This document describes how waveform cross correlation can be used to automatically recover aftershock sequences using master events. It discusses using historical earthquakes, quarry blasts, and nuclear tests as master events to detect similar signals in continuous waveform data through cross correlation. Detections on cross correlation traces above a signal-to-noise threshold are associated into event hypotheses. The method is demonstrated on the large 2011 Tohoku, Japan earthquake aftershock sequence, detecting over 1500 aftershocks. Using dense grids of aftershocks as master events performed best. The technique can also be used to monitor repeating mining blasts and detect weak aftershocks like from North Korean nuclear tests.
Global grid of master events for waveform cross correlation: design and testingIvan Kitov
Seismic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty requires a uniform coverage of the earth. The global use of waveform cross correlation for monitoring purposes is hindered by the absence of master events outside the zones of seismic activity. To populate the aseismic areas we have studied two principal approaches. Around the seismically active areas, we replicate real events best representing seismicity in a given region and distribute them over a regular grid to distances ~1000 km. These replicated events are called “grand masters”. For remote aseismic areas, we calculate synthetic seismograms for a regular grid of master events and a predefined set of array stations of the International Monitoring System. Both approaches were tested and showed a resolution similar to the use of real events. Considering three types of master events, we have created a regular and uniform grid with approximately 100 km spacing between nodes as obtained from the equilibrium distribution of charged particles over the earth’s surface. We have created three versions of the grid: v0.1 with only synthetic templates, v0.2 with real masters added where possible, and v0.3 with grand masters added. The performance of v0.1 has been assessed by full processing of a few data days.
Key words: waveform cross correlation, master events, seismic monitoring, array seismology, IDC, CTBT
Performance of waveform cross correlation using a global and regular grid of...Mikhail Rozhkov
Seismic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) requires a uniform distribution of detection threshold over the earth. By design, the Primary Seismic Network of the International Monitoring System (IMS) provides an appropriate coverage. In order to effectively use the cross correlation technique and the archive waveforms from the International Data Centre (IDC) in global monitoring we have introduced a dense (spacing of ~ 140 km) and regular grid of master events with high quality templates at IMS array stations. In seismically active zones, we populated the grid with real masters. For aseismic zones, we developed an extended set of synthetic templates for virtual master events. This set includes a few simple double-couple source mechanisms in 1D and 2D velocity structures as well as explosion sources of varying size and at different depths of burial. All synthetics were first tested in seismic areas and showed the detection threshold similar to that demonstrated by real templates. We have designed three versions of the grid: V1.0 with only synthetic templates, V2.0 with real masters added where possible, and V3.0 with grand masters added. Their performance has been assessed by full processing of a few data days and a direct comparison with the Reviewed Event Bulletin issued by the IDC.
Performance of waveform cross correlation using a global and regular grid of ...Ivan Kitov
Outline
1.Motivation
2.Global seismic monitoring: IMS
3.Global seismicity: IDC view
4.Global cross correlation grid: a design
5.Cross correlation at teleseismic distances
6.Underground nuclear explosions as master events
7.Synthetic master events
8.Principal and Independent Component Analysis
9.Testing with world seismicity of February 12, 2013
10. DPRK 2013 of February 12, 2013
Synthetics vs. real waveforms from underground nuclear explosions as master t...Ivan Kitov
The cross-correlation (CC) and master event technique is efficient in Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitoring. Two primary goals of CTBT monitoring are detection and location of nuclear explosions. Therefore, the CC monitoring should be focused on finding such events. The use of physically adequate masters may increase the number of valid events in the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) of the International Data Centre by a factor of 2. Inadequate master events may increase the number of irrelevant events in REB and reduce the sensitivity of the CC technique to valid events. In order to cover the entire earth, including vast aseismic territories, with the CC based nuclear test monitoring we conducted a thorough research and defined the most appropriate real and synthetic master events representing underground explosion sources. A procedure was developed on optimizing the master event simulation based on principal component analysis with bootstrap aggregation as a dimension reduction technique narrowing the classes of CC templates used in detection and location process. Actual waveforms and metadata from the DTRA Verification Database were used to validate our approach. The detection and location results based on real and synthetic master events were compared.
