our borders, enforce and
administer our immigration laws, safeguard and secure cyberspace, ensure resilience to disasters
(Department of Homeland Security, 2015). The Department of Homeland Security was created in
response to attacks that occurred on the world trade center on September 11 2001. The attacks on the
world trade center would change the how the United States viewed terrorism and ... Show more
Tom Ridge would be appointed by President George W. Bush to the position of Director of the
Office of Homeland Security. Tom Ridge previously a member of the House of Representatives and
Governor of the state of Pennsylvania. Would serve as the Director Homeland Security until 2005.
The Department of Homeland Security would begin in after the attacks on the United States. The
Office of Homeland Security and the Homeland Security Council would be officially created by
President George w. Bush on October 8, 2001 with the issuing of Executive Order 13228
(Federation of american scientists, n.d.). The Department of Homeland security would be made
official by the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The bill was passed by congress and signed by
President George W. Bush in 2003. AGENCIES There were 22 agencies that made up the
Department of Homeland Security, This will give a brief overview of the agencies and what they do.
The U.S. Customs Service dating back to the revolutionary war, tasked with collecting tariffs on
incoming goods for from foreign countries. The Immigration and Naturalization Service established
in 1864 as a federal immigration agency. In 1933 the new Immigration and Naturalization Service
was made by Executive Order 6166 signed by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as member of
the department of justice (LERNER, 2004). The Federal Protective Service origins

Information Security For The Energy Sector
Information security for the energy sector is an important and necessary responsibility for the
government institutions in the United States if the nation is to continue enjoying peace. After the
9/11 attacks, every citizen of the United States is always in fear of what could happen if an attack is
waged. Going by the magnitude of the 9/11 attacks, any new attack would catch the country any
time and from any quarters. Having this in mind, the security apparatus tasked with securing
information in the energy sector should be very keen as the different critical infrastructures in the
energy sector could be the next target for a terrorist attack. If a terrorist would have access to critical
information on the energy sector, the waging of an attack on or using the critical infrastructure in the
United States would be rather easy and much more detrimental. Industry players and all concerned
parties that have legal access to sensitive information should work together in implementing highly
proofed security protocol on the access and use of information. Regular and coordinated changes
should be made on levels of access and times of access to sensitive information to reduce the
predictability of information flow in the different energy sectors. There are many things that can be
done to secure information in the energy sector besides what has already been mentioned.
Investment should be done by the government of the United States into threat analysis measures and
the implementation

A Summary Of The Homeland Security Act Of 2002
A Summary of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ASCI 254 12/12/14 Ryan Hoffman Abstract The
Homeland Security Act of 2002 is a far–reaching act of legislation that was created in the wake of
the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001. The bill was sponsored by Richard Armey of Texas
and received final congressional approval on November 19th, 2002, and signed into law by
President George W. Bush on November 25th, 2002. The Homeland Security Act was one of the
largest government responses to the terrorist attacks on 9/11, creating an entirely new department,
the Department of Homeland Security under the Executive Branch. The Act also created hundreds of
new positions within already existing government departments. The act has been amended a
multitude of times since its original passage and over two different Presidential Administrations.
Many citizens are still split on the decision whether or not the Homeland Security Act has helped
make Americans safer, or if it was the beginning of many government intrusions of citizen's privacy.
Either way, it is an act of legislation that is here to stay, and as citizens it is important to understand
it and how it affects the lives of American citizens. In the wake of September 11th, 2001, Americans
both young and old were in desperate need for answers: Who did this? Why did they do this? How
could this happen? The most important question, though, was: How do we prevent this from
happening again? Then

What Is The Department Of Transportation
We are the department of transportation. Our mission is to "serve the United States by ensuring a
fast, safe, efficient, accessible and convenient transportation system that meets our vital national
interests and enhances the quality of life of the American people, today and into the future." Our
current secretary is Elaine L. Chao, and she will be qualified to lead the department in the new
administration. One of the most important thing in the department of transportation is "to keep the
traveling public safe and secure, increase their mobility, and have our transportation system
contribute to the nation's economic growth." Our department should continue and be valued because
the president Trump planned to rebuild America's infrastructure

