Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
Keywords: Microfinance, Standard of Living, Saving Deposits, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius
FULL TITLE:
Learning to Plan for Institutional Financial Self-Sufficiency While Reaching the Poorest Families
ROOM: Shimba Hills
FACILITATED BY:
Beatrice Sabana, independent consultant
Contribution of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation in BangladeshRoksana Aftab Ruhi
This is my second online publicaation which is published in preprint.com.This study is developed by descriptive analysis based on secondary data. After the analysis of collected data and information, it shows evidence that practically microcredit can be considered as an effective tool for poverty reduction in developing countries like Bangladesh. To be more ensure that how much and how the microcredit really reduces poverty, further study and research should be carried out in future.
Insurance is one of the emerging concepts in the recent period which involves huge investments in
Socio economic developments. The term "Micro insurance" first appeared as a new financial
service within microfinance and then developed into a sector of its own. Hence this paper discusses
the concepts of micro insurance in general.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Microfinance is gradually acknowledged as an effective tool of poverty reduction in the developing countries. This is because microfinance service providers play a significant role of ensuring access to financial services for the poorest segments of the society. The present study links financial performance with outreach to examine mission drift concern in the transformed
The Role of Microfinance Banks in Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria–A Study of S...Gabriel Ken
The broad objective of this study was to examine the operations of microfinance
banks in Anambra State and to assess their contribution to poverty alleviation. A
total of 140 randomly selected customers and officials of 14 purposively selected
microfinance banks from the three geo-political zones of Anambra State.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
Keywords:PS2O, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm, Genetical Swarm Optimization, Reactive Power Optimization.
Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indian Higher Education: Issues an...paperpublications3
Abstract: India is the highest county in number of universities which constitutes more than seven hundred universities including private, public and semi sectors. Despite India have more institutions and strategies for higher education still Indian education is not competitive and performing infancy stage as compared to world class level. Education has pivotal role in national building and moulding superb wings of human recourse. Every country is spending much amount for enhancement of education. CSR, as a strategic practice, is a key to organizational success because it is one of the few practices that can positively impact all three elements of the Triple Bottom Line (Economic, Social, Environment), contributing to a healthy bottom line and long-term sustainability. Some Indian companies have always strong philanthropic activities and target to education sector as the part of CSR, many initiatives are executed by corporate in partnership with Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who are well versed in working with the local communities and are experts in tackling specific social problems. As per schedule –VII of company bill 2012, promotion of education is considered as CSR policy of company, even though some high profiled companies running their institutions for profit making by markatising the education. So this paper explains prospects and challenges on both the social and corporate managerial perspective. This study tries investigates the role of educational institutions and companies to surpass the CSR for creating best human capital and also explores the significances of CSR for promoting education and various initiatives of companies in education sector as a corporate responsibility to expansion education.
Keywords: CSR, Higher education, CSR initiatives by various companies & challenges.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
FULL TITLE:
Learning to Plan for Institutional Financial Self-Sufficiency While Reaching the Poorest Families
ROOM: Shimba Hills
FACILITATED BY:
Beatrice Sabana, independent consultant
Contribution of Micro Finance on Poverty Alleviation in BangladeshRoksana Aftab Ruhi
This is my second online publicaation which is published in preprint.com.This study is developed by descriptive analysis based on secondary data. After the analysis of collected data and information, it shows evidence that practically microcredit can be considered as an effective tool for poverty reduction in developing countries like Bangladesh. To be more ensure that how much and how the microcredit really reduces poverty, further study and research should be carried out in future.
Insurance is one of the emerging concepts in the recent period which involves huge investments in
Socio economic developments. The term "Micro insurance" first appeared as a new financial
service within microfinance and then developed into a sector of its own. Hence this paper discusses
the concepts of micro insurance in general.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Microfinance is gradually acknowledged as an effective tool of poverty reduction in the developing countries. This is because microfinance service providers play a significant role of ensuring access to financial services for the poorest segments of the society. The present study links financial performance with outreach to examine mission drift concern in the transformed
The Role of Microfinance Banks in Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria–A Study of S...Gabriel Ken
The broad objective of this study was to examine the operations of microfinance
banks in Anambra State and to assess their contribution to poverty alleviation. A
total of 140 randomly selected customers and officials of 14 purposively selected
microfinance banks from the three geo-political zones of Anambra State.
Abstract:Reactive Power Optimization is a complex combinatorial optimization problem involving non-linear function having multiple local minima, non-linear and discontinuous constrains. This paper presents PS2O, which extends the dynamics of the canonical PSO algorithm by adding a significant ingredient that takes into account the symbiotic co evolution between species, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm (HECA) that uses the abilities of evolutionary and conventional algorithm and Genetical Swarm Optimization (GSO), combines Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).All the above said algorithms is used to overcome the Problem of premature convergence. PS2O, HECA , GSO is applied to Reactive Power Optimization problem and is evaluated on standard IEEE 57, practical 191 test Bus Systems. The results shows that all the three algorithms perform well in solving the reactive power problem and prevent premature convergence to high degree but still keep a rapid convergence. Of all the three PS2O has the edge in reducing the real power loss when compared to HECA & GSO.
Keywords:PS2O, Hybrid Evolutionary-Conventional Algorithm, Genetical Swarm Optimization, Reactive Power Optimization.
Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Indian Higher Education: Issues an...paperpublications3
Abstract: India is the highest county in number of universities which constitutes more than seven hundred universities including private, public and semi sectors. Despite India have more institutions and strategies for higher education still Indian education is not competitive and performing infancy stage as compared to world class level. Education has pivotal role in national building and moulding superb wings of human recourse. Every country is spending much amount for enhancement of education. CSR, as a strategic practice, is a key to organizational success because it is one of the few practices that can positively impact all three elements of the Triple Bottom Line (Economic, Social, Environment), contributing to a healthy bottom line and long-term sustainability. Some Indian companies have always strong philanthropic activities and target to education sector as the part of CSR, many initiatives are executed by corporate in partnership with Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who are well versed in working with the local communities and are experts in tackling specific social problems. As per schedule –VII of company bill 2012, promotion of education is considered as CSR policy of company, even though some high profiled companies running their institutions for profit making by markatising the education. So this paper explains prospects and challenges on both the social and corporate managerial perspective. This study tries investigates the role of educational institutions and companies to surpass the CSR for creating best human capital and also explores the significances of CSR for promoting education and various initiatives of companies in education sector as a corporate responsibility to expansion education.
Keywords: CSR, Higher education, CSR initiatives by various companies & challenges.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ENZYMES INVOVED IN HORMONAL REGULATION IN FISH (Cypr...paperpublications3
Abstract: In situ changes in the enzymes i.e.∆5 3β- Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, Peroxidase,Cytochrome oxidase, Acid and Alkaline phosphatases and lipids in the Interrenal Gland and Ovary at different stages of reproductive cycle in fish, Cyprinus carpio had been studied.Peroxidase appears to be involved in the biosynthetic machinery controlling corticosteroidogenesis. Peroxidase and Cytochrome oxidase would also seem to transform adrenocortical cells and hypertrophied theca interna into highly oxidative compartments of the adrenal and ovary which attributes to the oxidation of pregnenolone to progesterone and corticosteroids towards maturation and ovulation of the oocyte from the ovary.
Abstract:In a typical keyed shaft connection where shock or reversing loads are to be transmitted, the clearance between key and keyway required for fitting is a serious disadvantage. The impact loads, generate a continuous pounding between key and keyway. This pounding frequently leads to shaft failures. The present project work presents a Keyless coupling. The device provides an ultimate solution by incorporating all the advantages of interference fits, while eliminating mounting and removal problems. Analysis is carried using ANSYS. The obtained results are compared with standard values. The standard values are taken for RINGFEDER catalog. The keyless data is taken from RINGFEDER. Here it has made an attempt in analyzing keyless coupling. From the results it can be concluded that keyless coupling is most suitable.
Keywords:coefficient of thermal expansion, interference fit, virtual shrink, Contact surface, wedge principle.
Abstract: Passive liquid water recovery from fuel cell effluent can be achieved by designing effective desiccant. Recovered water from desiccant is used for humidification of proton exchange membrane (PEM) to maintain at hydrated state. Proper membrane humidity is crucial to ensure optimal operation of a PEM to generate electricity. In this study a desiccant called water separator is designed, it works without consuming any external energy. The main aim of designing a component is to recover liquid water from hundred percent humidified air (vapour) which is coming out from cathode compartment of fuel stack and it is further used for humidifying the oxidant before entering the stack inlet. The self-sufficient water in vapour is investigated theoretically and experimentally. When the water separator temperature reached the critical point especially in large power applications or long time operation, recovered water was not sufficient for air humidification. On the contrary, it is sufficient while the temperature of water separator was below critical line. The temperature of separator is controlled by providing adequate heat transfer. The recovered amount of water by condensing the outlet gas or vapour to a proper temperature, easily satisfy required amount for humidification of oxidant at inlet of stack.
Keywords:cell stack, Proton exchange membrane, Humidification, Vapour, Liquid water recovery.
Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Response to Deficit Irrigationpaperpublications3
Abstract: An experiment was conducted with the objective to identify the level of deficit irrigation which allows achieving optimal yield and investigate the effect of deficit irrigation practice on spearmint (Mentha Spicata L.) yield and yield components. The experiment was conducted at Koka research station of Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia latitude 8O26’, longitude 39O2’ and altitude 1602masl for two years (2011/2012 and 2012/2013 dry season). Nine treatments three level of irrigation water amount percentage based on evapo-transpiration of the crop (ETc) (100%ETc, 75%ETc and 50%ETc) and three types of furrow irrigation water application method (alternate furrow, fixed furrow and conventional furrow) were used in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. The pooled mean of two year data showed different level of deficit irrigation had a significant effect (p<0.05)><0.01) variation among treatments due to deficit irrigation on dry biomass yield per hectare, dry leaf yield per hectare, essential oil yield per hectare and water use efficiency. However, different deficit irrigation level had no significant influence on wet harvesting index. The highest fresh biomass, dry biomass, fresh leaf, dry leaf and essential oil yield per harvesting cycle of 12093kg/ha, 3746kg/ha, 8133kg/ha, 2441.1kg/ha and 37.0kg/ha respectively was obtained due to 100%ETc with conventional furrow application method. Moreover, the highest water use efficiency of 16.3x10-3kg/m3 was achieved due to deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with alternate furrow irrigation water application method. The study showed that the best treatment is deficit irrigation to 50%ETc with conventional furrow application method which had no significant variation with treatments that showed higher yields of spearmint including water use efficiency.
Keywords: Alternate furrow, conventional furrow, deficit irrigation, fixed furrow, spearmint.
Comparing the effect of PI and I controllers on a four tank processpaperpublications3
Abstract:In industrial control systems the liquid level is carrying its significance as the control action for level control in tanks containing different chemicals or mixtures is essential for further control linking set points. In this paper we will investigate the effect of PI and I controllers on a four tank process and will compare this controllers together. We want to know how much is the effect of, I and PI controllers on a process control. For more clarification we simulate the effect of PI and I controllers on this system.
Keywords:PI controller, I controller, four tank process, Level control, Coupled water tanks.
