Aid effectiveness refers to how effectively development aid achieves economic and human development goals. Over time, aid became fragmented and distributed based on geopolitical goals rather than need. This reduced aid's effectiveness. In recent decades, efforts have sought to improve aid's coordination and alignment with developing countries' priorities through agreements like the Paris Declaration. However, fully implementing reforms to make aid more effective based on country ownership and systems remains a ongoing challenge.
New donors a new resource foe family planning and reproductive health financingDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a research commentary about new donors for family planning and reproductive health financing. It discusses how developing countries like China and India have emerged as new sources of bilateral foreign aid alongside traditional donors from the OECD's Development Assistance Committee. While these new donors provide less funding than DAC countries currently, engaging them could help address shortfalls in funding from traditional donors for family planning and reproductive health. The document examines differences in how new donors provide aid and challenges in accurately tracking the amounts, with estimates of Chinese and Indian annual contributions ranging from $1-5 billion and $100 million-300 million respectively.
Paths to Fisheries Subsidies Reform: Creating sustainable fisheries through t...The Rockefeller Foundation
The world depends on the oceans for food and livelihood. More than a billion people worldwide depend on fish as a source of protein, including some of the poorest populations on earth. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world must produce 70 percent more food to meet coming hunger needs.
Fishing activities support coastal communities and hundreds of millions of people who depend on fishing for all or part of their income. Of the world’s fishers, more than 95 percent engage in small-scale and artisanal activity and catch nearly the same amount of fish for human consumption as the highly capitalized industrial sector. Small-scale and artisanal fishing produces a greater return than industrial operations by unit of input, investment in catch, and number of people employed.
Today, overfishing and other destructive fishing practices have severely decreased the world’s fish populations. The FAO estimates that 90 percent of marine fisheries worldwide are now overexploited, fully exploited, significantly depleted, or recovering from overexploitation.
1. Paying for success models can catalyze private investment in development by making subsidies conditional on performance results. This approach avoids issues like moral hazard, improves targeting of funds, and promotes competition that come with traditional subsidies and guarantees.
2. Impact bonds and development impact bonds are examples of paying for success models that have been used to fund girls' education in India and reduce recidivism in the UK. There is large potential to expand these models given private wealth that will be inherited in coming decades.
3. Careful design is needed to ensure subsidies through paying for success models incentivize additionality and are not distortionary. Examples from Peru in the 1990s show such models can mobilize more than 10
Financing for development & philanthropyflescornet
The document discusses financing for development and the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It states that an estimated $3-4 trillion annually is needed from public and private sources to adequately address the SDGs. Public financing focuses on social returns, and comes from domestic sources as well as foreign aid. Private financing prioritizes risk-return, and can be increased through lowering risks, raising returns, and blended finance which mixes public and private objectives. Blended finance and public-private partnerships are discussed as mechanisms to mobilize resources. Private philanthropy is described as targeting higher-risk projects not addressed by traditional private or public funds.
Global multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) bring together actors from different sectors to address development challenges. The document examines the potential opportunities and risks of MSPs for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It provides examples of large global MSPs in various sectors and discusses lessons learned. Potential benefits of MSPs include integrating approaches, leveraging resources, and achieving impact at scale, while risks include top-down approaches that undermine ownership and distort priorities.
This paper examines the institutional and political constraints that
inhibit multilateral and bilateral donor agencies supporting poverty reduction
initiatives on the ground. These include the constraints related to their own structures
and the political systems in which they are embedded, and those related to
their relationships with recipient governments. The paper also considers how
current trends in development assistance towards greater donor harmonization
and the associated processes within Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), the
shift from project support to budget support, and the drive for greater “efficiency”
may further limit donors’ capacity to support pro-poor local initiatives. It also
discusses how these trends in development assistance are marginalizing support
for those aspects of development that require relatively little external funding but
also require that this funding be used carefully and strategically, engaging directly
with poor groups and their organizations, and enlarging their scope for influence
and action.
On MDGs, the Post-2015 Development Agenda, and the World Bank GroupSDGsPlus
The document discusses financing for development goals after 2015, including the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It outlines key components of financing, such as domestic resource mobilization, better and smarter aid, private sector financing, and a supportive framework. The World Bank Group is well-positioned to implement the SDGs through its global practices and "One Bank" approach, which align with the integrated nature of the goals. Youth engagement is important for delivering and financing the post-2015 development agenda.
New donors a new resource foe family planning and reproductive health financingDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a research commentary about new donors for family planning and reproductive health financing. It discusses how developing countries like China and India have emerged as new sources of bilateral foreign aid alongside traditional donors from the OECD's Development Assistance Committee. While these new donors provide less funding than DAC countries currently, engaging them could help address shortfalls in funding from traditional donors for family planning and reproductive health. The document examines differences in how new donors provide aid and challenges in accurately tracking the amounts, with estimates of Chinese and Indian annual contributions ranging from $1-5 billion and $100 million-300 million respectively.
Paths to Fisheries Subsidies Reform: Creating sustainable fisheries through t...The Rockefeller Foundation
The world depends on the oceans for food and livelihood. More than a billion people worldwide depend on fish as a source of protein, including some of the poorest populations on earth. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world must produce 70 percent more food to meet coming hunger needs.
Fishing activities support coastal communities and hundreds of millions of people who depend on fishing for all or part of their income. Of the world’s fishers, more than 95 percent engage in small-scale and artisanal activity and catch nearly the same amount of fish for human consumption as the highly capitalized industrial sector. Small-scale and artisanal fishing produces a greater return than industrial operations by unit of input, investment in catch, and number of people employed.
Today, overfishing and other destructive fishing practices have severely decreased the world’s fish populations. The FAO estimates that 90 percent of marine fisheries worldwide are now overexploited, fully exploited, significantly depleted, or recovering from overexploitation.
1. Paying for success models can catalyze private investment in development by making subsidies conditional on performance results. This approach avoids issues like moral hazard, improves targeting of funds, and promotes competition that come with traditional subsidies and guarantees.
2. Impact bonds and development impact bonds are examples of paying for success models that have been used to fund girls' education in India and reduce recidivism in the UK. There is large potential to expand these models given private wealth that will be inherited in coming decades.
3. Careful design is needed to ensure subsidies through paying for success models incentivize additionality and are not distortionary. Examples from Peru in the 1990s show such models can mobilize more than 10
Financing for development & philanthropyflescornet
The document discusses financing for development and the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It states that an estimated $3-4 trillion annually is needed from public and private sources to adequately address the SDGs. Public financing focuses on social returns, and comes from domestic sources as well as foreign aid. Private financing prioritizes risk-return, and can be increased through lowering risks, raising returns, and blended finance which mixes public and private objectives. Blended finance and public-private partnerships are discussed as mechanisms to mobilize resources. Private philanthropy is described as targeting higher-risk projects not addressed by traditional private or public funds.
Global multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) bring together actors from different sectors to address development challenges. The document examines the potential opportunities and risks of MSPs for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. It provides examples of large global MSPs in various sectors and discusses lessons learned. Potential benefits of MSPs include integrating approaches, leveraging resources, and achieving impact at scale, while risks include top-down approaches that undermine ownership and distort priorities.
This paper examines the institutional and political constraints that
inhibit multilateral and bilateral donor agencies supporting poverty reduction
initiatives on the ground. These include the constraints related to their own structures
and the political systems in which they are embedded, and those related to
their relationships with recipient governments. The paper also considers how
current trends in development assistance towards greater donor harmonization
and the associated processes within Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), the
shift from project support to budget support, and the drive for greater “efficiency”
may further limit donors’ capacity to support pro-poor local initiatives. It also
discusses how these trends in development assistance are marginalizing support
for those aspects of development that require relatively little external funding but
also require that this funding be used carefully and strategically, engaging directly
with poor groups and their organizations, and enlarging their scope for influence
and action.
On MDGs, the Post-2015 Development Agenda, and the World Bank GroupSDGsPlus
The document discusses financing for development goals after 2015, including the transition from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It outlines key components of financing, such as domestic resource mobilization, better and smarter aid, private sector financing, and a supportive framework. The World Bank Group is well-positioned to implement the SDGs through its global practices and "One Bank" approach, which align with the integrated nature of the goals. Youth engagement is important for delivering and financing the post-2015 development agenda.
1. The document discusses fractured labour relations in South Africa and proposes partnering and third party facilitation as ways to improve relations.
2. It outlines a 7-step partnering methodology and defines partnering as a structured dialogue between parties towards a binding agreement of mutual interest.
3. Partnering requires skills like facilitation and conflict management and a third party can help manage the process using blended powers of soft skills and pressure.
This document outlines the UNV Strategic Framework for 2014-2017. It discusses the global context of development challenges including inequality, fragile states, environmental risks, and engaging youth. The framework establishes UNV's strategic priorities to mobilize volunteers, advocate for volunteerism, and integrate volunteering across policies to support humanitarian and development goals through 2022.
This document provides a summary of progress made on commitments from the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). It reviews both negotiated outcomes and voluntary commitments.
The summary reviews progress on key negotiated commitments from Rio+20, including the establishment of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals and the inaugural meeting of the High-Level Political Forum. It also notes that over 1,400 voluntary commitments totaling $636 billion have been registered since Rio+20.
However, the document calls for independent third-party reviews of commitments to enhance accountability and public perception of progress. It welcomes this report as an important contribution toward reviewing both negotiated outcomes and voluntary commitments from Rio+20.
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritiuspaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
Keywords: Microfinance, Standard of Living, Saving Deposits, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for promoting savings among remittance clients in Latin America and the Caribbean. It notes that while remittances total over $60 billion annually for the region, many recipients lack access to formal savings tools. Financial service providers have begun targeting this population but face challenges in encouraging continual savings habits. The document proposes a framework to help address these challenges through product design, understanding clients' financial lives, improving access, and diversifying revenue models.
This document discusses collaboration and partnerships in tourism planning. It defines collaboration as involving face-to-face interactions between stakeholders from different sectors to plan tourism. Partnerships in tourism planning bring together interests from different sectors or destinations to work on related issues. The key reason for collaboration is that it allows different stakeholders to combine their resources and gain a competitive advantage. Collaboration can also help achieve sustainability goals like equitable benefit distribution and consideration of social and environmental impacts.
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact...The Rockefeller Foundation
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact Investing contends that measurement practices need to evolve by borrowing from the strengths of both private business and social sector evaluation. Suggesting that an impact thesis is a crucial anchor for impact measurement strategies, the paper offers several measurement approaches in use today. The ‘next generation’ of impact measurement and evaluation must stem from a commitment of impact investors to strengthen evidence for their social returns alongside the evidence for financial returns.