The Security Of Rail Transportation
The security of rail transportation in the United States Rail Security falls into two categories,
namely, passenger rail and freight rail. Passenger rail together with the mass transit is among the
transportation subsector networks that provide numerous means of transportation from access points
to end destinations connecting to other modes of transportation (Department of Homeland Security,
2007). While Freight railroads are key element of the nation's transportation system that comprises
of over 140,000 miles of track, which passes through thousands of bridges and tunnels, and carries
millions of tons of freight yearly (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009). Freight
and passenger rail infrastructure intertwine and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, DOT still retains the "regulatory role with respect to the transportation of hazardous
materials via rail" (United States Government Accountability Office, 2009). Moreover, "The
Transportation Security Administration, the Federal Transit Administration, the Federal Railroad
Administration, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency share responsibilities, programs,
and resource investments to mass transit and passenger rail emergencies" (Department of Homeland
Security Office of Inspector General, 2010). However, the rail transportation subsector is susceptible
to lots of hazards such as terrorist attacks, natural deserters, accidents, sabotage, cyber–attacks, etc.
Some of these will lead to destruction of trains and/or railways themselves, hi–jacking of trains,
breaching railway databases (Major Vulnerabilities to Railway Security, n. d). Passenger travel and
security measures Many people across the United States depend on safe and secure rail systems to
travel from one point to the other, as such security of those travelers must be of utmost priority to
governments at all levels, as well as stakeholders in the rail industry. There are various laws in the
United

The Homeland Security Act Of 2002
The Homeland security act of 2002, was a major reconstruction of civil services in the United States
of America, which had not happened since the passing of the Civil Service Reform act of 1978
(Brook & King, 2007). Over the period of 24 years, minor modifications of civil service reform
were established. The events that took place during the September 11 terrorist attacks would once
more restructure the United States civil services. George H W Bush proclaimed in his state of the
union address, on January 29, 2002, "Our first priority must always be the security of our nation"
(American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank, 2002, para. 28). In addition, Bush stated later in his
speech, "America is no longer protected by vast oceans. We are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The Acts effective date was set 60 days after the date of enactment, which established the DHS in
early 2003 (H.R. Res. 5005, 2002). The newly established Department primary mission is to prevent
terrorist attacks, reduce the vulnerability of the United States, and minimize damages caused by
terrorist attacks (H.R. Res. 5005, 2002). Accomplishment of the mission was through coalescing 22
federal agencies together, under the management of one department. An established chain of
command leaves the Secretary of the DHS, overall in charge of the whole department.
The secretary of the DHS, Appointed by the President, is the head of the department. The president
appoints the secretary with the consent of the senate (H.R. Res. 5005, 2002). After the appointment
of the secretary, the secretary takes complete control of the department. The secretary delegates the
functions of the department established by the act. In addition, can enter into agreements with other
executive agencies and ensure the systems and databases are compatible with the other entities of
the department (H.R. Res. 5005, 2002). The secretary also has the authority to make contracts,
grants, and cooperation agreements between other federal and non–federal agencies to combat
terrorism (H.R. Res. 5005, 2002). The secretary has the responsibility to access, and advocate, the
resources need by state and local governments that is to implement the