Dry Matter Yield and Agronomic Performance of Herbaceous Legumes Intercropped...paperpublications3
Abstract: The study was conducted at the two trial sites (Cheffa and Sirinka) of Sirinka Agricultural Research Center which represents the low and mid altitude agro ecologies of the eastern Amhara region to identify legume species that would have best compatibility with Napier grass and to examine the DM herbage yield of mixed cultures of legumes and Napier grass. Seven adaptable and recommended perennial herbaceous legume species (Desmodium unicinatum, Macrotyloma axillare, Clitoria ternatea, Macroptilium atropurpreum, Stylosanthes guianensis, Stylosanthes hamata and Medicago sativa) were intercropped with recommended Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Acc. No. 14984 for the areas were included in the study. With in the three years experimental periods a total of six and four harvests, with an average harvesting interval of 135 and 206.75 days were obtained at Cheffa and Sirinka trial site, respectively. The agronomic performances of legumes among intercropped treatments and during each harvesting stages, respectively were significantly (P<0.001)><0.01)><0.05)><0.001) in advancement of harvesting stages. As the study result indicates, intercropping Napier grass with herbaceous legumes has significant advantage than growing Napier grass solely in increasing the DM yield harvested. Therefore, among the tested legumes and Napier grass combinations, intercropping Stylosanthes guianensis with Napier grass was found to be the best for its compatibility and higher Napier total (leaf + stem), legume and both (Legume + Napier) DM yields at each (Cheffa and Sirinka) trial site. Therefore, we recommend this combination for future use. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of legume intercropping on herbage quality and soil fertility improvement, and the economic advantage of legumes and Napier intercropping.
Impact of Computers’ Implementation on Administration Use in Public Secondary...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to establish the impact of computer implementation on administration use in public secondary schools in Nyamira North District.t. The objectives of this study were to; determine how computers were utilized, determine how the impact of computers was rated among the principals; HODs (Head of Department) bursars and librarians. The study utilized descriptive survey design. The researcher used four tools for data collection: principals’, HOD’s, Bursar’s and librarians’ questionnaire. The target population was 40 public secondary schools from where a sample of 12 schools was purposively obtained. The data were collected by the researcher by administering the tools himself. The data analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Sciences) and Chi-square was used to determine the level of significance of the impact of computer. The study found that only two schools in Nyamira North use computers in accounts offices and the library. It was also found that all management offices were inadequately prepared in use of computer skills. In the principals’ offices, it was found that computers were mainly used for clerical jobs such as typing letters. Bursars used the computers to receive fees, pay vouchers, and prepare budgets and balance sheets. Librarians used computers to issue books, receive books, trace books and locate them on the shelves. The impact of computers were found to be great because they made work easier as they could detect and correct errors, store large volumes of work, edit documents and produce accurate reports. In accounts, computers had a great impact by availing up to date records and speeded work. In the library computers have a great impact in tracing books on loan, receiving and issuing books and locating books on the shelves hence guarding against loss of books?
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Keywords: Causality, Economic Growth, Energy consumption, Energy Conservation Policy, Error correction Model, Per Capita GDP.
Mitigating Factors, and Factors Militating against Teacher’s Utilization of I...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study highlights on the findings of a survey study which was done in some schools within one of the sub-counties in Kenya. Evidence has been collected through a literature review, teacher questionnaires and interviews. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the existing factors that support or hinder teachers from utilizing ICTs in their classrooms despite having them. This study was guided by the theory of Technology acceptance model by Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw, (1989).The study reviewed literature on the importance of the use of ICTs in teaching and learning. Descriptive survey is the framework that guided the study. The study area is Kericho County in Kenya. Analysis of data was done thematically to exhibit the attitudes, values and views of the teachers concerning the usefulness of ICTs in teaching and also the factors that hinder utilization ICTs. Descriptive statistics was also used to analyze data from questionnaires. The literature analyzed shows that ICTs are very important in the following areas: they make the lessons more interesting, easier, more fun for teachers and their pupils, more diverse, more motivating for the pupils and more enjoyable. Additional more personal factors were improving presentation of materials, allowing greater access to computers for personal use, giving more power to the teacher in the school, giving the teacher more prestige, making the teachers' administration more efficient and providing professional support through the Internet. The findings from this study reveals that factors hindering the utilization of this precious teaching materials includes, lack of clarity in the use of this ICTs in the curriculum, time factor, incompetence among the teachers on computer skills, overreliance on traditional methods of teaching and resistance to change.
Design and Implementation of Area Efficiency AES Algoritham with FPGA and ASIC,paperpublications3
Abstract: A public domain encryption standard is subject to continuous, vigilant, expert cryptanalysis. AES is a symmetric encryption algorithm processing data in block of 128 bits. Under the influence of a key, a 128-bit block is encrypted by transforming it in a unique way into a new block of the same size. To implement AES Rijndael algorithm on FPGA using Verilog and synthesis using Xilinx, Plain text of 128 bit data is considered for encryption using Rijndael algorithm utilizing key. This encryption method is versatile used for military applications. The same key is used for decryption to recover the original 128 bit plain text. For high speed applications, the Non LUT based implementation of AES S-box and inverse S-box is preferred. Development of physical design of AES-128 bit is done using cadence SoC encounter. Performance evaluation of the physical design with respect to area, power, and time has been done. The core consumes 10.11 mW of power for the core area of 330100.742 μm2.
Keywords: Encryption, Decryption Rijndael algorithm, FPGA implementation, Physical Design.
Voltage Regulators Placement in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems for Lo...paperpublications3
Abstract: The Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) help to reduce energy loss and improve the power quality of electric utilities. This paper presents selection of optimal location and tap setting for voltage regulators in Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS). Power loss index (PLI) is used for the selection of optimal location of voltage regulators which will first found at each branch except source bus and the bus that has the highest power loss index are picked as the best location for the voltage regulators placement. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), is used for selecting the tap position of voltage regulator in an unbalanced radial distribution system. This algorithm makes the initial selection and tap position setting of the voltage regulators to minimize power losses and provide a good voltage profile along the distribution network and then reduce the total cost to obtain the maximum net savings. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on a test system of IEEE 33 bus unbalanced radial distribution systems.