The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme promotes volunteerism to support peace and development worldwide. UNV contributes to peace and development by advocating for volunteerism, encouraging partners to integrate volunteerism into programming, and mobilizing volunteers. UNV's strategic framework for 2014-2017 focuses on harnessing volunteerism to achieve internationally agreed goals and guides UNV's work over four years through global, regional and country programmes. The framework contains two outcomes: assisting countries to integrate volunteerism and engage people in development, and improving UNV's institutional efficiency and effectiveness.
Conflict Prevention Due Diligence Negotiation & Consensus Building Strategies...Universidad de Lima
Conflict Prevention Due Diligence:
Negotiation & Consensus Building Strategies for Foreign-Investment Projects
Prof. Luis Ore
Business School
Universidad de Lima, Peru
social feasibility
This document discusses strategies for global collaboration in the 21st century. It provides two examples of collaboration at the grassroots level and two examples of collaboration at the global level. The first grassroots example is the Global Giving Foundation, which links donors to small social projects around the world. The second is Ushahidi, a nonprofit that maps reports of violence and has since expanded to track other crises globally. At the global level, it discusses the Japan Platform model of cooperation between NGOs, businesses and government for emergency relief. It also mentions the potential for an Asia Platform to replicate this model of tripartite collaboration.
Conservation Finance. From Niche to Mainstream: The Building of an Institutio...The Rockefeller Foundation
Sustainable farmland, healthy forests, clean water, and abundant habitat stand to become more valuable as the global population climbs to nine billion by 2050. Already, pioneering investors have put together financial solutions that combine real assets, such as tropical forests, with cash flows from operations in fields such as sustainable timber, agriculture, and ecotourism. Conservation finance, as this field is known, represents an undeveloped, but emerging private sector investment opportunity of major proportion.
Filling this gap to finance the preservation of the world’s precious ecosystems will require USD 200 - 300 billion in additional capital, and private investment capital may be the only source. Attracting that level of private capital will require attractive risk-adjusted rates of return, in addition to clear and measurable conservation impacts.
In this report, Credit Suisse—together with the McKinsey Center for Business and Environment—there is a toolkit for substantially growing the investment that flows into the conservation sector, illustrated by a few concrete ideas that we deem to be scalable, repeatable, and investable. Implementing these ideas will require strong collaboration between the financial and environmental communities to find new and creative ways of solving the financial structuring and conservation challenges at hand.
Urban populations are facing increasing challenges from numerous natural and manmade pressures such as rapid urbanisation, climate change, terrorism and increased risks from natural hazards. Cities must learn to adapt and thrive in the face of these diverse challenges - they must learn how to build resilience in an uncertain world. Armed with this knowledge and understanding, governments, donors, investors, policy makers, and the private sector will be able to develop effective strategies to foster more resilient cities.
Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the City Resilience Index (CRI) is being developed by Arup. It builds on extensive research undertaken by Arup to establish an accessible, evidence-based definition of urban resilience, which culminated in the publication of the City Resilience Framework (CRF) in April 2014 (www.arup.com/cri). This provides a holistic articulation of city resilience, structured around four dimensions and 12 goals that are critical for the resilience of our cities. This structure also forms the foundations of the CRI.
Who is the CRI for?
The CRI will measure relative performance over time rather than comparison between cities. It will not deliver an overall single score for comparing performance between cities, neither will it provide a world ranking of the most resilient cities. However, it will provide a common basis of measurement and assessment to better facilitate dialogue and knowledge-sharing between cities.
It is envisaged that the CRI will primarily be used by city governments who are in the best position to gather administrative data, but it can also be used by other interested organisations and individuals (for example, universities, non-governmental organisations, community groups). It is intended that the CRI process will also provide the means for cities to capture the views of the poor and vulnerable groups as they normally suffer more severely the impacts of disruptions and failures.
Informal workers face substantial risks and vulnerabilities due to insecurity surrounding their employment status and
lack of control of the conditions of their employment. In addition, informal workers have limited access to affordable and
appropriate health care for themselves and their families, and they may not seek care if they have insecure legal status, or due to the potential expense or loss of income. The combination of high vulnerabilities and inadequate social protections (including insufficient access to affordable health services) results in high incidences of injury, illness, susceptibility to chronic diseases and poverty.
Accountability in Complex Organizations: World Bank Responses to Civil SocietyDr Lendy Spires
This summary provides an overview of the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses accountability mechanisms currently in place at the World Bank in response to civil society pressure over several decades. It analyzes accountability at four levels - staff, projects, policies, and board governance - and finds that while civil society has influenced accountability at the project and policy levels, deeper structural issues around staff incentives and board governance remain challenges. The incentives for World Bank staff prioritize technical expertise, quick disbursement, and deference to governments over meaningful participation and accountability to affected communities.
This document provides a literature review on cash transfers in developing countries. It acknowledges the rapid expansion of large-scale cash transfer programs globally that now reach between 0.75-1 billion people. The evidence shows that while cash transfers primarily aim to reduce poverty and vulnerability, they can also contribute to a wide range of development outcomes including human development, economic growth, empowerment, humanitarian assistance, social cohesion, and climate change adaptation. The review examines evidence on different cash transfer instruments, design choices, costs and financing options. It emphasizes the need to strengthen monitoring and evaluation of results and continue building the evidence base, including through DFID's research and partnerships.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of Country Coordinating Mechanisms (CCMs) for the Global Fund. It provides historical context for the establishment of CCMs and outlines their core functions, which include developing funding applications, nominating implementers, and providing oversight of funded programs. The document also discusses achievements of CCMs in mobilizing resources and engaging stakeholders. It identifies areas for improvement such as ensuring meaningful representation and transparency in selection processes. Strategies to strengthen CCMs through revised guidelines, funding, and performance evaluation are presented.
The document discusses the contracting environment in Afghanistan as foreign forces withdraw and foreign aid declines. Major donors have committed to continuing aid at current levels but are concerned about effective and transparent use of funds. As direct contracting ends, donors are shifting funding to Afghan government agencies and multilateral trust funds. Continued monitoring of projects will require innovative approaches as security risks grow. Major infrastructure projects like CASA-1000 energy agreement signed last week will provide opportunities, but the environment remains challenging for private investment until conditions improve.
1) The article discusses the promise of microfinance in alleviating poverty by providing financial services like small loans to low-income households that have traditionally been excluded from formal banking.
2) While microfinance programs report high repayment rates of over 95%, most programs remain subsidized and are not financially self-sufficient. There is also limited evidence on the social and economic impacts of microfinance.
3) Going forward, there is a need for more rigorous impact evaluations, understanding how different financial products and incentive structures can best serve the poor, and ensuring microfinance reaches those in deepest poverty rather than just the "better off poor".
A Synthesis Review of Key Lessons in Programs Relating to Oceans and FisheriesThe Rockefeller Foundation
This synthesis was designed to provide an evidence base on the success factors in small-scale coastal fisheries management in developing countries and, in turn, to assist the Rockefeller Foundation in developing its strategy for its Oceans and Fisheries Initiative. In doing so, it identifies and describes some 20 key factors believed to influence success in small-scale coastal fisheries management.
The report was completed via a rapid review of key sources of knowledge from formal published literature, institutional literature, key informants and Internet searches. The focus was on key success factors in achieving a balance of social, economic and ecological benefits from the management of small-scale coastal fisheries.
PowerPoint is a presentation creation program used widely in business and academics. It allows users to create slide shows with graphical elements to accompany oral presentations. The history of PowerPoint includes its original development by Forethought as PRESENTER in 1987, being renamed PowerPoint, and being acquired by Microsoft in 1987. Basic elements of PowerPoint include slides, layouts, templates, animations and transitions.
1. The document discusses fractured labour relations in South Africa and proposes partnering and third party facilitation as ways to improve relations.
2. It outlines a 7-step partnering methodology and defines partnering as a structured dialogue between parties towards a binding agreement of mutual interest.
3. Partnering requires skills like facilitation and conflict management and a third party can help manage the process using blended powers of soft skills and pressure.
This document outlines the UNV Strategic Framework for 2014-2017. It discusses the global context of development challenges including inequality, fragile states, environmental risks, and engaging youth. The framework establishes UNV's strategic priorities to mobilize volunteers, advocate for volunteerism, and integrate volunteering across policies to support humanitarian and development goals through 2022.
This document provides a summary of progress made on commitments from the 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). It reviews both negotiated outcomes and voluntary commitments.
The summary reviews progress on key negotiated commitments from Rio+20, including the establishment of the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals and the inaugural meeting of the High-Level Political Forum. It also notes that over 1,400 voluntary commitments totaling $636 billion have been registered since Rio+20.
However, the document calls for independent third-party reviews of commitments to enhance accountability and public perception of progress. It welcomes this report as an important contribution toward reviewing both negotiated outcomes and voluntary commitments from Rio+20.
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritiuspaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
Keywords: Microfinance, Standard of Living, Saving Deposits, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius
The document discusses challenges and opportunities for promoting savings among remittance clients in Latin America and the Caribbean. It notes that while remittances total over $60 billion annually for the region, many recipients lack access to formal savings tools. Financial service providers have begun targeting this population but face challenges in encouraging continual savings habits. The document proposes a framework to help address these challenges through product design, understanding clients' financial lives, improving access, and diversifying revenue models.
This document discusses collaboration and partnerships in tourism planning. It defines collaboration as involving face-to-face interactions between stakeholders from different sectors to plan tourism. Partnerships in tourism planning bring together interests from different sectors or destinations to work on related issues. The key reason for collaboration is that it allows different stakeholders to combine their resources and gain a competitive advantage. Collaboration can also help achieve sustainability goals like equitable benefit distribution and consideration of social and environmental impacts.
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact...The Rockefeller Foundation
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact Investing contends that measurement practices need to evolve by borrowing from the strengths of both private business and social sector evaluation. Suggesting that an impact thesis is a crucial anchor for impact measurement strategies, the paper offers several measurement approaches in use today. The ‘next generation’ of impact measurement and evaluation must stem from a commitment of impact investors to strengthen evidence for their social returns alongside the evidence for financial returns.
The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme promotes volunteerism to support peace and development worldwide. UNV contributes to peace and development by advocating for volunteerism, encouraging partners to integrate volunteerism into programming, and mobilizing volunteers. UNV's strategic framework for 2014-2017 focuses on harnessing volunteerism to achieve internationally agreed goals and guides UNV's work over four years through global, regional and country programmes. The framework contains two outcomes: assisting countries to integrate volunteerism and engage people in development, and improving UNV's institutional efficiency and effectiveness.