Recovery of aftershock sequences using waveform cross correlation: from catas...Ivan Kitov
Description of a software package for signal detection and association using waveform cross correlation. Recovery of aftershock sequences of the largest events: Sumatra 2004 and Tohoku 2011. Finding of a small aftershock of the September 9, 2016 DPRK test.
Testing the global grid of master events for waveform cross correlation with ...Ivan Kitov
Abstract
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty’s verification regime requires uniform distribution of monitoring capabilities over the globe. The use of waveform cross correlation as a monitoring technique demands waveform templates from master events outside regions of natural seismicity and test sites. We populated aseismic areas with masters having synthetic templates for predefined sets (from 3 to 10) of primary array stations of the International Monitoring System. Previously, we tested the global set of master events and synthetic templates using IMS seismic data for February 12, 2013 and demonstrated excellent detection and location capability of the matched filter technique. In this study, we test the global grid of synthetic master events using seismic events from the Reviewed Event Bulletin. For detection, we use standard STA/LTA (SNR) procedure applied to the time series of cross correlation coefficient (CC). Phase association is based on SNR, CC, and arrival times. Azimuth and slowness estimates based f-k analysis cross correlation traces are used to reject false arrivals.
Multivariate dimensionality reduction in cross-correlation analysis ivanokitov
In master event location, a matched-filter like technique based on cross-correlation with pre-defined waveform template, a crucial role plays a template design. Reduction of templates number for certain region under monitoring is extremely important both for interactive and real-time processing as it may dramatically reduce the time of resulting product delivery and may improve low magnitude event detection threshold and location.
A number of dimensionality reduction methods have been explored to minimize the number of master events needed for cross correlation based seismic event detection and location, including multidimensional data model approaches (hypercomplex and tensorial). The primary method considered is Principle Component Analysis (PCA), which is widely accepted as a superior method of matrix factorization or Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). For regional seismic events, Harris (2006) used this in designing a subspace detector for the cross correlation based event location. Other methods of dimensionality reduction explored either theoretically or analytically included Robust PCA, Kernel PCA, Incremental PCA (IPCA), Empirical Subspace Detector (SSD) (Barrett and Beroza, 2015) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA).
Automatic and interactive spot check of the IDC bulletins (REB, SEL3) and XSE...ivanokitov
Aimed at improvement of the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) quality
Final level of the interactive review hierarchy (independent review)
Provides an extended check of bulletin and analysis quality
Identifying both consistencies and inconsistencies in the REB
Reviewed areas usually include event location anomalies, seriously mislocated events, missing large events, and unqualified or ‘bogus’ events representing incorrect / invalid data associations or incorrect detections, or REB events not meeting event definition criteria.
One more implementation of the master-event approach
Global grid of master events for waveform cross correlation: design and testingIvan Kitov
Seismic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty requires a uniform coverage of the earth. The global use of waveform cross correlation for monitoring purposes is hindered by the absence of master events outside the zones of seismic activity. To populate the aseismic areas we have studied two principal approaches. Around the seismically active areas, we replicate real events best representing seismicity in a given region and distribute them over a regular grid to distances ~1000 km. These replicated events are called “grand masters”. For remote aseismic areas, we calculate synthetic seismograms for a regular grid of master events and a predefined set of array stations of the International Monitoring System. Both approaches were tested and showed a resolution similar to the use of real events. Considering three types of master events, we have created a regular and uniform grid with approximately 100 km spacing between nodes as obtained from the equilibrium distribution of charged particles over the earth’s surface. We have created three versions of the grid: v0.1 with only synthetic templates, v0.2 with real masters added where possible, and v0.3 with grand masters added. The performance of v0.1 has been assessed by full processing of a few data days.
Key words: waveform cross correlation, master events, seismic monitoring, array seismology, IDC, CTBT
Performance of waveform cross correlation using a global and regular grid of...Mikhail Rozhkov
Seismic monitoring of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) requires a uniform distribution of detection threshold over the earth. By design, the Primary Seismic Network of the International Monitoring System (IMS) provides an appropriate coverage. In order to effectively use the cross correlation technique and the archive waveforms from the International Data Centre (IDC) in global monitoring we have introduced a dense (spacing of ~ 140 km) and regular grid of master events with high quality templates at IMS array stations. In seismically active zones, we populated the grid with real masters. For aseismic zones, we developed an extended set of synthetic templates for virtual master events. This set includes a few simple double-couple source mechanisms in 1D and 2D velocity structures as well as explosion sources of varying size and at different depths of burial. All synthetics were first tested in seismic areas and showed the detection threshold similar to that demonstrated by real templates. We have designed three versions of the grid: V1.0 with only synthetic templates, V2.0 with real masters added where possible, and V3.0 with grand masters added. Their performance has been assessed by full processing of a few data days and a direct comparison with the Reviewed Event Bulletin issued by the IDC.