Keywords:Unbalanced Radial Distribution Systems (URDS), Load Flow, Power loss index(PLI),Particle swarm optimization(PSO), Voltage Regulator placement, Loss minimization, cost saving.
Socio-Cultural Factors that Affect the Role and Status of Women among the Bay...paperpublications3
Abstract:Socio-Cultural perspectives of a society determine the power relations within that particular society, in which men and male values have superior status over women and female values. In most societies there are cultural beliefs and practices, that undermine women's status and contribute to gender based discrimination. The study was conducted to examine the socio-cultural factors that affect the role and status of women among the Bayso community of Gidicho Island. The methods used to collect primary data include: interview, observation, focus group discussion, and case study. Informants were selected by purposive and convenience sampling techniques based on variables: age, sex, religion, education, occupation and marital status and a total of 34 informants participated in the study. Findings of the study revealed that there are various socio-cultural factors among the Bayso, which adversely affect the role and status of women. These include: culturally held attitudes, norms, values and practices, patriarchal ideology and religious beliefs. As the study has shown, lower socio-economic status leaves women vulnerable and the power balance is always skewed to men. To correct this unbalance and evade the marginalization of women it is necessary for both men and women to comprehend that women are not treated as equal as men. Therefore, there is an urgent need to raise public awareness about the peril of female marginalization. Moreover, intensive gender sensitization programs should be conducted by the concerned bodies, to foster gender equality.
Keywords:socio-cultural factors, Role, Status, Bayso, Gidicho.
Comparative Analysis of Design Parameters for Multistoried Framed Structure u...paperpublications3
Abstract: In present study, Multistoried Framed Structure has been analyzed for different parameters of seismic forces and results so obtained have been compared to understand the effect of seismic forces under static and dynamic analysis. The variousdesign parameters such as beam moments, and storey drift have been evaluated for both static and dynamic analysis.
In this work Multistory Rigid Jointed Steel Framed Regular Building Modal has been analyzed by static, dynamic and pushover procedures. The post processing results obtained are compared to get some important concluding remarks. This study will emphasize on the requirement of non-linear analysis procedures with the existing linear analysis procedures provided by various codal provisions. Present study will help in evaluating the difference in various parameters during elastic (conventional) and inelastic (pushover) analysis.
Performance Analysis of Digital Watermarking Of Video in the Spatial Domainpaperpublications3
Abstract:In this paper, we have suggested the spatial domain method for the digital video watermarking for both visible and invisible watermarks. The methods are used for the copyright protection as well as proof of ownership. In this paper we first extracted the frames from the video and then used spatial domain characteristics of the frames where we directly worked on the pixel value of the frame according to the watermark and calculated different parameters.
Keywords:Digital video watermarking, copyright protection, spatial domain watermarking, Least Significant bit substitution.
Factors Affecting On Customer Retention: A Case Study of Cellular Industry o...paperpublications3
Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of price perception, customer satisfaction, brand image, switching barriers (switching cost, interpersonal relationship and attractiveness of alternative) and trust towards the Customer retention in the cellular industry of Pakistan. This study adds many other supporting materials especially for the literature review; a model is used by this study to find the effect of the factors on customer retention. The data was collected from the customers in Lahore who are subscribers one of the cellular company (Mobilink, U-Fone, Telenor, Warid, and Zong) of Pakistan. The data is analyzed with the help of the multiple regression analysis. Out of seven variables tested it is found that switching barriers (interpersonal relationship and switching cost), brand image, price perception, trust and customer satisfaction have the effect on customer retention. However, customer satisfaction has little to do to increase the customer retention. This study also provides evidence that the higher switching barrier of attractiveness of the alternative lower will be the customer retention. This current study has its own limitation since this research is only conducted in Lahore area. Therefore the finding of the study is unable to be generalized for the whole population of mobile users in Pakistan as the sample size is measured small. The findings can help the service providers to find the effect of customer satisfaction, price perception, trust, brand image and switching barriers towards the customer retention.
Keywords: customer satisfaction, brand image, price perception, trust, switching barriers, customer retention.
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritiuspaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island.A probit regression model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance. Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living standard of the people in economic terms.
Micro financing is a very popular form of financing for rural poor people, especially for women. Through micro financing many rural women changed their life. They change their living standard, children health, children education and so on. The aim of this research work is to examine the role of microcredit in income generating activities of women and its impact on their socio-economic empowerment. The target population of the research was those sample both men and women who had availed microcredit facilities from some microcredit providing institutions or organizations in district Noakhali, Bangladesh. During this research, we also include some male sample to compare percentage of self-employment. Survey method was used as techniques of data collection. The majority of population was illiterate or semi-literate, so interview schedule was used as a tool of data collection. We have collected information of 109 sample including both male and female. But majority are female. Descriptive as well as non parametric test was used for data analysis. The results showed that most of the females who availed the facility of microcredit finally got socioeconomic empowerment through acquiring the self esteem, business skills, confidence level, decision making power, etc. The findings of the research showed that microcredit has significant impact on the up lift of socio-economic empowerment of the borrowers in district Noakhali and at the end of the research, some recommendations is given in this regards.
