Agricultural and tree biodiversity for healthy diets and healthy landscapes
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This document summarizes information from Bioversity International about the importance of agricultural and tree biodiversity for nutrition and landscapes. Maintaining biodiversity through diverse crops and varieties provides benefits like resistance to pests and diseases, buffering from climate events, and sustaining pollinators. However, land degradation and reliance on few crop species pose challenges. Potential solutions include improving diets through sustainable food systems that consider environmental impacts, costs, and cultural traditions. Case studies show how integrating local wild foods can lower diet costs while meeting nutrient needs, and how multi-functional landscapes can provide dietary quality while conserving resources.
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Agricultural and tree biodiversity for healthy diets and healthy landscapes
- 1. Agricultural and tree biodiversity for healthy diets & healthy landscapes 2nd International Congress on Hidden Hunger, Hohenheim, March 5, 2015 Dr. Stephan Weise, Deputy Director General, Research,
- 2. Bioversity International delivers scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural and tree biodiversity to attain sustainable global food and nutrition security. Who we are
- 3. Reaching planetary boundaries Rockstrom et al., Sep 2009 Nature
- 4. Why agricultural & tree biodiversity? BIODIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY • Source of genetic material vital for future generations. • Allows farmers to limit the spread of pests & diseases. • Provides more crop options to buffer against extreme climactic events. • Sustains soil health, food & habitat for important pollinators and natural pest predators. • Maintains cultural identity and traditional knowledge. • Provides diverse nutrient content and dietary diversity through many available species and varieties within a species.
- 5. Challenge – land degradation FAO 2011
- 6. Challenge - fewer crops contributing to overall food supply
- 7. What are potential solutions? Photo: Floating market in Indonesia: Credit: Bioversity International/F. De La Cruz
- 8. • To improve diets (and nutrition outcomes) we need to make significant changes in how we produce, process, transport, market and consume foods. • Requires a new way of understanding food systems. • Need to understand what types of diets have lowest environmental impact while addressing human nutrient needs. • Dietary choices matter: diets – environment - health Healthy diets, healthy landscapes
- 9. Moving towards sustainable diets for sustainable development Tilman and Clark, Nov 2014 Nature
- 10. Multi-functionality of diversity Monoculture Diversified cropping systems Photo credit: University of British Colombia/Sean Smukler
- 11. Pollinators: Important for productivity and diets Ellis et al 2015 Plos One
- 12. Econutrition approach Declerck et al 2011 FNB Photo: Sorghum , Ghana : Credit: Bioversity International/C. Zanzanaini
- 13. • Determinants of poor nutrition often rooted in poverty and inequity. • Meeting nutrient needs of families while keeping costs to a minimum, improving resilience, and respecting cultural traditions remains a challenge. • For many populations, local and traditional foods, including wild foods, can play an important role as a safety net during difficult periods or to complement diets with essential nutrients. • However, for most of these species, little is known about their nutritional value, safety, availability, use, and consumption patterns and their subsequent impact on human health and nutrition. Cost of Diets and Value Chain Approaches
- 14. Potential of wild foods to reduce the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet • Adding wild foods to modelled diets resulted in a lower-cost diet, while meeting recommended iron intakes for women and children between 12 and 23 months of age. • Even after integrating wild foods into the model, targeted approaches are needed to meet micronutrient requirements for infants from 6 to 8 and from 9 to 11 months of age. Termote et al 2014 FNB Case study in Baringo District, Eastern Kenya
- 15. • Integrating nutrition into ecosystem benefits. • Thinking on temporal and spatial scales across landscapes. • Providing multi-functional benefits across different systems: diets, environment and health. • Understanding synergies and trade-offs in achieving dietary quality while ensuring enhanced conservation of water, soils, forest and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. • Combining local knowledge with good science to leverage sustainable solutions Summary: Healthy diets, Healthy Landscapes
Editor's Notes
- Bioversity International is a global research-for-development organization. We research issues around agricultural biodiversity that is relevant for developing countries, particularly rural communities. How can agricultural biodiversity contribute to food secutiry? Nutrition security? Livelihoods? Better ecosystems? How do we do this? Scientific evidence Management practices Policy options .
- Reaching our planetary boundaries – Steffen et al. 2015: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6223/1259855.abstract
- Source: Khoury et al. 2014 - http://www.pnas.org/content/111/11/4001.full
- a, Per capita food production GHG emissions for five diets (2009 global-average, 2050 global income-dependent, Mediterranean, pescetarian and vegetarian). b, c, Forecasted 2009 to 2050 changes (2009 value set to 0) in global food emissions (b), and cropland for each diet (c). d, 2050 global cropland reductions from alternative diets relative to income-dependent diet. The box and whisker plots (c, d) show mean (centre line) and percentiles below (2.5th, 10th, 25th) and above it (75th, 90th, and 97.5th) based on 243 scenarios.
- Source: Ellis et al http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0114805 The importance of pollinators to farm productivity and economics is increasingly clear. Also important for improving diets. Sixty-nine percent or more of the vitamin A in children’s diets came from fruits and vegetables, many of which depend strongly on pollinators. Figure shows Average proportion of dietary intake of vitamin A from different sources for children 1 to 3 years old. Numbers in the slices of the legend indicate the percent yield due to pollinators. Darker slices are foods that depend heavily on pollinators. ‘‘Other’’ refers to oils, flavorings, drinks, candy, honey, and other items that do not fit into other food groups.
- Source: Declerck et al - http://www.millenniumvillages.org/uploads/ReportPaper/2011-DeClerck_Ecological-approaches-to-nutrition-FNB.pdf Agricultural biodiversity of 30 farms of a typical western Kenya village. Edible plant diversity was relatively high in farm fields, with an average of 14 edible plants, ranging between 5 and 22 species per field. Here we classify the edible species according to their contents of seven important nutrients: protein, carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and folate, identifying distinct clusters of species high in (A) protein (beans, peanuts, and amaranthus), (B) carbohydrate (sugar, sorghum, and corn), and (C) vitamin A (sweet potato and chili pepper)
- Right Figure: Percentage of nutrient requirements met by the modeled diet without wild foods (only deficient nutrients are shown) and additional percentage of nutrient requirements met by including all five wild foods together or the wild fruit Berchemia discolor apart in the modeled diet for the dry and wet seasons in Baringo District, Kenya.