Performance of waveform cross correlation using a global and regular grid of ...Ivan Kitov
Outline
1.Motivation
2.Global seismic monitoring: IMS
3.Global seismicity: IDC view
4.Global cross correlation grid: a design
5.Cross correlation at teleseismic distances
6.Underground nuclear explosions as master events
7.Synthetic master events
8.Principal and Independent Component Analysis
9.Testing with world seismicity of February 12, 2013
10. DPRK 2013 of February 12, 2013
Synthetics vs. real waveforms from underground nuclear explosions as master t...Ivan Kitov
The cross-correlation (CC) and master event technique is efficient in Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) monitoring. Two primary goals of CTBT monitoring are detection and location of nuclear explosions. Therefore, the CC monitoring should be focused on finding such events. The use of physically adequate masters may increase the number of valid events in the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) of the International Data Centre by a factor of 2. Inadequate master events may increase the number of irrelevant events in REB and reduce the sensitivity of the CC technique to valid events. In order to cover the entire earth, including vast aseismic territories, with the CC based nuclear test monitoring we conducted a thorough research and defined the most appropriate real and synthetic master events representing underground explosion sources. A procedure was developed on optimizing the master event simulation based on principal component analysis with bootstrap aggregation as a dimension reduction technique narrowing the classes of CC templates used in detection and location process. Actual waveforms and metadata from the DTRA Verification Database were used to validate our approach. The detection and location results based on real and synthetic master events were compared.
Recovery of aftershock sequences using waveform cross correlation: from catas...Ivan Kitov
Description of a software package for signal detection and association using waveform cross correlation. Recovery of aftershock sequences of the largest events: Sumatra 2004 and Tohoku 2011. Finding of a small aftershock of the September 9, 2016 DPRK test.
Testing the global grid of master events for waveform cross correlation with ...Ivan Kitov
Abstract
The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty’s verification regime requires uniform distribution of monitoring capabilities over the globe. The use of waveform cross correlation as a monitoring technique demands waveform templates from master events outside regions of natural seismicity and test sites. We populated aseismic areas with masters having synthetic templates for predefined sets (from 3 to 10) of primary array stations of the International Monitoring System. Previously, we tested the global set of master events and synthetic templates using IMS seismic data for February 12, 2013 and demonstrated excellent detection and location capability of the matched filter technique. In this study, we test the global grid of synthetic master events using seismic events from the Reviewed Event Bulletin. For detection, we use standard STA/LTA (SNR) procedure applied to the time series of cross correlation coefficient (CC). Phase association is based on SNR, CC, and arrival times. Azimuth and slowness estimates based f-k analysis cross correlation traces are used to reject false arrivals.
Multivariate dimensionality reduction in cross-correlation analysis ivanokitov
In master event location, a matched-filter like technique based on cross-correlation with pre-defined waveform template, a crucial role plays a template design. Reduction of templates number for certain region under monitoring is extremely important both for interactive and real-time processing as it may dramatically reduce the time of resulting product delivery and may improve low magnitude event detection threshold and location.
A number of dimensionality reduction methods have been explored to minimize the number of master events needed for cross correlation based seismic event detection and location, including multidimensional data model approaches (hypercomplex and tensorial). The primary method considered is Principle Component Analysis (PCA), which is widely accepted as a superior method of matrix factorization or Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). For regional seismic events, Harris (2006) used this in designing a subspace detector for the cross correlation based event location. Other methods of dimensionality reduction explored either theoretically or analytically included Robust PCA, Kernel PCA, Incremental PCA (IPCA), Empirical Subspace Detector (SSD) (Barrett and Beroza, 2015) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA).
Automatic and interactive spot check of the IDC bulletins (REB, SEL3) and XSE...ivanokitov
Aimed at improvement of the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) quality
Final level of the interactive review hierarchy (independent review)
Provides an extended check of bulletin and analysis quality
Identifying both consistencies and inconsistencies in the REB
Reviewed areas usually include event location anomalies, seriously mislocated events, missing large events, and unqualified or ‘bogus’ events representing incorrect / invalid data associations or incorrect detections, or REB events not meeting event definition criteria.