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PREDICTING REGULAR SAVING BEHAVIOR OF THE POOR USING DECISION TREES – AN IMPO...SCHOLEDGE R&D CENTER
Microfinance in India is a rapidly growing industry, focusing however, only on the credit side of finance without an adequate emphasis on Microsavings. There are multi-pronged efforts underway to bring the poor under the ambit of the financial system. Financial literacy efforts are also pursued by NGOs to make the poor understand the importance of savings in their lives. 125 million new bank accounts have been opened as of February 2015 under the new scheme of the government of India, 72% of which show zero balances. Having a savings account is only a first step in the financial inclusion efforts. Getting people to save requires a combination of financial literacy, hand holding and discipline aimed specifically at those who may not save regularly, left to themselves. Towards this end it is important to identify the regular saving potential among the poor. This study has developed a predictive model using decision trees to group the poor into potential regular and non-regular savers. The study was based on survey research administered to 700 respondents in Tamil Nadu, South India. The decision tree is able to predict with 90% accuracy, the regular saving potential among the poor. The paper has strong implications for banks, NGOs and others concerned with microsavings, financial inclusion and financial literacy. Categorizing the poor into potential regular and non-regular savers can enable target group specific efforts which can have symbiotically benefitting outcomes to the poor and the institution.
Micro-finance: Critical Views on Poverty Alleviation and Changing Gender Rela...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Microfinance has evolved as a financial and social innovation aimed at reducing global poverty through socio-economic empowerment of the poor. It has enjoyed a widespread patronage in the global economy in spite of the views held by its critics. Though many impact assessment studies have suggested that there are no convincing evidences to justify the massive interest andinvestments in microfinance, renownedinstitutions, politicians, philanthropist andgovernments have demonstrated commitment to advancing its cause. This paper examines how the global political economy has shaped the development of microfinance. Based on a descriptive analysis and review of related literature, its findings suggest that the major phases of transformation in microfinance have occurred in response to the interests of stakeholders in the global political economy
BASIC BANKING SERVICE’S A WAY FOR PAVE FINANCIAL INCLUSION DIMENSIONindexPub
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The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-The Case of Mauritius
1. International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (13-20), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
The Impact of Microfinance on Saving Deposits-
Abstract: The paper studies the impact of microfinance on the livelihood approach of poverty through the
improvement in saving deposits of beneficiaries in a small island economy like Mauritius. Our survey covers a sample
of 400 microfinance beneficiaries of different age groups and educational levels across the island. A probit regression
model is used to examine the factors influencing saving deposits among the Mauritian beneficiaries of microfinance.
Our results reveal that there is a strong correlation with increase in income and increase in savings. This positive
impact has improved the lifestyle and living standard of the poor. We further observe that the different types of
occupation, age, gender, marital status and secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on
saving deposits among the MFIs clients. Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount have an
impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall analysis shows that microfinance activities have improved the living
standard of the people in economic terms.
Following the achievement in Bangladesh by the Grameen Bank, the importance of microfinance for reducing poverty has
gained momentum in the policy agenda of numerous countries. Many governments and international organisations have been
using microfinance as an effective instrument for poverty alleviation. With globalisation and the rapid development of many
countries, there has been an alarming increase in poverty. Three billion of the world’s population, being poor, live in dismay
and pitiable conditions while the rich enjoy the benefits of globalisation. As the world moves forward into the 21st Century,
the greatest challenge facing the developing countries is the fight against poverty and microfinance turned out to be an
essential tool for poverty mitigation.
Microfinance encourages self-employment of the poor by providing them with loans and finance. Many Microfinance
Institutions (MFIs) provide financial services while simultaneously working for social development in the areas in which they
operate. Normally, the loans provided by MFIs have a longer timeframe for repayment compared to commercial banks.
Innovations in microfinance schemes have led to a reduction in costs, thus reducing the risks of provision of loans to poor
and isolated people as a result of which financial services were extended to those people who were previously excluded.
Hence, microfinance will positively impact on the community by increasing income, consumption, saving, investment,
employment opportunities, better access to nutrition, health care and education. Furthermore, it enhances forward and
backward linkages, amongst others, and reduces child labour.
Despite providing necessary monetary support and increasing social awareness among their members, monetary institutions
do not provide basic training for skills required for doing business. In addition, the demand for credit and savings services far
exceeds current institutional capacity. Therefore, savings-led microfinance is based on long standing village traditions of
saving and lending, of working for the common good, and of holding each other accountable. Such programs spread rapidly
Page | 13
The Case of Mauritius
Medha Kisto
Keywords: Microfinance, Standard of Living, Saving Deposits, Probit Regression Analysis, Mauritius
I. Introduction
Paper Publications
2. International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (13-20), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
because beneficiaries of microfinance already understand the concept of microfinance as it help them to create a safe,
convenient, and self-managed place to save. But, in many developing countries, lack of capital and savings make it difficult
for most poor people to start their own business.
With the growing number of poor people in 1990s, Mauritius has embraced microfinance as a main tactical tool to combat
poverty. Small loans, saving facilities and skills training were provided to the poor. Several schemes were made available,
aiming to provide opportunities for self- reliance and to positively contribute to the households and the economy. But in
2012, the proportion of poor households below the relative poverty line was 9.8% and the proportion of poor households has
increased from 23, 800 in 1996/97 to 33,800 in 2012. It is further estimated that 7,000 families spread in 229 pockets of
poverty around the island live in absolute poverty with a monthly income of less than USD165. In addition, the income
inequality is growing, confirmed by the increase in the Gini coefficient from 0.388 in 2006/07 to 0.413 in 2012.
Thus, the main objective of this study is to assess the livelihood approach of poverty among the beneficiaries of MFIs by
focusing on their living standard. Thus, we use the impact on saving deposits to capture the livelihood approach of poverty in
Mauritius and analysing its impact at household level. The paper uses primary data based on a sample of 400 microfinance
beneficiaries across the island. The analysis of the results is done through Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and STATA 11.0.
