Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and withdrew from the League of Nations after it condemned the action but did not enforce penalties. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936 and controlled Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Somalia as Italian East Africa. Germany remilitarized the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, and took over Czechoslovakia in 1939 despite agreeing at the Munich Conference to respect Czechoslovakia's borders after acquiring the Sudetenland. The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a nonaggression pact in 1939.