Conflict Prevention Due Diligence Negotiation & Consensus Building Strategies...Universidad de Lima
Conflict Prevention Due Diligence:
Negotiation & Consensus Building Strategies for Foreign-Investment Projects
Prof. Luis Ore
Business School
Universidad de Lima, Peru
social feasibility
This document discusses strategies for global collaboration in the 21st century. It provides two examples of collaboration at the grassroots level and two examples of collaboration at the global level. The first grassroots example is the Global Giving Foundation, which links donors to small social projects around the world. The second is Ushahidi, a nonprofit that maps reports of violence and has since expanded to track other crises globally. At the global level, it discusses the Japan Platform model of cooperation between NGOs, businesses and government for emergency relief. It also mentions the potential for an Asia Platform to replicate this model of tripartite collaboration.
Conservation Finance. From Niche to Mainstream: The Building of an Institutio...The Rockefeller Foundation
Sustainable farmland, healthy forests, clean water, and abundant habitat stand to become more valuable as the global population climbs to nine billion by 2050. Already, pioneering investors have put together financial solutions that combine real assets, such as tropical forests, with cash flows from operations in fields such as sustainable timber, agriculture, and ecotourism. Conservation finance, as this field is known, represents an undeveloped, but emerging private sector investment opportunity of major proportion.
Filling this gap to finance the preservation of the world’s precious ecosystems will require USD 200 - 300 billion in additional capital, and private investment capital may be the only source. Attracting that level of private capital will require attractive risk-adjusted rates of return, in addition to clear and measurable conservation impacts.
In this report, Credit Suisse—together with the McKinsey Center for Business and Environment—there is a toolkit for substantially growing the investment that flows into the conservation sector, illustrated by a few concrete ideas that we deem to be scalable, repeatable, and investable. Implementing these ideas will require strong collaboration between the financial and environmental communities to find new and creative ways of solving the financial structuring and conservation challenges at hand.
Urban populations are facing increasing challenges from numerous natural and manmade pressures such as rapid urbanisation, climate change, terrorism and increased risks from natural hazards. Cities must learn to adapt and thrive in the face of these diverse challenges - they must learn how to build resilience in an uncertain world. Armed with this knowledge and understanding, governments, donors, investors, policy makers, and the private sector will be able to develop effective strategies to foster more resilient cities.
Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the City Resilience Index (CRI) is being developed by Arup. It builds on extensive research undertaken by Arup to establish an accessible, evidence-based definition of urban resilience, which culminated in the publication of the City Resilience Framework (CRF) in April 2014 (www.arup.com/cri). This provides a holistic articulation of city resilience, structured around four dimensions and 12 goals that are critical for the resilience of our cities. This structure also forms the foundations of the CRI.
Who is the CRI for?
The CRI will measure relative performance over time rather than comparison between cities. It will not deliver an overall single score for comparing performance between cities, neither will it provide a world ranking of the most resilient cities. However, it will provide a common basis of measurement and assessment to better facilitate dialogue and knowledge-sharing between cities.
It is envisaged that the CRI will primarily be used by city governments who are in the best position to gather administrative data, but it can also be used by other interested organisations and individuals (for example, universities, non-governmental organisations, community groups). It is intended that the CRI process will also provide the means for cities to capture the views of the poor and vulnerable groups as they normally suffer more severely the impacts of disruptions and failures.
Informal workers face substantial risks and vulnerabilities due to insecurity surrounding their employment status and
lack of control of the conditions of their employment. In addition, informal workers have limited access to affordable and
appropriate health care for themselves and their families, and they may not seek care if they have insecure legal status, or due to the potential expense or loss of income. The combination of high vulnerabilities and inadequate social protections (including insufficient access to affordable health services) results in high incidences of injury, illness, susceptibility to chronic diseases and poverty.
Accountability in Complex Organizations: World Bank Responses to Civil SocietyDr Lendy Spires
This summary provides an overview of the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses accountability mechanisms currently in place at the World Bank in response to civil society pressure over several decades. It analyzes accountability at four levels - staff, projects, policies, and board governance - and finds that while civil society has influenced accountability at the project and policy levels, deeper structural issues around staff incentives and board governance remain challenges. The incentives for World Bank staff prioritize technical expertise, quick disbursement, and deference to governments over meaningful participation and accountability to affected communities.
This document provides a literature review on cash transfers in developing countries. It acknowledges the rapid expansion of large-scale cash transfer programs globally that now reach between 0.75-1 billion people. The evidence shows that while cash transfers primarily aim to reduce poverty and vulnerability, they can also contribute to a wide range of development outcomes including human development, economic growth, empowerment, humanitarian assistance, social cohesion, and climate change adaptation. The review examines evidence on different cash transfer instruments, design choices, costs and financing options. It emphasizes the need to strengthen monitoring and evaluation of results and continue building the evidence base, including through DFID's research and partnerships.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of Country Coordinating Mechanisms (CCMs) for the Global Fund. It provides historical context for the establishment of CCMs and outlines their core functions, which include developing funding applications, nominating implementers, and providing oversight of funded programs. The document also discusses achievements of CCMs in mobilizing resources and engaging stakeholders. It identifies areas for improvement such as ensuring meaningful representation and transparency in selection processes. Strategies to strengthen CCMs through revised guidelines, funding, and performance evaluation are presented.
The document discusses the contracting environment in Afghanistan as foreign forces withdraw and foreign aid declines. Major donors have committed to continuing aid at current levels but are concerned about effective and transparent use of funds. As direct contracting ends, donors are shifting funding to Afghan government agencies and multilateral trust funds. Continued monitoring of projects will require innovative approaches as security risks grow. Major infrastructure projects like CASA-1000 energy agreement signed last week will provide opportunities, but the environment remains challenging for private investment until conditions improve.
1) The article discusses the promise of microfinance in alleviating poverty by providing financial services like small loans to low-income households that have traditionally been excluded from formal banking.
2) While microfinance programs report high repayment rates of over 95%, most programs remain subsidized and are not financially self-sufficient. There is also limited evidence on the social and economic impacts of microfinance.
3) Going forward, there is a need for more rigorous impact evaluations, understanding how different financial products and incentive structures can best serve the poor, and ensuring microfinance reaches those in deepest poverty rather than just the "better off poor".
A Synthesis Review of Key Lessons in Programs Relating to Oceans and FisheriesThe Rockefeller Foundation
This synthesis was designed to provide an evidence base on the success factors in small-scale coastal fisheries management in developing countries and, in turn, to assist the Rockefeller Foundation in developing its strategy for its Oceans and Fisheries Initiative. In doing so, it identifies and describes some 20 key factors believed to influence success in small-scale coastal fisheries management.
The report was completed via a rapid review of key sources of knowledge from formal published literature, institutional literature, key informants and Internet searches. The focus was on key success factors in achieving a balance of social, economic and ecological benefits from the management of small-scale coastal fisheries.
PowerPoint is a presentation creation program used widely in business and academics. It allows users to create slide shows with graphical elements to accompany oral presentations. The history of PowerPoint includes its original development by Forethought as PRESENTER in 1987, being renamed PowerPoint, and being acquired by Microsoft in 1987. Basic elements of PowerPoint include slides, layouts, templates, animations and transitions.
This document discusses the growth of mobile applications and m-commerce. It notes that the number of mobile application downloads grew significantly between 2013 and 2014, reaching over 70 billion downloads in 2014. It also discusses how m-commerce allows people to access services on their mobile devices at any time through applications for banking, booking, news/magazines, check-ins, trade stocks, product catalogs, and more. The document then shifts to discussing new interactive retail technologies like scanners in fitting rooms, sensor screens, QR codes, hologram displays, and interactive floors/walls that enhance the shopping experience.
This document summarizes a presentation about porting a business app from Android to Windows Phone 8. It discusses developing tools like Visual Studio and mockups without code; porting components like databases, cameras and location; integrating with the OS through tasks instead of intents; handling the different lifecycles; and publishing to the Windows Store with testing and certification. The conclusion shares lessons like Java and C# similarities, benefits of mockups, lifecycle attention, and framework choice.
This document discusses the growth of m-commerce through mobile applications. It notes that the percentage of the global population using mobile applications grew from 40.7% in 2014 to 70.5% in recent years. Mobile applications allow users to engage in various activities like mobile banking, booking, news/magazines, check-ins, finding local information and trading stocks on their devices. Examples provided include IKEA and movie theater apps. The document also outlines key technologies that enable m-commerce like wireless services, pocket PCs, wireless LANs and sensors.
This document discusses the growth of m-commerce through mobile applications. It notes that the percentage of the global population using mobile internet increased from 26.6% in 2012 to 40.7% in 2014. Mobile applications allow users to engage in various activities like mobile banking, booking, news, magazines, check-ins, finding local information and trading stocks on their mobile devices. Examples highlighted include IKEA and movie theater apps. The key advantages of m-commerce through mobile apps are mobility, ability to access services anytime and anywhere, and the reach of mobile internet users.
Developing application for Windows Phone 7 in TDDMichele Capra
A real example of how to develop an application for Windows Phone 7 with Test Driven Development approach. In this presentation you'll see also hoew to implements the Model-View-ViewModel (MVVM) pattern.
Building High Performance and Reliable Windows Phone 8 AppsMichele Capra
Have you ever dreamed to build a solid and fast application for your Windows Phone 8? Come to this session and you will see how to leverage the power of your device and how to deliver outstanding robust application. You'll discover how to unit test your WP8 application and how to tune its performance.
Getting started with Windows Phone 7 and unit testMichele Capra
The document discusses unit testing for a Windows Phone 7 (WP7) application. It covers what unit tests are, how to write them, the difference between unit and integration tests, testing tools for WP7, an example of writing a first unit test, and maintaining a test suite. The example tests a view model class that checks an image ratio by testing different height and width values. Following an MVVM pattern allows writing testable code separate from the UI.
The document describes the typical application development lifecycle from initial requirements through long-term usage, including what the business needs, what they can afford, compromises made during design, how the specification changes over time, different perspectives of those involved, user testing, rollout, initial performance, user reactions, changes over the first five years of use, and critics' hypothetical alternatives.
The document provides information for a short horror film including a cast list, story overview, outline, technical details, and production notes. The story involves a boy named Ben who wakes up lost in the woods and is being followed by an unknown entity. As Ben tries to escape, he encounters a tall creature with an old sack over its head. The film ends with a police interview where a distraught Ben describes what he saw in the woods. Production details include a 2 minute runtime, 15 age rating, minimal props of a swing, homemade scarecrow costume, and shooting at night in a densely wooded location.
Este exercício visa melhorar a posse de bola. A equipe azul começa com a posse de bola na Zona A contra a equipe vermelha, que deve pressionar para recuperar a bola. Quando a equipe vermelha recuperar a bola, deve direcioná-la para a Zona B onde um jogador está posicionado, trocando os papéis: os azuis passam a defender e os vermelhos ficam com a posse. O exercício consiste em 1-5 séries de 8 minutos com 2 minutos de pausa entre cada.