The remainder of the paper is organised into five sections. Section 2 reviews the literature and empirical work carried out in
this field, whilst section 3 explores the concept of microfinance and poverty in Mauritius. Section 4 presents the survey
design and the model for estimation, followed by the results of findings in section 5, and the final section concludes the
paper.
Microfinance is a form of financial development to alleviate poverty by providing financial services to the poor.
Microfinance is an extension of micro-credit. The former is broader in perspective as it also includes transactional services,
insurance and savings while the latter lends small amounts of money to the poor. However, Microfinance has different
meanings to different people. Roth (2005), defines microfinance as the provision of financial products (including financial
services such as credit, savings and insurance products) that target low-income groups, whilst Otero (1999) classifies
microfinance as the supply of financial services to very poor self-employed person.
Microfinance cropped up with the assumption that micro-entrepreneurs and poorer clients can be ‘bankable’, in other words,
they can benefit from financial services namely make savings, contract loan and reimburse both the principal and interest on
time. The impact of microfinance schemes can be seen from three diverse but interrelated aspects: namely economic, socio-political/
cultural and personal/psychological. This was illustrated by Rosenzweig and Wolpin (1993), who revealed that, in
India, bullocks were being used as assets to generate income at a later stage and also to smooth consumption. In addition,
lack of access to financial services could lead to adoption of very ineffective types and unfavourable savings methods which
have major impacts on and in the perpetuation of poverty.
Therefore, microfinance can help to set up or expand family projects, potentially making the distinction between grinding
poverty and economically protected life. These programmes support poor individuals or households to smooth their
consumption during hardships. Additionally, access to credit may help them avoid distress through sales of assets, or replace
productive assets destroyed by natural disasters (World Bank, 2002). Moreover, according to Ledgerwood (1999),
microfinance institutions are diversifying their services, such as providing insurance facilities to cater for death or loss of
assets in view of the growing demand from their clients. Likewise, Latif (2001) is in favour of microfinance services as
saving-income ratio was significantly higher for the participants. Once clients take advantage of these services, they are able
to smooth their consumption pattern, increase their expenditure on education, medical, and other social occasions. Thus, the
following paragraph reviews the few empirical studies undertaken in this field.
Adjei et al. (2009) analyse the impact of microfinance on the poor women by using a cross-sectional data of 547 respondents
in Sinapi Aba Trust of Ghana. They find that established clients own their savings account and subscribe to client welfare
Page | 14
II. Literature Review
Paper Publications
3. International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (13-20), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
schemes which serve as insurance to reimburse their debts in case of illness or death. The clients started to save. Therefore,
there was a positive impact on saving deposits. Moreover, using correlation analysis to study the impact of microfinance on
the poor people in Bangladesh, Mohammad Khan and Mohammed Rahaman (2007) conclude that income and savings are
positively correlated, meaning that when income increases, the client’s ability to save also increases. Thus, this increase in
savings has a positive impact on the financial situation of the family. In addition, Dan Matovu (2006) explores the impact of
microfinance on rural women by using a sample size of 60 microfinance clients in Kayunga-central Uganda. He shows that
female clients have experienced an increase in their incomes and saving pattern. They were no longer vulnerable, given that
they could socialize, afford good diet, be able to deal with whatever crises, and most important of all, make savings to break
the poverty trap. Property bought could be resold and savings used to expand the existing economic activities and/or rotate on
other microfinance projects.
Mauritius was able to realise an uninterrupted growth over the last thirty years and is ranked as an African middle-income
state. Its Gross Domestic Product has more than doubled over the last ten years. Some sectors of the economy (particularly
textile, manufacturing and sugar) are presently facing numerous challenges, due to both internal and external factors. In the
drive for economic development, social provision in certain sectors has fallen behind, or policy has failed to keep abreast of
changes in society. Hence, poverty alleviation has now become a government priority, as is greater emphasis on skills
development, and on social issues.
There is no universal definition of poverty. The threshold of one U.S dollar per day established by the World Bank is
certainly not applicable to Mauritius. Absolute poverty should be distinct from relative poverty. Absolute poverty reflects
living conditions of families with incomes below a minimum threshold, while relative poverty reflects living conditions due
to the life style of families. Thus, the concept of poverty cannot be based only on income measurement. There is fairly
general consensus that other social factors need to be included in the definition. However, the Statistics Mauritius does report
the incidence of lower expenditure households, establishing a cut-off point below which a household is considered as poor.
According to the latest household budget survey, the estimated poor people have increased from 92,700 in 1996/97 to
126,200 in 2012. In 2012, the poverty line for a 1-adult member household was Rs 5,660 per month, while for a family of
two adults and two children was Rs 13,330 monthly. Overall, 10% of Mauritians are estimated to be living in poverty, which
consists of 7,000 households spread over the 229 pockets of poverty. These unstable families are associated with other socials
ills, namely drug addiction, prostitution, alcoholism, unwanted births and child delinquency which combined, have an
increasingly negative effect on their level of poverty. Existing poverty alleviation programmes have been re-oriented to
empower the poor with the necessary skills to move out from poverty. Different micro-credit schemes were provided by the
Development Bank of Mauritius and National Empowerment Foundation. The delivery of financial services is viewed as an
antipoverty tool of development programmes because it facilitates the creation of employment opportunities by increasing
income and consumption while reducing poverty. Hence, microfinance might be an instrument to boost up the Mauritian
economy.
From the statistics, 60% of the respondents are women. Targeting women proved to be more beneficial than providing credit
to men for two reasons. First, there is significant evidence that when a woman’s business succeeds and she makes a profit, it
goes to her family, while men typically give only 50-70% of their income to their families (Grasmuck and Espinal, 2000).