Essay about The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st...
The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA–21) is a monumental transportation policy
that has begun to outline transportation policies and regulations while influencing new infrastructure
in the United States. According to the Department of Transportation (1998), TEA–21 is a
"landmark" act "improving safety, protecting public health and the environment, and creative
opportunity for all Americans." Such policies and regulations are important in order to maintain the
economy while protecting workers, consumers and the environment. TEA–21 focuses on
revolutionizing the transportation industry by implementing more universal, preventative safety
measures, stricter environmental and public health regulations while creating more ... Show more
With the American economy slowly on the rise, TEA–21 provides regulations to further stimulate
the economy by implementing low–cost transportation methods that are dependable. According to
the Department of Transportation (1998). TEA–21 "...supports trade and security" at the nation's
borders, "efficient transportation" and provides "support" for "university–level education and
research programs" at university transportation centers. TEA–21 is monumental in improving
various aspects of the transportation process and systems to make transportation more efficient and
resourceful, which is analogous with my vision of the regulation.
Although TEA–21 encompasses a vast array of transportation, it's an extensive regulation that may
be difficult to fully implement. I think it is a much needed step toward the improvement of
transportation methods and processes that will benefit all Americans. My vision of the regulation
includes having several teams and groups to implement the various aspects and components of the
TEA–21. TEA–21 will allow for increased safety for all people, for everyone is involved in the
transportation process whether recreationally or professionally. It provides a national protocol for all
states to adopt to ensure the universal implementation of safety procedures. My vision for this policy
includes its expansion into large and small companies since it appears to benefit both corporate
America and small businesses alike

Informative Essay On 9 / 11
According to Aaron Smith of CNN, "The Transportation Security Administration said it discovered
3,391 guns in carry–ons at checkpoints in 2016, a 28% increase from the year before. That works
out to about nine every day." (Smith 1). As painful as it may be to go through the seemingly never–
ending lines at the airport security checkpoints, the TSA (Transportation Safety Administration) is
trying their best to stop ALL weapons and unsafe items from potentially traveling into planes,
whether on people or in bags. But believe it or not, you did not have to scan your bags or take off
your shoes 60 years ago. Airport Security may take a while to get through, but has truly improved
because of Southwest Airlines Flight 49, many major technology breakthroughs, and the terrorist
attacks on 9/11.
Before Southern Airways Flight 49 took off on November 10th, 1972, security was a breeze. "At
gunpoint, the plane's crew was forced first to fly to Jackson, Miss., then to Detroit, Toronto,
Cleveland, Lexington, Ky., Chattanooga, Tenn., Orlando, Fla., Havana, Key West, Fla., Orlando
again, and then finally back to Havana. They [the hijackers] threatened to crash the plane into the
Oak Ridge nuclear power plant" (UPI 1). This flight was monumental in history for airport security.
Before this scary event, people and baggage were not scanned or checked. As exampled above, it
was easy to smuggle now–a–day illegal air travel items onto planes, such as guns. "In response, the
FAA requires airports

Developments Of Securing The Nation 's Ports
Developments in securing the nation's ports have occurred since September 11, 2001:
According to American Association of Ports Authorities (n. d) the United States is served by some
360 commercial ports that provide approximately 3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and
there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies
located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010), broaden
the definition of" the maritime sector to include a wide range of watercraft and vessels and consists
of approximately 95,000 miles of coastline, 361 ports, more than ... Show more content on
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Furthermore, on August 9, 2004, the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2004 were
signed into law. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) and the United States Coast Guard
(USCG) are the Sector–Specific Agencies (SSAs) for the Transportation Systems Sector. They
teamed up with the Department of Transportation to coordinate the preparedness activities in the
national maritime domain. The SSAs partners' functions are to "prevent, protect against, respond to,
and recover from all hazards that could have a debilitating effect on homeland security, public health
and safety, or economic well–being using the National Infrastructure Protection Plan risk
management framework as risk management and mitigation framework" (Transportation Security
Administration 2010).
Dual threats of terrorism and natural disasters and their affected port security: Provide examples to
illustrate your findings.
A natural disaster is a sudden calamitous event that is the result of atmospheric and other geological
imbalances that threatens the viability of the organization and is characterized by creating chaos,
disruption of operations, confusion, and even death of employees (Morrison, et al 2014, p. 66).
Natural disasters that can have more negative impact or affects on the port security include
earthquake, hurricane, flood, volcanic eruption, tsunami, just to mention but few. Also, some
unwanted, exotic plant,

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