Informe de Gestión Coordinación Nal Eliana Santos Echavarría octubre 2013Eliana Santos
El informe de gestión resume las actividades realizadas por la Coordinadora Nacional de la Red Colombiana de Semilleros de Investigación (RedCOLSI) entre 2012 y 2013. Durante este periodo se actualizó la situación legal de la organización, se ampliaron los sistemas de información, y se fortaleció el trabajo en red entre los diferentes nodos del país.
This very short document appears to be asking about house style but provides no other context or information to summarize in just 3 sentences. The document only contains the phrase "House style?" followed by repetitive text with no other details.
Selon la prévision, à partir du moi de Décembre, tous les touristes arrivant à la ville de Da Lat (Lam Dong) utiliseront l’Internet sans fil – wifi gratuit.
For decades, global development discussions predominantly revolved around the volume of aid given and received. But the 2002 Monterrey International Conference on Financing for Development broadened the focus of discussions to include the quality of the cooperation provided as a key determinant of progress. Both donors and recipients realized they needed to improve how aid was delivered to make it useful for beneficiaries. Oxfam has been actively involved in this debate, pushing for higher quality standards and aid that works for the people who need it most.1 In the years that followed, three High Level Fora on Aid Effectiveness were convened by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): in Rome (2003), in Paris (2005) and Accra (2008). Each forum marked a step forward. In Rome, donor and recipient countries were asked, for the first time, to focus their discussions exclusively on aid quality, with the result that they agreed to harmonize donor practices for improved performance.2 However, this approach left the essential contribution of recipient countries to aid effectiveness out of the equation and raised concerns that even harmonized approaches might undermine country ownership. The Paris forum acknowledged the need to include recipient governments in an ongoing dialogue on how to improve aid and shift the focus of the debate from effective donorship to effective partnership. Developing countries were invited to join the negotiating table on par with their cooperation providers.3 The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness4 committed signatories to respect and implement five basic principles: harmonization of donor policies and practices; alignment to national development strategies; mutual accountability; a focus on measuring and delivering results for people; and ownership of development cooperation. But, beyond making a list of good intentions, Paris also produced a clear scorecard to hold development partners accountable for what they were promising: a set of 12 indicators to measure progress in a number of crucial areas, such as the predictability of aid flows to developing country governments; the use of developing countries‟ financial and administrative systems; and the transfer of technical capacity to local staff. Each indicator included targets and a deadline to achieve them by 2010. Partners also agreed to monitor their own progress towards the governance commitments they made.
Financing and Impletementing the Post 2015 AgendaSDGsPlus
The document discusses financing and implementing the Post-2015 Development Agenda. It outlines major events defining the framework in 2015 and lessons learned from the MDGs. Effective partnerships, substantial and flexible finance, and good data are needed. The World Bank Group is well-positioned to help with implementation through finance and knowledge. It has aligned its structure with the SDGs and can leverage different sources of funding. Further work is needed on financing solutions, mobilizing private resources, financing global public goods, and improving data for development.
Funding the UN System on Development, Environment and Humanitarian reliefDr Lendy Spires
The document discusses issues with the current fragmented and unpredictable funding model for UN development work. Only 40% of UN development funding comes as core unearmarked contributions, while the majority is earmarked voluntary funding. This leads to management challenges, unclear accountability, and limits the UN's strategic decision making. The document proposes reforming UN funding to provide more predictable multi-year funding and increase the proportion of core unearmarked contributions. This would allow the UN to better fulfill its roles in development, setting global standards, and providing global public goods.
This document discusses using independent evaluation to help achieve development goals. It provides context on financing for development discussions since 2002 and the increased complexity with more development partners. It frames the current agenda which focuses on: 1) strengthening domestic public finance; 2) enabling private sector growth; and 3) leveraging jointly funded initiatives. The document aims to extract lessons from past evaluations on these topics to inform current efforts to transform development finance under the sustainable development goals. It focuses on financing challenges but also the importance of country ownership, policy frameworks and institutions for enabling development outcomes.
International development cooperation today emerging trends and debatesDr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes emerging trends in international development cooperation since major UN conferences in the 1990s set goals for poverty reduction, human rights, gender equality and sustainable development. It notes that funding to achieve these goals remains insufficient, and that while the Monterrey Consensus emphasized a holistic financing approach, debates have focused narrowly on aid quantity and quality over issues like social equity and human development. The UN aims to improve development cooperation through multilateral discussions reflecting diverse views and supporting country implementation of agreed commitments through UN agency programs. NGOs contribute expertise to these processes and advocate for new policy directions on issues like gender equality and human rights.
JUNE 2014
DACnews is designed to help development practitioners keep abreast of DAC work so that we can increase its reach and impact. We would very much appreciate your helping us to reach as wide an audience as possible by forwarding this sign-up link to people you feel may be interested.
Anything new in development?
Innovation is a frequently used word in development circles. And indeed, finding new ways of working – and creating broader partnerships – is increasingly important. This DACnews looks at several ways in which the DAC is innovating: by welcoming new members such as Iceland and the Czech Republic; by intensifying the dialogue on triangular co-operation; by looking at development co-operation from the receiving end and factoring in the e-revolution; and by deepening understanding of how to green development. It also celebrates 30 years of the DAC Evaluation Network.
Transparency: Changing the Accountability, Engagement and Effectiveness of Aiddbw001
Homi Kharas
Senior Fellow, Global Economy and Development
The Brookings Institution
October, 2010
Abstract
There is a consensus that transparency is vital for aid effectiveness. That’s the good news. The bad news is that this consensus has existed for many years, yet transparency is still considered inadequate. New tools have opened up opportunities for change and reduced the cost of providing information, but changes in agency culture and incentives and high-level leadership are still needed to make progress. In some instances, there is a fear of the exposure created by a commitment to transparency. In other instances, efforts to promote transparency have fizzled with high costs of reporting and little use of the information collected. As the number of institutions involved in development rises, the benefits and challenges of greater transparency rise. The old ideas of centralized, unique databases are giving way to new ideas of decentralized, real-time information that can be merged with other data, presented in compelling visual ways, validated and enriched with feedback from beneficiaries, and systematically used by a wide range of stakeholders. There are three big gaps in transparency. At the global level, data is needed on large new players like non-DAC and private donors. At the recipient country level, the gaps between needs and resources must be identified. Finally, accountability of recipient governments and donors can be strengthened through beneficiary feedback and project evaluation.
How to shape development cooperation the global partnership and the developme...Dr Lendy Spires
The document discusses two global platforms that shape development cooperation - the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (GPEDC) and the United Nations Development Cooperation Forum (DCF). It analyzes three models for how these platforms could function going forward: (1) maintaining the status quo of parallel platforms, (2) defining clear separate functions for each platform, or (3) merging the platforms into a single unified platform. The document argues the third option of a single merged platform would be most legitimate, effective, and relevant for coordinating development cooperation according to the post-2015 agenda.
This document provides an overview of financing trends and opportunities for achieving the 2030 Agenda. It discusses that meeting development needs will require unprecedented investments across many areas. While financing needs are high, opportunities exist to mobilize more public and private domestic and international financing sources. The development financing landscape is dynamic with many countries able to mobilize more domestic resources. New partners are emerging alongside traditional donors. Financing is also being used in more sophisticated ways through blended finance, green bonds, local currency lending, and innovative instruments. Overall, a diversity of approaches can leverage different sources of expertise and finance to support sustainable development.
This document summarizes the annual report of the UN Secretary-General's Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development. It discusses the progress made in advancing financial inclusion globally through national commitments and strategies, private sector innovation in financial products for the poor, and improved data and understanding of client needs. Key highlights include the G20 launching a financial inclusion peer learning program with 17 country commitments and the growing role of mobile banking in expanding access to financial services.
Introduction to the 6th Brussels Development BriefingEuforic Services
This document summarizes a briefing session on new drivers and players in rural development in African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries.
The briefing will discuss how the international aid landscape has changed rapidly with more donors, including new bilateral donors like China, India, and Brazil. Private actors like foundations and vertical funds are playing a larger role, as are civil society organizations. This proliferation of actors has led to challenges around aid fragmentation and coordination.
The session will examine opportunities and challenges presented by new actors in the global aid system through three panels on topics like approaches of emerging economies, coordination among donors, and accountability. Over 130 participants from ACP and EU countries will discuss trends in aid effectiveness and potential for multi-
New Actors and Global Development Cooperation Dr Lendy Spires
The global financial crisis has reinforced trends of shifting wealth and power in the world economy. One expression of this changing global context is the rising role of so-called ›new‹ actors as development assistance providers. The ›new actors‹ term is a convenient (though not entirely accurate) label to describe a heterogeneous group of state and non-state actors that OECD-DAC donors increasingly recognise as interesting partners for engagement. For many partner countries these new actors have provided a welcome source of additional development finance. In the context of this work programme, the global development players China, India, and Brazil, regional players such as Mexico and South Africa, private foundations and corporate philanthropies have all been included in this group. Yet the current landscape of development cooperation also extends beyond these actors to include states as diverse as Chile, Colombia, Egypt, Indonesia, Turkey, and Vietnam, to name a few examples.1 One starting assumption in this work package was that an improved knowledge base about the priorities and activities of new actors in developing countries is a prerequisite for designing more effective European strategies for engagement. Drawing on the pub-lications from the work package, this paper paints a general portrait of the development cooperation efforts of new actors and highlights issues to guide thinking on how to respond to their growing presence. The Development Cooperation Engagement of the New Actors As the salience of new actors has risen on the global development agenda, efforts to estimate the scale of resources committed to development cooperation have also in-creased. The attention given to particular actors is not necessarily always related to the volume of development financing they provide.
The document discusses financing for sustainable development and scaling up resources for better results. It notes that resources available to developing countries have been constrained and declining, and new financial instruments have yet to mobilize sufficient new funds. The OECD is promoting innovative financing approaches like blended finance and social impact investment to leverage private finance for development. Key opportunities discussed are shifting trillions in private resources towards sustainable development through blended finance models, linking investments to measurable impact, and transforming investments to be green. Strengthening collective efforts requires a focus on innovation, data transparency, and policies to shift resources at large scale from public and private sources for long-term sustainable development strategies.
Ashley Sheppard - Building the Canadian Advantage, IR-MRPAshley Sheppard
The document summarizes a study on how the Canadian government has used foreign aid to promote commercial interests abroad under the Harper government. It discusses two specific projects - the Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy and Development Finance Initiative - that illustrate this shift. The paper argues that the main objective of these programs is to advance Canadian commercial interests rather than development goals, demonstrating a lack of transparency and accountability that has reduced aid effectiveness.
