Air pollution emilia joanna zahary
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Bulgaria has some of the highest levels of air pollution in Europe due to its reliance on coal for energy production and industrial activities. Several cities in Bulgaria, including Stara Zagora, have particulate matter levels far exceeding EU standards. Common pollutants found in Bulgarian air include sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and ground-level ozone, which are emitted from power plants, vehicles, industrial facilities, and other sources when fossil fuels are burned. High pollution levels pose serious risks to public health, contributing to increased rates of respiratory and cardiovascular illness. Efforts to improve air quality have focused on reducing coal usage, improving vehicle emissions standards, and developing renewable energy.
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Biomagnification & bioaccumulation_2
Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of substances in an organism that are at higher concentrations than in the environment. Substances more likely to bioaccumulate are hydrophobic, not easily biodegraded, and can bind to fat tissues. Biomagnification occurs across trophic levels as predators accumulate higher concentrations than their prey. Certain persistent organic pollutants and metals like mercury are prone to biomagnification up the food chain. Both processes can lead to toxic effects, especially in top predators like polar bears and humans who face greater risks from consuming biomagnified pollutants in food over time.
Overfishing by yuliya_miryana_bedros
Overfishing has led to declines in fish populations and damaged ocean ecosystems. Early overfishing in the 1800s depleted whale populations for oil. After WWII, efforts to increase protein availability quadrupled fishing capacity. Today the annual global fish catch exceeds 120 million tons, though overfishing is reducing populations of many species. Destructive fishing methods like bottom trawling damage coral reefs and seafloor habitats. Bycatch and discarded catch also contribute to declining fish and other marine species. No-take zones that prohibit all fishing have helped restore some ecosystems and fish populations.
Eutrophication1
Eutrophication is caused by excess nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus entering water bodies from sources like agricultural and urban runoff. This causes harmful algae blooms which can reduce oxygen levels and kill fish and aquatic life. Two examples are the hypoxic "Dead Zone" in the Gulf of Mexico caused by Mississippi River runoff and a large "Dead Zone" in the Baltic Sea from Swedish and Finnish fertilizer use. Preventing eutrophication requires reducing nutrient inputs from fertilizers and sewage as well as planting vegetation to absorb excess nutrients.
Ecological impacts of dams and water diversions
Dams impact rivers and their ecosystems in several ways. They block migratory fish from accessing spawning habitats upstream, as fish ladders are often ineffective. This disrupts fish life cycles and populations. Dams also alter sediment and water flow, affecting water quality, aquatic habitats, and nutrient levels downstream. Large dams significantly change river landscapes and environments, sometimes flooding important habitats and destroying cultural heritage sites.
Biomagnification victoria,sylvia,violetta
The document discusses biomagnification and bioaccumulation of pollutants in food chains. Biomagnification occurs when pollutant concentrations increase at higher trophic levels, such as when predators accumulate larger amounts of pollutants found in their prey. Common pollutants that biomagnify include pesticides, PCBs, dioxins, and mercury. These pollutants can harm organisms and biomagnify up food chains to negatively impact human health. The document provides examples of biomagnification for various pollutants like PCBs and mercury.
Air pollution
This document discusses air pollution in Bulgaria and its causes and effects. It notes that air pollution is worse now due to industrial development, motor vehicles, and population growth. The main sources of air pollutants in Bulgaria are old vehicles without catalytic converters, coal burning for heating, and industries like steel production. The document also examines air pollution measures in Mexico City and its geographical factors contributing to pollution problems from vehicles, power plants, and industry.
Overfishing karina nina_ivoslav_10-7[1]
The document discusses the problem of overfishing and its negative impacts. It notes that fishing rates currently exceed fish reproduction rates, and that overfishing has led to a decline in fish populations and sizes. Certain destructive fishing methods like bottom trawling and gillnetting contribute significantly to bycatch and damage fish habitats. Examples are provided of overfished areas like the cod fisheries in Newfoundland and bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean. Proposed solutions mentioned include establishing no-take marine zones and restricting fishing during fish reproduction seasons.
Tina ecology dams
Dams have several ecological impacts:
1. They can spread diseases by creating habitats for disease-carrying animals like mosquitoes and snails.
2. They often require resettlement of nearby populations, disrupting communities and livelihoods.
3. Dams block sediment flow and damage aquatic ecosystems downstream by preventing nutrient transport.
Overfishing
The document discusses several issues with overfishing, including depleting fish populations, discarding unwanted catch, and bottom trawling damaging seafloor habitats. It provides examples of overfishing causing the cod population collapse in Canada in 1992, which resulted in economic crisis and job losses. Additionally, it discusses threats from shark finning and issues with aquaculture. Solutions proposed include creating no-take zones to help species regenerate and moving to more sustainable aquaculture practices.
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- 1. Air Pollution In and outside Bulgaria Emilia Atanasova Joanna Shuleva Zahary Ninov
Editor's Notes
- Date of Article: January 14, 2008 Petar Traikov is the director of the municipal = ( градски, общински, комунален ) ecological department Reason for quote : the municipality installed a monitoring system at the juncture between the central Rakovski and Moskovska streets, which measures and shows information about air pollution.
- We need oxygen for breathing
- Common impurity in fossil fuels + the most critical to air pollution (12) Power plants that use fossil fuels (12) Vehicles that use diesel with high sulfur content (12) Example: Children with asthmatic problems or adults who are very active outdoors (17) Wheezing = хриптене
- Aggravation - влошаване Cardiovascular – сърдечносъдов Precursor = предшественик
- * NO produced in larger quantities in the air but oxidizes to NO2 in the atmosphere (9) NO and NO2 are inorganic gases formed in the air by the combination of oxygen and nitrogen Affect both healthy people and increase respiratory symptoms in people with asthma
- Numbers represent the diameter of the particle Usually when they are = or below 10μm they stay for weeks and months (14)
- Gases emitted in the atmosphere are usually Nox and other volatile gases, that release oxygen monoxide that reacts with oxygen (O2) and thus produces O3 (ozone) in the atmosphere that is bad for our health
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