Second, women are less risky. They tend to take out smaller loans than men, and invest the money in safe business ventures,
usually close to home (Cheston and Kuhn, 2002). Furthermore, it can be noted that the majority of respondents are between
the age bracket of 41 and 55 years. With the rising cost of living in Mauritius and the sudden closure of textile industries and
sugar factories, 62% of the respondents said that they started their business as they lost their previous jobs in the primary
sectors whilst 38% start their business with the aim to earn an income and to reduce the financial distress. All microfinance
Page | 15
III. Microfinance in Mauritius
IV. Survey Analysis and Methodology
Paper Publications
4. International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (13-20), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
clients are educated, but the level of educational attainment for female entrepreneurs is higher compared to male
entrepreneurs.
With reference to the pattern of start-up, 42% of respondents had no previous business experience before joining the MFIs.
This indicates that MFIs are effectively contributing in the expansion of old businesses as well as the creation of new small-scale
ones. Based on the survey data, 65% of the targeted persons already knew about MFIs. They had already taken
advantage of the schemes, operating mainly in handicraft businesses. They had also participated in different forums and
exposés organised by SMEDA. Furthermore, while 77% of the beneficiaries learnt about microfinance through newspapers,
radio and TV, 23% were apprised of it through mouth-to-mouth marketing. Very few people had recourse to pamphlets and
other publications.
Looking at the scales of loans granted to individuals, we concluded that the majority of loans granted are around below Rs.
100,000, which implies that MFIs basically emphasizes on micro-credit. Few respondents were allocated loan facilities above
Rs. 250,000. Indirectly, the result demonstrates that the lesser the loan offered by MFIs, the lesser is the capital to start a
medium-scale business. Moreover, 59% of the surveyed people find the loan amount to be quite sufficient as they were able
to meet the needs of their family compared to the 41% who find it insufficient. Furthermore, 43% of individuals save at
financial institution, followed by preference to save at home, in informal sector and in-kind forms. Saving at home supports
the fact that clients find it easier to have money at home which can be used easily in emergency. Besides, they think that they
are taxed when they possess a saving deposit account. Moreover, 80% of the female clients said that the MFIs are far away
from their residence, and so, they prefer the informal forms of savings constituted of savings groups, friends and relatives.
Lastly, 12% of the respondents prefer saving in-kind, which is convenient and makes good business in the sense that if the
items chosen provide higher return than any savings product offered by a financial institution, they offer an average rate of
interest on a one-year time deposit.
Moreover, people take loans to do business or invest in other activities with a view to change their economic conditions.
They struggle to save for the future with a view to improving their financial status and living standard. In this context, by
using the Pearson correlation test, a correlation test was carried out to find the relationship between increase of income and
increase of saving. The null hypothesis says that there is no relationship between the increase in income and that of savings.
In contrast, the alternative hypothesis is that there is a relationship between increase of income and that of savings. The
results are shown in table 1.
The above table demonstrates that our null hypothesis, which is statistically significant, is rejected. Thus, these two variables
are strongly positive correlated, which implies that when income increases, the client’s ability for savings also increases. This
increase in saving leads to a positive impact on the financial situation of the family. Henceforth, increase in income and
savings leads to economic empowerment as income, savings and employment opportunities are interrelated.
To capture the livelihood approach of poverty, this paper uses an extended framework of Adjei et al. (2009) and other authors
to build up a probit model to examine the factors affecting saving deposits among microfinance beneficiaries in Mauritius.
To smooth their household budget and deal with emergencies and other unforeseen requirements of cash, Rutherford (1995)
finds that poor people need to benefit from financial products which comprise of loans, insurance and savings. However, the
challenge is to devise the right services for the right group of poor person (Sharif, 1997). Access to savings services can
Page | 16
Table 1: Correlation Test between the Income and Saving
Income Savings
Income 1 0.7902**
Savings 0.7902** 1
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1- tailed)
Source: Author’s Computation
Paper Publications
5. International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (13-20), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
protect low-income households by making them less vulnerable and giving them the opportunity for a positive real return. It
helps in consumption smoothing during economic blows and provides an occasion to accumulate large sums of money for
future investment and household expenditure. Since saving deposits is a product of MFIs in Mauritius, this paper will use
participants’ savings deposit for estimating the model. Thus, the estimation model will be as follows:
Impact on Savings Deposits= β0 + β1 AGE+ β2 AGE2+ β3 GENDER+ β4 Marital Status+ β5 Head of Family+ β6
Family Size+ β7 Education + β8 Region+ β9 Sector + β10 Form of business+ β11 Number of year being MFIs
beneficiaries+ β12 Monthly Income+ β13 Loan amount + U0
Where Impact on Savings Deposits is a dummy variable taking a value of 1 if there has been an improvement in savings
deposits and 0 otherwise, AGE is the age of the beneficiaries of microfinance. Marital status indicates if the person is married
in which case dummy being 1 or 0 otherwise, 1 if the beneficiary is the head of the family and 0 otherwise. Family Size is a
continuous variable. A series of 4 dummy variables is for the education level of the respondent: primary, secondary, tertiary
and vocational. Region denotes where the respondent is presently living, dummy being 1 if he lives in an urban region and 0
if he lives in a rural region. Sector is the sector where the respondent operates and includes a series of 7 dummy variables:
trade & commerce, wood & furniture, garments, handicraft, foods & beverages, jewellery, professional, vocational and
occupation. The number of years the respondent benefited from microfinance services is a continuous variable. The monthly
income of the beneficiaries has a series of 4 dummies while the loan amount of beneficiaries has 3 dummies and finally U is
the error term.
Page | 17
V. Findings
Table 2 reports the coefficient, robust standard errors and the marginal effects of probit model.