The document summarizes UNCDF's annual report for 2013. It discusses UNCDF's work with partners to promote inclusive finance and local development finance in least developed countries. Key points include:
- UNCDF works with partners in 33 LDCs to provide investment capital and technical support to both public and private sectors.
- In 2013, UNCDF continued innovating in inclusive finance and local development finance, leveraging synergies between the two areas.
- UNCDF's unique mandate allows it to deliver high leverage from both public and private partners' investments in LDCs.
Un system task team on the post2015 un development agendaDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses objectives and goals for a global partnership on financing sustainable development beyond 2015. It identifies two main objectives: 1) Ensure policy coherence and coordination between different policy processes and institutions. 2) Improve the mobilization and allocation of resources for sustainable development across all relevant areas. It proposes concrete partnership goals in areas like mobilizing domestic public/private resources, external private resources, and external public resources to achieve these objectives. The document emphasizes the need for the partnership to address issues of international financial architecture and align economic policies with sustainability goals.
The document summarizes the key findings and conclusions from an evaluation of the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness from 2005. Some of the main points include:
1) While progress has been made on some targets, only 1 of 13 targets was met at the global level by 2010. Country ownership advanced the most while mutual accountability made the least progress.
2) The principles of the declaration remain relevant but have been implemented unevenly. Greater political commitment is still needed in many countries.
3) The evaluation found some positive contributions from aid reforms but also limitations when faced with entrenched issues like inequality. No single aid delivery method was found to be best.
4) Burdens of aid management have not
PAYING FOR ZERO: Global Development Finance and the Post-2015 AgendaDr Lendy Spires
This document discusses the financing needs for achieving sustainable development goals after 2015. It identifies several components of post-2015 development finance, including domestic public and private financing as well as international public and private financing. Official development assistance remains an important source of financing, especially for low-income countries, but domestic resource mobilization and private capital will also be crucial. A variety of financing sources will be needed to meet needs across different sectors. Public policies are needed to incentivize private investment at sufficient scale where it is desired. Overall financing requirements cannot yet be precisely estimated before post-2015 goals are set, but resources will need to align with goals to achieve them.
This document discusses the financing needs for achieving sustainable development goals after 2015. It identifies several components of post-2015 development finance, including domestic public and private financing as well as international public and private financing. Official development assistance remains crucial, especially for low-income countries, but domestic resource mobilization and private capital will also be important. A variety of financing sources are needed and should be seen as complements rather than substitutes. Ensuring adequate financing from all sources will be key to achieving post-2015 development goals.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
CAKE: Sharing Slices of Confidential Data on BlockchainClaudio Di Ciccio
Presented at the CAiSE 2024 Forum, Intelligent Information Systems, June 6th, Limassol, Cyprus.
Synopsis: Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. The data stored on the blockchain is replicated across all nodes in the network, ensuring accessibility to all participants. While this aspect facilitates traceability, integrity, and persistence, it poses challenges for adopting public blockchains in enterprise settings due to confidentiality issues. In this paper, we present a software tool named Control Access via Key Encryption (CAKE), designed to ensure data confidentiality in scenarios involving public blockchains. After outlining its core components and functionalities, we showcase the application of CAKE in the context of a real-world cyber-security project within the logistics domain.
Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
AI-Powered Food Delivery Transforming App Development in Saudi Arabia.pdfTechgropse Pvt.Ltd.
In this blog post, we'll delve into the intersection of AI and app development in Saudi Arabia, focusing on the food delivery sector. We'll explore how AI is revolutionizing the way Saudi consumers order food, how restaurants manage their operations, and how delivery partners navigate the bustling streets of cities like Riyadh, Jeddah, and Dammam. Through real-world case studies, we'll showcase how leading Saudi food delivery apps are leveraging AI to redefine convenience, personalization, and efficiency.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FME
Aid effectiveness cd
1. Aid effectiveness
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Aid effectiveness and Impact
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Aid effectiveness is the effectiveness of development aid in achieving economic or human
development (or development targets). Aid agencies are always looking for new ways to improve
aid effectiveness, including conditionality, capacity building and support for improved
governance.[1]
Contents
1 Historical background
2 Why effectiveness matters
3 Findings and critiques on aid effectiveness
o 3.1 Tied aid
4 Ways to improve aid effectiveness
o 4.1 Improving aid transparency and mutual accountability of donors and
recipients
5 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, February 2005
6 Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Accra, September 2008
7 Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Busan, South Korea, November 2011
8 The OECD's work on aid effectiveness
o 8.1 Development Assistance Committee's networks
9 The International Health Partnership's work on aid effectiveness
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Historical background
The international aid system was born out of the ruins of the Second World War, when the
United States used their aid funds to help rebuild Europe. The system came of age during the
Cold War era from the 1960s to the 1980s. During this time, foreign aid was often used to
2. support client states in the developing world. Even though funds were generally better used in
countries that were well governed, they were instead directed toward allies.
After the end of the Cold War, the declared focus of official aid began to move further towards
the alleviation of poverty and the promotion of development. The countries that were in the most
need and poverty became more of a priority. It is against this background that the international
aid effectiveness movement began taking shape in the late 1990s. Donor governments and aid
agencies began to realize that their many different approaches and requirements were imposing
huge costs on developing countries and making aid less effective. They began working with each
other, and with developing countries, to harmonize their work to improve its impact.
The aid effectiveness movement picked up steam in 2002 at the International Conference on
Financing for Development[2] in Monterrey, Mexico, which established the Monterrey
Consensus. There, the international community agreed to increase its funding for development—
but acknowledged that more money alone was not enough. Donors and developing countries
alike wanted to know that aid would be used as effectively as possible. They wanted it to play its
optimum role in helping poor countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals,[3] the set of
targets agreed by 192 countries in 2000 which aimed to halve world poverty by 2015. A new
paradigm of aid as a partnership, rather than a one-way relationship between donor and recipient,
was evolving.
In 2003, aid officials and representatives of donor and recipient countries gathered in Rome for
the High Level Forum on Harmonization.[4] At this meeting, convened by the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development[5] (OECD), donor agencies committed to work with
developing countries to better coordinate and streamline their activities at the country level. They
agreed to take stock of concrete progress before meeting again in Paris in early 2005.
In Paris, countries from around the world endorsed the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, a
more comprehensive attempt to change the way donor and developing countries do business
together, based on principles of partnership. Three years on, in 2008, the Third High Level
Forum[6] in Accra, Ghana took stock of progress and built on the Paris Declaration to accelerate
the pace of change. The principles agreed upon in the declarations are, however, not always
practiced by donors and multilateral bodies. In the case of Cambodia, two experts have assessed
donor misbehaviour.[7]
Efforts to improve aid effectiveness have gained significant momentum in the health sector, due
in large part to the work of the International Health Partnership (IHP+). Created in 2007, IHP+[8]
is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries.
These partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and
development cooperation into practice. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development
agencies, civil society and others to support a single, country-led national strategy in a wellcoordinated way.
Critiques of the impact of aid have become more vociferous as the global campaigns to increase
aid have gained momentum, particularly since 2000. There are those who argue that aid is never
effective. Most aid practitioners agree that aid has not always worked to its maximum potential
3. but that it has achieved significant impact when it has been properly directed and managed,
particularly in areas such as health and basic education. There is broad agreement that aid is only
one factor in the complex process needed for poor countries to develop and that economic
growth and good governance are prerequisites.
For aid to be maximized efficiently and most optimally, donations need to be directed to areas
such as local industries, franchises, or profit centers in third world countries. By doing so, these
actions can sustain health related spending and result in growth in the long run.[9]
The OECD has explored—through peer reviews and other work by the Development Assistance
Committee (DAC)—the reasons why aid has and has not worked. This has resulted in a body of
best practices and principles that can be applied globally to make aid work better. The ultimate
aim of aid effectiveness efforts today is to help developing countries build well functioning local
structures and systems so that they are able to manage their own development and reduce their
dependency on aid.
Why effectiveness matters
As recognized by the OECD's Working Party on Aid Effectiveness, at the beginning of the 21st
century it became apparent that promoting widespread and sustainable development was not only
about amounts of aid given, but also about how aid was given.[10]
Aid flows have significantly increased over the last decade, but at the same time aid has become
increasingly fragmented. There has been an explosion in the number of donors, and while the
number of projects has multiplied, their average size has dropped. Small projects being often
limited in size, scope and duration, they result in little lasting benefit beyond the immediate
impact.[11] With more players, aid has become less predictable, less transparent and more
volatile.[12]
Information, at the donors' as well at the recipients' level, is often poor, incomplete and difficult
to compare with other data, and beneficiaries' feedback and formal project evaluations are rare.
Aid is predictable when partner countries can be confident about the amount and the timing of
aid disbursement. Not being predictable has a cost: The deadweight loss associated with
volatility has ranged on average from 10% to 20% of a developing country's programmable aid
from the European Union in recent years.[13]
In the past decade, the aid environment has dramatically changed. Emerging economies (China,
India, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Turkey, Brazil, Venezuela, etc.), which are still receiving aid from
Western countries, have become donors themselves. Multinational corporations, philanthropists,
international NGOs and civil society have matured into major players as well. Even though the
rise of new development partners had the positive effect of bringing an increased variety of
financing, know-how and skills to the development community, at the same time it has shaken
up the existing aid system. This is particularly true in the case of emerging economies, as they do
not feel compelled to conform to traditional donors‘ norms.[14] Generally demanding
conditionality in return for assistance, which means tying aid to the procurement of goods and
services, they are challenging traditional development aid standards.[15]
4. The governance of aid presents itself as complex, bureaucratized and fragmented, with evident
diseconomies of numbers and coordination, which have meant an increase in transaction costs.
This is true for recipient countries, forced to neglect their domestic obligations to cope with
requests and meetings with donors[16] (given the lack of capacity at the country level and the
precedence given to responding to donor demands) but also for donors and, ultimately, for
beneficiaries. In fact, each project has fixed costs of design, negotiation and implementation,
which reduce dollars available for final beneficiaries.
Despite the fact that the international community addressed the effectiveness issue through the
Paris Declaration and the subsequent Accra Agenda for Action, the implementation of this
agenda has been difficult. Governments and aid agencies have made commitments at the
leadership level, but for the moment have done little more than pursuing top-down, aggregate
targets. Decades of development have shown that if countries are to become less dependent on
aid, they must follow a bottom-up approach, where they determine their own priorities and rely
on their own systems to deliver that aid.[17] There is broad consensus that aid could be managed
more effectively,[18] answering a call for program quality and accountability.[19]
With more than $2.3 trillion spent in foreign aid over the last half-century and no equivalent
impact in reducing poverty and conflict,[20] and new crisis such as the recent famine in the horn
of Africa,[21] this call becomes particularly desperate. The publication on September 21, 2011 of
the OECD-Development Assistance Committee's ―Aid Effectiveness 2005-2010: Progress in
Implementing the Paris Declaration‖ report, clearly demonstrates that only one out of the 13
targets established for 2010 was met.
The 4th High Level Forum (HLF) on Aid Effectiveness held in Busan, Korea, from November
29 to December 1, 2011, arrived at a crossroads in the context of international development
cooperation.[22] HLF-4 was expected to make recommendations on a future aid quality
framework, at least for the period up to the MDG date of 2015.[18]
Findings and critiques on aid effectiveness
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Micro-Macro Paradox
The major findings by Paul Mosley and others conclude that it is impossible to establish any
significant correlation between aid and growth rate of GNP in developing countries. One reason
for this is the fungibility and the leakage of the aid into unproductive expenditure in the public
sector.[23]
However, at a micro level, all donor agencies regularly report the success of most of their
projects and programs. This contrast is known as the micro-macro paradox.
5. Mosley‘s result was further confirmed by Peter Boone who argued that aid is ineffective because
it tends to finance consumption rather than investments. Boone also affirmed the micro-macro
paradox.
One challenge for assessing the effectiveness of aid is that not all aid is intended to generate
economic growth. Some aid is intended for humanitarian purposes; some may simply improve
the standard of living of people in developing countries.[24]
The micro-macro paradox has also been attributed to inadequate assessment practices. For
example, conventional assessment techniques often over-emphasize inputs and outputs without
taking sufficient account of societal impacts. The shortcomings of prevalent assessment practices
have led to a gradual international trend towards more rigorous methods of impact assessment.[25]
Dead Aid
Noted Zambian economist Dambisa Moyo has been a fierce opponent to development aid, and
calls it ―the single worst decision of modern developmental politics‖. Her book, Dead Aid
describes how aid has encouraged kleptocracies, corruption, aid-dependency and a series of
detrimental economic effects and vicious downward spirals of development in Africa. She argues
that foreign aid provides a windfall to governments which can encourage extreme forms of rentseeking and through providing a positive shock of revenue, lead to Dutch Disease. Furthermore,
this easy money offers governments an exit from the contract between them and their electorate:
the contract that states that they must provide public goods in exchange for taxes. In short, it
"allows the state to abdicate its responsibilities toward its people".[26] It is important to note that
Moyo is alludes specifically to government to government bilateral and multilateral aid and not
small-holder charity,humanitarian or emergency aid. Her prescriptions call for increased trade
and foreign direct investment, emphasizing China‘s burgeoning role in Africa.[27] Moyo also
makes a case for micro-financing schemes, as popularized by the widespread success of
Grameen Bank, to spark entrepreneurship within the continent on the ground level, thus building
from the bottom-up as opposed to the top-down approach aid takes.
Research by Burnside and Dollar (2000)
Burnside and Dollar provide empirical evidence that the impact of aid on GDP growth is positive
and significant in developing countries with "sound" institutions and economic policies (i.e. open
trade, fiscal and monetary discipline); but aid has less or no significant impact in countries with
"poor" institutions and policies. As economists at the World Bank, Burnside and Dollar
advocated selectivity in aid allocation. They argue that aid should be systematically allocated to
countries conditional on "good" policy.[28]
Burnside and Dollar‘s findings have been placed under heavy scrutiny since their publication.
Easterly and others re-estimated the Burnside and Dollar estimate with an updated and extended
dataset, but could not find any significant aid-policy interaction term. New evidence seems to
suggest that Burnside and Dollar‘s results are not statistically robust.[29]
How Aid Can Exacerbate Conflict in the Absence of Accountable Governance
6. Research by Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian present yet another case in which aid can be
poisonous in the absence of healthy institutions or accountable governance. In their paper, Aiding
Conflict: The Unintended Consequences of US Food Aid on Civil War, they establish a positive,
causal link between US food aid to African countries and the incidence of civil war.[30] Their
hypothesis reasons that food aid is fungible and a positive shock to government revenues, and so
this increases the returns to controlling government and therefore the incidence of civil war.
Food can also be easily monetized and used to fund conflict. The authors measured incidences of
insurgency and conflict in East and Central Africa and regressed it on data on food aid, using US
weather conditions as an instrumental variable and proxy for food aid. They found the results to
be positive and statistically significant.
Studies and Literature on Aid Effectiveness
One problem of the studies on aid is that there is a lack of differentiation between the different
types of aid. Some type of aids such as short-term aid do not have an impact on economic growth
while other aids used for infrastructure and investments will result in a positive economic
growth.
The emerging stories from aid-growth literature are that aid is effective under a wide variety of
circumstances and that nonlinearities in the impact of aid reduce the significance of the aidgrowth relationship. However, returns to aid show diminishing returns possibly because of
absorption capacity and other constraints. Also, geographically-challenged countries would
display lower effectiveness with respect to aid and that should be taken into account in
allocation.
Therefore, the challenge to aid allocation is to identify and eliminate the overriding institutional
and policy constraints that will reduce the impact of aid on growth. The real challenge is thus to
develop a framework of ‗growth and development‘ diagnostics to help identify the constraints.
Stefan Schmitz believes that reporting duties, results-orientated action and ongoing performance
assessments are essential for the sake of aid effectiveness, but political will must be already there
for this to happen.[31]
Aid has quadrupled in the last 25 years, with the majority of aid still coming from official
donors, and emerging giants such as China and India. In addition, money is being spent in
different ways, for example on global programmes to combat specific issues, such as the control
of malaria or measles. Overseas Development Institute work argues for a redress of the way in
which aid is provided through:
Redesigning aid architecture and improving aid effectiveness
Reforming public finance management
Strengthening resource allocation and use at sector and local levels
Improving national policy and planning processes[32]
Research on the Accra Agenda for Action and Paris Declaration
7. Research by the Overseas Development Institute based on in-person interviews with senior
politicians and government officials in Ethiopia, Sierra Leone and Zambia suggests that the
Accra Agenda for Action (AAA) and Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness's indicators are too
narrowly defined and lack depth.[33] The principles of "predictability" and "transparency" are
highlighted as lacking depth and important sub-dimensions not given enough emphasis, for
instance on adaptation to local contexts. The interviews revealed recipient governments felt
"predictability" meant donors should provide funding within the quarters scheduled, the Paris
Declaration work on an annual basis and makes no distinction between the first and fourth
quarter. Also mentioned, were the differences between pledges and actual commitments, the
need to speed up the approval process and the need to make explicit and achievable conditions
on the aid, to prevent withholding of funds when minor conditions are not fully achieved.
Transparency in the reasons for donors' decisions was also seen as very important, the need to be
'frank' about why less funding was disbursed than committed, why feedback from the recipient
government was not taken on board, and why a given percentage of funds was earmarked for
certain activities such as technical assistance (TA). The resulting conclusion from these
interviews and other studies is that repeatedly, the three most important issues for donor
recipients are:[34]
depth of commitment to development
responsiveness to country circumstances, and
support for recipient-driven policy
Those donor agencies highlighted by aid recipients as particularly attentive to these issues are the
African Development Bank (AfDB) and the World Bank, followed by the United Nations
Development Programme (UNDP) and the Asian Development Bank (AsDB).
Beyond aid
There are an increasing number of studies and literature that argue aid alone is not enough to lift
developing countries out of poverty. Whether or not aid actually has a significant impact on
growth, it does not operate in a vacuum. An increasing number of donor country policies can
either complement or hinder development, such as trade, investment, or migration. The
Commitment to Development Index published annually by the Center for Global Development is
one such attempt to look at donor country policies toward the developing world and move
beyond simple comparisons of aid given. It accounts for not only the quantity but the quality of
aid, penalizing nations that given large amounts of tied aid.
Rethinking the development aid model
With the rampant criticisms to aid, come a whole host of prescriptions for alternatives. Offered
up, are numerous ways in which countries can move forward without aid or with drastically
rethought ways of processing it. In African economist, James Shikwati‘s words, the ―African
problem is best solved by the African people‖. ―If aid was stopped, the political elites would be
the first casualties‖ [35] as their well of easy cash would dry up. The need for a solution to
Africa‘s problems would sharply rise and the benefits of entrepreneurship and trade would come
into focus. The need to build healthy institutions comes into play as well.
8. Noted Peruvian economist, Hernando De Soto, in his book, The Mystery of Capital also firmly
asserts that Africa already has the resource wealth it needs to pull itself out of poverty, it just
lacks the institutions that allow for the creation of wealth from these riches.[36] Poor
documentation of assets and the lack of property rights means that people cannot collateralize
their assets, for example, if a farmer inhabits a tract of land that has been in his family for
generations, in his view, for all intents and purposes, he owns the land. However he does not
possess a title deed to the land that clearly demarcates the borders of his ownership, this means
that he cannot put up this land as collateral to secure a loan. This simplistic example can help to
explain why investment (and therefore growth) is inhibited, the spirit of entrepreneurship may be
present, the tools to engage in it, however, are not. The answer therefore seems simple: create
such institutions that provide transparent documentation of assets and allows them to be
converted to liquidity with ease. In practice, however this may not be so simple and would
involve major overhauls in the bureaucratic fabric of a state. How aid can help to foster better
institutions then, becomes the main question.
Paul Collier, in The Bottom Billion, suggests a model he calls ―Independent Service Authorities‖.
These are organizations, independent from the government, that co-opt civil society to manage
aid and public money and incorporate the scrutiny of public opinion and NGOs to determine how
to maximize output from the expenditure of this money.[37]
William Easterly tells a story in The White Man’s Burden, where he says that helping the
approximate three million people infected with Malaria each year may not be as simple as
sending nets over to Africa. A lot of the time, these nets are diverted to the black market and
used for more entrepreneurial pursuits, for example, making fishing nets out of them. Easterly
does go on to report however that when schemes are introduced where mosquito nets are
available on the market for an affordable price, the usage of them increases drastically.[38] He
advocates the use of localized, tailored schemes like this to help the world‘s poor and discounts
ambitious overarching schemes that claim to be a complete panacea for poverty.
Dambisa Moyo devotes a whole section of her book, Dead Aid to rethinking the aid dependency
model. She cautions that although ―weaning governments off aid won‘t be easy‖,[39] it is
necessary. Primary among her prescriptions is a ―capital solution‖ where African countries must
enter the bond market to raise their capital for development, the interconnectedness that
globalization has provided, will turn other ―pools of money toward African markets in form of
mutual funds, hedge funds, pension schemes‖ etc.[40]
Although a bleak picture is painted of aid, with it comes room for new solutions and new ways
of thinking about development
Tied aid
Tied aid is defined as project aid contracted by source to private firms in the donor country. It
refers to aid tied to goods and services supplied exclusively by donor country businesses or
agencies. Tied aid increases the cost of assistance and has the tendency of making donors to
focus more on the commercial advancement of their countries than what developing countries
9. need. There are many ways aid can be designed to pursue the commercial objectives of donors.