Table 2: Probit Regression Results
Paper Publications
Number of observations: 400
Variables Coefficient
Robust
Standard Error
Marginal
Effects
Age -.0330 .0136 -.0128
Age2 .0005 .0002 .0002
Gender .1551 .0578 .0605
Marital Status -.0847 .0681 -.0330
Head Of Family -.0565 .0671 -.0220
Family Size .1042** .0199 .0405
Primary -.5396* .0736 -.2019
Secondary -.0962 .0712 -.0374
Region .1539 .0668 .0603
Sector- Trade & Commerce .5395** .1053 .2126
Sector- Garments .1738 .0924 .0681
Sector- Handicraft -.0344 .0928 -.0133
Sector- Foods &Beverages .1485 .0936 .0581
Form Of Business .0823 .07910 .0320
Number Of Years Being MFIs Beneficiaries -.0884** .01581 -.0344
Monthly Income- Less Than Rs. 5,000 -.2554 .0984 -.0976
Monthly Income- Rs.5,000- Rs.7,500 -.0880 .0979 -.0341
Monthly Income- Rs. 7,500- Rs. 9,000 -.1835 .0979 -.0706
Loan Amount- Rs. 100,000- Rs. 250,000 -.3929** .0722 -.1498
Loan Amount- Above Rs. 250,000 -.3954** .0754 -.1513
6. International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (13-20), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
The findings of the probit model is supported by the low R-squared, which captures only the livelihood approach of poverty,
implying that 10% of the variability on savings deposits is explained by the independent variables in the models. The socio
demographic features show no association between age, age2, gender, marital status, head of family, secondary education and
savings. These findings show that Mauritians tend to save in an earlier stage, which confirms the Life Cycle Hypothesis
Theory, as most of the respondents were in the range of 50s. Further, the region where the beneficiaries live also does not
affect saving deposits.
However, the study reveals that the family size have a positive impact on savings. These results reflect the people’s
perspective from the rising cost of living in Mauritius. Mostly, the FHHs tend to save more to meet their household expenses.
In addition, the majority of the beneficiaries care for their future, since they prefer to save excess money to smooth
consumption and for general emergencies. Further, beneficiaries having attained primary education contribute negatively to
savings deposits, though being aware of the facilities offered. Such results are inconsistent with the findings of Adjei et al.
(2009).
Regarding the sector dummies, only the trade and commerce sector proves to contribute positively to saving deposits. Traders
having benefited from grants and subsidies tend to make more profits and thus increase on savings and decrease the level of
poverty. Furthermore, there is no evidence that there is a relationship between monthly income and saving deposits among
the clients of microfinance. But the loan amount with the bracket ‘Rs. 100,000- Rs.250,000’ and ‘above Rs.250,000’ have a
negative impact on saving deposits. This supports the fact that beneficiaries having contracted a loan tend to focus on the
repayment, leading to a fall in savings deposits. These findings opposed the work of Adjei et al. (2009) and Adeyemi (2008).
But, having a longstanding relationship with MFIs does not necessarily improve savings deposits. MFIs beneficiaries argue
that they find it difficult to save as they consume from their past savings. With persistent inflation in Mauritius, poor people
are becoming relatively poorer. The inflation offsets the gains that they achieve in their tiny businesses. In addition, they have
to foot additional fees to the banks which again trapped them in the vicious circle of poverty, thus leading to a serious
problem of social exclusion.
Microfinance is considered to be a valuable tool for the alleviation of poverty around the globe. In the same line, the goal of
this paper was to examine the impact of microfinance on livelihood approach of poverty by using improvement in saving
deposits of beneficiaries. This study uses probit model to examine the factors influencing determinants of the saving deposits
among the beneficiaries of microfinance in a small island economy like Mauritius.
From our survey of 400 microfinance beneficiaries, we observe no relationship between monthly income and saving deposits
among the clients of microfinance. It can be noted that the different types of occupation, age, gender, marital status, and
secondary schooling of the respondents do not have a significant impact on saving deposits among the MFIs clients.
Variables like family size, primary schooling, and loan amount do have an impact on saving deposits. Hence, the overall
analysis shows an improvement on the living standard of the microfinance beneficiaries in Mauritius.
Page | 18
Constant .8027
Wald Chi- Square 45.91***
Pseudo R2 0.1029
Log Likelihood -244.10457
(Note: *significant at 10%, **significant at 5%, ***significant at 1%)
Source: Author’s Computation
VI. Conclusion
Paper Publications
7. International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp: (13-20), Month: April - June 2014, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Stakeholders should be involved in decision-making. Managerial skills should be enhanced and market research should be
encouraged to better understand client preferences and the constraints that prevent the poor from taking advantage of
financial services like literacy and titles. The government should provide regional financial services and targeted investment
for poverty alleviation in Mauritius. It should strive to improve the standard of living of the people and encourage them to
contribute to the economic growth and development of Mauritius.
1. Adeyemi, K. S., (2008). Institutional Reforms For Efficient Microfinance Operations in Nigeria. Central Bank of
Page | 19
V. References
Paper Publications
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4. Cheston, S., and Kuhn, L., (2002). Empowering Women through Microfinance. IN Sam Daley-Harris, Ed.
Microcredit Summit Campaign. Pathways Out of Poverty. Kumarian: Bloomfield, CT.
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6. Grasmuck, S., and Espinal, R., (2000). Market Success or Female Autonomy? Income, Ideology, and Empowerment
among Microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic. Gender and Society, 14(2), pp. 231- 255.
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8. Khandker, S. R., (2001). Does Microfinance Really Benefit The Poor- Evidence from Bangladesh, Asia and Pacific
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Incomes: Empirical Evidence from Makueni District, Kenya. Centre for development Research, Bonn University,
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with the Poor. The World Bank. Washington D.C.
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