One of such pervasive means is by insisting on donor country products.
Others have argued that tying aid to donor-country products is common sense; it is a strategic use
of aid to promote donor country‘s business or exports. It is further argued that tied aid if well
designed and effectively managed, it would not necessarily compromise the quality as well as the
effectiveness of aid.[41] However, this argument would hold particularly for programme aid,
where aid is tied to a specific projects or policies and where there is little or no commercial
interest. It must be emphasized, however, that commercial interest and aid effectiveness are two
different things, and it would be difficult to pursue commercial interest without compromising
aid effectiveness. Thus, the idea of maximizing development should be separated from the notion
of pursuing commercial interest. Tied aid improves donors export performance, creates business
for local companies and jobs. It also helps to expose firms, which have not had any international
experience on the global market to do so.[42]
Ways to improve aid effectiveness
The Paris Declaration embodied a new, broad consensus on what needs to be done to produce
better development results.[43] Its principles lay open the possible ways to undertake, which can
be interpreted also as the major objectives of good aid: fostering recipient countries' ownership
of development policies and strategies, maximizing donors' coordination and harmonization,
improving aid transparency and mutual accountability of donors and recipients, just to name a
few.[44]
Improving aid transparency and mutual accountability of donors and recipients
The Accra Agenda for Action states that transparency and accountability are essential elements
for development results, as well as drivers of progress.[45] Mutual accountability and
transparency is one of the five partnership commitments of the Paris Declaration.[46] Through
'transparency', donors and recipients can be held accountable for what they spend and aid can be
made more effective by knowing the three Ws of transparency:
Who gives money to which recipient?
What project is being funded and for what purpose? and
Where?[47]
Transparency offers a valuable answer to insecurity, making aid "predictable" and "reliable".
Transparency has been shown to improve service delivery and to reduce opportunities for
diversion and therefore corruption.[48]
Transparency can be defined as a basic expression of mutual accountability.[49] Mutual
accountability can only work if there is a global culture of transparency that demands provision
of information through a set of rules and behavioral norms, which are difficult to enforce in the
case of official development cooperation. In particular for emerging economy donors and private
development assistance, these norms are only at a nascent stage. Kharas[50] suggest to adopt the
"regulation through information" approach,[51] which as been developed and has proven its
10. effectiveness in the case of the European integration. In fact, at the international level, when the
enforcement of mandatory rules is difficult, the solution could be to provide and make available
transparent, relevant, accurate and reliable information, which can be used to reward or sanction
individual aid agencies according to their performances. This means establishing a strong culture
of accountability within aid, which rewards aid successes but penalizes failures.
To achieve this, literature on the topic[52] suggest that donors should agree on adopting a
standardized format for providing information on volume, allocation and results, such as the
International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), or other similar standards, and commit to
improve recipient countries' databases with technical, financial and informational support. The
format should be easily downloadable and with sufficient disaggregation to enable comparison
with other data. Making aid data public and comparable among donors, would be likely to
encourage a process of positive emulation towards a better usage of public funds. After all,
official development assistance (ODA) is a voluntary transfer that depends on the support of
donor country taxpayers. Donors should therefore consider improving the transparency and
traceability of aid funds also as a way of increasing engagement and support toward aid inside
their own country. Moreover, a generalized adoption of IATI would ensure the publication of aid
information in a timely way, the compatibility with developing countries' budgets and the
reliability of future projections, which would have a strong and positive impact on the
predictability of aid.[53]
Finally, to improve accountability while building evaluation capabilities in aid recipient
countries and systematically collecting beneficiaries‘ feedback, different mechanisms to evaluate
and monitor transparency should be considered, such as independent third-party reviews, peer
reviews or mutual reviews.[54]
Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, February 2005
In February 2005, the international community came together at the Paris High Level Forum on
Aid Effectiveness, hosted by the French government and organised by the OECD. The role of aid
in promoting development was attracting increasing public scrutiny in the run-up to the G8
Summit[55] in Gleneagles, Scotland, and the global campaigns such as Make Poverty History.[56]
While some progress had been made in harmonising the work of international aid donors in
developing countries, it was acknowledged that much more needed to be done. The aid process
was still too strongly led by donor priorities and administered through donor channels, making it
hard for developing countries to take the lead. Aid was still too uncoordinated, unpredictable and
un-transparent. Deeper reform was felt to be essential if aid was to demonstrate its true potential
in the effort to overcome poverty.
At the Paris meeting, more than 100 signatories—from donor and developing-country
governments, multilateral donor agencies, regional development banks and international
agencies—endorsed the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness.[57] The Paris Declaration went
much further than previous agreements; it represented a broader consensus among the
international community about how to make aid more effective. At its heart was the commitment
to help developing-country governments formulate and implement their own national
11. development plans, according to their own national priorities, using, wherever possible, their
own planning and implementation systems.
The Paris Declaration contains 56 partnership commitments aimed at improving the
effectiveness of aid. It lays out 12 indicators to provide a measurable and evidence-based way to
track progress, and sets targets for 11 of the indicators to be met by 2010. Some country-level aid
information management systems, such as the Development Assistance Database, are tracking
indicators based on the principles of the Paris Declaration for tracking aid effectiveness and
measuring donor performance.[58]
The Declaration is focused on five mutually reinforcing principles:
1. Ownership: Developing countries must lead their own development policies and
strategies, and manage their own development work on the ground. This is essential if aid
is to contribute to truly sustainable development. Donors must support developing
countries in building up their capacity to exercise this kind of leadership by strengthening
local expertise, institutions and management systems. The target set by the Paris
Declaration is for three-quarters of developing countries to have their own national
development strategies by 2010.
2. Alignment: Donors must line up their aid firmly behind the priorities outlined in
developing countries‘ national development strategies. Wherever possible, they must use
local institutions and procedures for managing aid in order to build sustainable structures.
In Paris, donors committed to make more use of developing countries‘ procedures for
public financial management, accounting, auditing, procurement and monitoring. Where
these systems are not strong enough to manage aid effectively, donors promised to help
strengthen them. They also promised to improve the predictability of aid, to halve the
amount of aid that is not disbursed in the year for which it is scheduled, and to continue
to ―untie‖ their aid from any obligation that it be spent on donor-country goods and
services.
3. Harmonisation: Donors must coordinate their development work better amongst
themselves to avoid duplication and high transaction costs for poor countries. In the Paris
Declaration, they committed to coordinate better at the country level to ease the strain on
recipient governments, for example by reducing the large numbers of duplicate field
missions. They agreed on a target of providing two-thirds of all their aid via so-called
―programme-based approaches‖ by 2010. This means aid is pooled in support of a
particular strategy led by a recipient country—a national health plan for example—rather
than fragmented into multiple individual projects.
4. Managing for results: All parties in the aid relationship must place more focus on the
result of aid, the tangible difference it makes in poor people‘s lives. They must develop
better tools and systems to measure this impact. The target set by the Paris Declaration is
for a one-third reduction by 2010 in the proportion of developing countries without solid
performance assessment frameworks to measure the impact of aid.
5. Mutual accountability: Donors and developing countries must account more transparently
to each other for their use of aid funds, and to their citizens and parliaments for the
impact of their aid. The Paris Declaration says all countries must have procedures in
place by 2010 to report back openly on their development results.
12. A first round of monitoring of the 12 Paris Declaration indicators was conducted in 2006 based
on activities undertaken in 2005 in 34 countries. A second survey was organised in early 2008 in
which 54 developing countries examined progress against the targets at country level. This 2008
Survey covers more than half all the official development assistance delivered in 2007—nearly
USD$45 billion. The evidence so far suggests that progress has been made.
For example, more than one third of developing countries surveyed had improved their systems
for managing public funds; almost 90% of donor countries had untied their aid; and technical
cooperation is more in line with developing countries‘ own development programmes. Despite
these improvements, however, the results of the Survey show that the pace of progress remains
too slow to reach the targets set in 2010. In particular, although many countries have made
significant efforts to strengthen their national systems (for instance by improving how they
manage their public funds), in many cases donors are still reluctant to use them.
The predictability of aid flows also remains low (with just over a third of aid disbursed on
schedule), thereby making it hard—or impossible—for governments to plan ahead. In summary,
whilst some progress has been made there are still many areas where the pace of change must be
accelerated if the targets set for 2010 are to be reached. In addition to the data from the
monitoring survey a useful way of understanding donor and recipient country performance is to
examine donor and recipient country self-assessments, donor evaluations and Development
Assistance Committee Peer Reviews.
In some quarters, the Paris Declaration is almost synonymous with aid effectiveness; it is
expected that aid will be effective and achieve development outcomes when the principles are
observed for government sector aid. However, there continue to be criticisms and alternative
views, particularly from non-government aid organisations. Implementation of the Paris
Declaration still needs to be significantly stepped up, according to the results of the 2008
Monitoring Survey. Concrete targets set for 2010 (such as an increased proportion of aid to be
untied; establishment of "mutual accountability" mechanisms in aid recipient countries; and for
two-thirds of aid to be delivered in the context of so-called programme approaches rather than
projects) may be difficult to meet. Independent NGOs, such as Eurodad, also release their own
evaluations, showing that the Declaration is not being implemented as planned. The Overseas
Development Institute has specified that better monitoring of the relationship between the Paris
Principles and development results at sector level is necessary.[59]
Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Accra,
September 2008
The Third High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness (HLF-3) was held in Accra, Ghana from
September 2–4, 2008. Its aim was to build on the work of the two previous meetings, in Rome
and Paris, to take stock of progress so far, and to accelerate the momentum of change. The
Forum was attended by senior ministers from more than 100 countries, as well as representatives
of multilateral aid institutions such as the European Commission (EuropeAid), the World Bank,
the United Nations (UN), private foundations and civil society organisations. It was the first of
three major international aid conferences in 2008, all aimed at speeding up progress toward the
13. Millennium Development Goals. It was followed by the United Nations High Level Event[60] on
the MDGs in New York on 25 September and the Follow-up International Conference on
Financing for Development[61] in Doha, Qatar, 29 November-2 December.
The Accra Forum took place against a rapidly changing international aid landscape. Donor
countries such as China and India are becoming increasingly important and there are more global
programmes and funds that channel aid to tackle specific problems, such as the Global Fund to
Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.[62] Private funding sources such as the Bill and Melinda
Gates Foundation[63] are becoming major players, and civil society groups are increasingly
active. The new players bring substantial new resources and expertise to the aid process, but
increase the complexity developing countries face in managing aid. The HLF-3 aims to
encourage the formation of broad aid partnerships, based on the principles of the Paris
Declaration, that will encompass all players.
The Accra meeting was different from its predecessors in that developing countries played a
more active role in the preparations and the agenda. Some 80 developing countries took part in
the regional preparatory events. Fifty-four developing countries participated in the OECD‘s 2008
Survey of progress against the Paris Declaration targets. Civil society is increasingly involved in
discussions of aid effectiveness; globally, more than 300 civil society groups, including grass
roots groups, were involved in consultations in the lead-up to the Accra meeting.
There is broad acknowledgement that new global challenges, such as rising food and fuel prices
and climate change, bring added urgency to efforts to make aid as effective as possible. On the
first two days of the HLF-3, there was a series of nine Roundtables covering the key issues in aid
effectiveness, from country ownership to managing aid in situations of conflict and fragility. On
the third day of the Forum, ministers endorsed the Accra Agenda for Action (AAA).[64] This
ministerial statement has been developed with support from a multi-national consensus group
working under the auspices of the OECD‘s Working Party on Aid Effectiveness.[65]
Attention is being focused on stepping up progress toward the commitments outlined in the Paris
Declaration by committing signatories to accelerating the pace of change by focusing on key
areas that should enable them to meet the 2010 targets agreed in Paris. Drawing on evidence
from the latest evaluations, the 2006 and 2008 Surveys on Monitoring the Paris Declaration and
on in-depth contributions from developing countries, the AAA identifies three main areas where
progress toward reform is still too slow.
1. Country ownership. The Accra Agenda for Action says developing-country governments
still need to take stronger leadership of their own development policies and engage
further with their parliaments and citizens in shaping them. Donors must commit to
supporting them by respecting countries‘ priorities, investing in their human resources
and institutions, making greater use of their systems to deliver aid, and further increasing
the predictability of aid flows.
2. Building more effective and inclusive partnerships. The Accra Agenda for Action aims to
incorporate the contributions of all development players—middle-income countries,
global funds, the private sector, civil society organisations—into more inclusive
partnerships. The aim is for all the providers of aid to use the same principles and
14. procedures, so that all their efforts are coherent and have greater impact on reducing
poverty.
3. Achieving development results—and openly accounting for them. The Accra Agenda for
Action says the demonstration of impact must be placed more squarely at the heart of
efforts to make aid more effective. There is a strong focus on helping developing
countries to produce stronger national statistical and information systems to help them
better monitor and evaluate impact. More than ever, citizens and taxpayers of all
countries expect to see the tangible results of development efforts. In the AAA,
developing countries commit to making their revenues, expenditures, budgets,
procurements and audits public. Donors commit to disclosing regular and timely
information on their aid flows.
The Accra Agenda for Action sets out a list of commitments for its signatories, building on those
already agreed in the Paris Declaration. It asks the OECD‘s Working Party on Aid Effectiveness
to continue monitoring progress on implementing the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda
for Action and to report back to the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in December
2011. Many donor and recipient governments will have to make serious changes if the AAA‘s
aims are to be fulfilled. The fact that ministers have signed up to these changes in Accra makes
the AAA a political document—rather than a technocratic prescription—to move from business
as usual to a new way of working together.
Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, Busan,
South Korea, November 2011
The Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness was held in Busan, South Korea from 29
November 2011 to 1 December 2011. The forum brought together political leaders, government
representatives, parliamentarians, civil society organisations and private sector representatives
from both developing and donor countries.
The forum sought to assess progress in improving the quality of aid against the agreed
commitments and share global experiences in delivering the best results; and agreed upon a
document to further the effectiveness of aid and development efforts and pursuit of the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
South Korea held a large stake in the forum. It is a shining example of a country that has
transformed from a net aid recipient to a net aid donor. The holding of the forum in Busan
allowed South Korea to share its own development experience, which has attracted a
considerable amount of research in the country since 2008.[66] Since Busan, a number of
independent commentators such as the European Centre for Development Policy Management
have noted that much needs to be done to translate commitments into action.[67]
At the forum in Busan the decision was made to have the Global Partnership for Effective
Development take over at the end of June 2012. Talaat Abdel-Malek, who formerly chaired the
OECD/DAC Working Party on Aid Effectiveness, explains the structure of the new GP in the
magazine Development and Cooperation.[68]
15. The OECD's work on aid effectiveness
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is the main coordinating body
for the international community‘s efforts to make aid more effective. The OECD‘s work on aid
effectiveness is undertaken by its Development Assistance Committee, known as the DAC.
Hosted by the DAC, the Working Party on Aid Effectiveness[65] (WP-EFF) is the major
international forum where developing countries join with multilateral and bilateral donors to
work on improving the effectiveness of aid. It was set up in May 2003 to promote the global
partnership for development agreed at the 2002 Financing for Development Conference in
Monterrey and to accelerate progress toward the Millennium Development Goals. It is the body
responsible for organising the Third High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Accra in
September 2008.
The Working Party on Aid Effectiveness‘ primary function is to measure and encourage progress
in implementing the commitments of the 2005 Paris Declaration and provide guidance on policy
and good practice. The Working Party comprises senior policy advisers from the 23 DAC
members, 23 developing countries and 11 multilateral organisations. It has a unique ―tripartite‖
chairing arrangement, including representatives of a bilateral donor organisation, a multilateral
organization and a developing-country partner. This reflects the partnership commitments
embodied in the Paris Declaration. The WP-EFF also engages actively with civil society
organisations. In order to effectively cover its broad mandate, it has established a number of
Joint Ventures to examine particular areas of interest, including monitoring the Paris Declaration,
public financial management, procurement, and managing for development results.
In addition to the work of the WP-EFF, the DAC tackles aid effectiveness issues through its
other working parties and regular activities.
The DAC maintains and makes available unique and definitive statistics on the global aid effort.
Its Working Party on Statistics[69] tracks official development assistance over time, providing a
firm basis for analytical work on aid trends and for assessments of aid effectiveness. Beyond the
traditional OECD aid donors, its data collection also includes other official and private flows to
developing countries.
One of the DAC‘s important tasks is to conduct regular peer reviews of its members‘
development policies, strategies and activities. Each year, the DAC conducts regular peer
reviews of four or five of its members. These reviews look at how members are putting into
practice the policy work carried out by the DAC, and how they are responding to international
commitments and to their own national goals. These reviews are designed to encourage positive
change, support mutual learning and raise the overall effectiveness of aid throughout the donor
community.
16. Development Assistance Committee's networks
Other aid effectiveness work is carried out by the DAC‘s networks—global foray that bring
together experts.
The Network on Development Evaluation[70] supports robust, informed and independent
evaluation of aid activities. This Network promotes joint reviews of the effectiveness of aid, such
as the Evaluation of the Implementation of the Paris Declaration. It also works to improve the
standards and norms used in evaluations. The 30 Evaluation Network members include heads of
evaluation from all DAC member countries and from the African Development Bank (AfDB),
Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)
and the World Bank.
The DAC‘s Network on Gender Equality,[71] GENDERNET, produces practical tools to help
integrate gender equality and women‘s empowerment into all aspects of development cooperation. It is currently focusing on the implementation of the Paris Declaration, designing a set
of guiding principles to show how women‘s empowerment can be clearly integrated into aid
effectiveness efforts to increase their impact.
The Network on Environment and Development Co-operation,[72] ENVIRONET, promotes and
facilitates the integration of environment and climate change into all aspects of development cooperation, as called for by the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action. Building on
lessons learned and best practices, the Network works towards enhancing policy co-ordination
and coherence to achieve more rapid progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and
creating a successful shift towards ―green growth‖.
The DAC‘s Network on Poverty Reduction,[73] POVNET, promotes economic growth for
poverty reduction, stressing the importance of both the rate and the pattern of growth, and works
to ensure that growth is broad-based and inclusive. Subjects of workshops held by this network
have included applying Paris Declaration principles in agriculture and infrastructure.
The Network on Governance and Capacity Development,[74] GOVNET, helps donors to be more
effective in supporting democratic governance. It offers a forum to exchange experiences and
lessons, identify and disseminate good practice, and develop policy and analytical tools. It has
produced important publications on themes such as fighting corruption, building institutions and
ensuring human rights are placed at the centre of aid effectiveness efforts.
The Network on Situations of Conflict and Fragility[75] brings together experts on governance
and conflict prevention from bilateral and multilateral development co-operation agencies,
including the EC, the UN system, the IMF, the World Bank and regional banks. It helps to
improve development co-operation and coherent international action in situations where the
Millennium Development Goals are undermined by threats of violent conflict, human insecurity,
fragility, weak governance and instability.
The DAC also works on emerging issues in aid effectiveness. In 2008, it published the first in a
new series of yearly surveys to tackle two major information gaps that hinder increased aid
17. effectiveness: future spending intentions of donors, and the proliferation of aid donors. The
results of these surveys will help donors make more informed decisions about where they should
focus their aid, and to improve aid predictability at the country level. New analyses of historical
information are also showing where there is donor fragmentation within a country, prompting
donors to seek a better division of labour amongst themselves.
The DAC is working to build recognition among the development community that trade is an
important tool for development. Its aim is to increase support for ―aid for trade‖ activities—aid
that helps build poor countries‘ capacity to trade successfully. Experts from the DAC and the
OECD Trade Committee are disseminating evidence of trade‘s impact on development and
creating an analytical toolbox for improving the design and implementation of aid-for-trade
programmes. This includes strengthening the application of the Paris Declaration principles to
trade-related aid activities.
The International Health Partnership's work on aid
effectiveness
The International Health Partnership (IHP+) is a group of national governments, development
partners, civil society and others committed to improving the health of citizens in developing
countries. The initiative was launched in September 2007, bringing together 26 signatories to
sign a Global Compact[76] for achieving the health Millennium Development Goals. As of May
2012, 56 signatories have signed the Global Compact. The partnership is jointly administered by
the World Health Organization and the World Bank.
Improving health and health services is a complex task in any country. It involves coordination
between governments, health workers, civil society, parliamentarians and other stakeholders. In
developing countries, money for health comes from both domestic and external resources. This
means governments must work with a range of international development partners. These are
increasing in number, use different funding streams and have diverse bureaucratic demands. As a
result, efforts can become fragmented and resources can be wasted.
IHP+ puts international principles for aid effectiveness and development cooperation set forth in
the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, Accra Agenda for Action and Busan Partnership for
Effective Development Co-operation into practice in the health sector by encouraging wide
support for a single national health strategy or plan, a single monitoring and evaluation
framework, and a strong emphasis on mutual partner accountability. The Partnership aims to
build confidence between all in-country stakeholders whose activities affect health.
See also
Development Assistance Committee
Development Assistance Database
Eurodad
G8+5
Humanitarian Response Index
18. International Aid Transparency Initiative
International Health Partnership
Monterrey Consensus
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