One more implementation of the master-event approach
Energy Efficient Wireless Internet AccessScienzainrete
Il consumo energetico è la questione del futuro. Dipendiamo sempre più da fonti di energia che scarseggiano. D'altro canto il consumo di energia ha influenze drammatiche sui cambiamenti climatici. E' necessario affrontare la questione della riduzione dei consumi, soprattuto nel settore delle comunicazioni. Qui presentati e analizzati i consumi della telefonia mobile e del network.
Recovering large-scale aftershock sequences using waveform cross correlation ...ivanokitov
Aftershocks of the largest earthquakes can be found by waveform cross correlation. Several examples of successful recovery of the biggest aftershock sequences are presented
Dynamic Analysis of Power Cable in Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Franco Bontempi
Mohsen Sobhaniasl (Sapienza)
Dr. Francesco Petrini (Sapienza)
Dr. Madjid Karimirad (QUB)
Prof. Franco Bontempi (Sapienza)
The EERA Deep wind conference combines serious offshore wind research, offshore science and offshore engineering in a matter of fact form. Participation puts those at the event at the cusp of offshore research in progress and while showing the solutions needed to drive the further development of offshore wind. It is the intellectual equivalent of a good tough skiing holiday."
https://www.sintef.no/projectweb/eera-deepwind/
Impact of Vibration on a Computer Network Using Optical Fibre CablesPremier Publishers
This study was carried out to validate the negative impact of vibration on a computer network using optical fibre cables where the optical time–domain reflectometer (OTDR) of single mode configuration was employed to acquire signal losses on the network. The losses were categorized in three data sets such as that from a non–vibration (NV), a vibration source from a shaker and generator (SHG) and another source combining the shaker, generator, and a truck (SHGT). The impact of these results were compared on a column and area graph where we obtained a superimposed effect combining all data sets in the area graph that the vibration sources from SHGT had greater impact on the network as their reflected losses were -33.31dB, -33.29dB, and -33.34dB respectively for NV, SHG, and SHGT. The results further confirmed that signal losses on the network has a direct relationship with distance and also, vibration can as well help to normalize errors arising from poorly terminated cables and correct some splice faults as number of events an OTDR records are limited. This study also confirmed the possible use of this system to investigate underground movements likely to be earthquakes or road failure signs.
Conducted wind resource assessment study in western himalayan region and undertook geographical study of site. Work involved data analysis, validation for establishing and predicting of wind power generation potential at given site.
Acoustic and seismic effects of the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteorite as measured by...Ivan Kitov
Two events crucial for monitoring of nuclear explosions under the CTBT occurred on February 12 and 15 and attracted attention of the mass media and scientists. Seismic waves from the underground event and infrasound waves from the meteorite are of extreme interest as well as various processes of energy conversion at the free surface. Infrasound station I45(RU) collocated with seismic array USRK recorded the epicentral I-phase generated by the DPRK 2013 event and the seismoacoustic wave emitted beneath the station. The shock wave from the Chebarkul meteorite generated a regular I-phase recorded by many IMS infrasound stations and a series of seismic phases likely associated with impact and acoustoseismic conversion. Due to the altitude of the peak energy release, the air-coupled ground rolls with a group velocity of 3.5 km/s were generated. A similar pattern was observed after the 1984 r.Chulym (Siberia) bolide. We estimate the energy of both sources and discuss possible mechanisms of acoustic/seismic wave generation and conversion.
Backscatter Working Group Software Inter-comparison ProjectRequesting and Co...Giuseppe Masetti
Backscatter mosaics of the seafloor are now routinely produced from multibeam sonar data, and used in a wide range of marine applications. However, significant differences (up to 5 dB) have been observed between the levels of mosaics produced by different software processing a same dataset. This is a major detriment to several possible uses of backscatter mosaics, including quantitative analysis, monitoring seafloor change over time, and combining mosaics. A recently concluded international Backscatter Working Group (BSWG) identified this issue and recommended that “to check the consistency of the processing results provided by various software suites, initiatives promoting comparative tests on common data sets should be encouraged […]”. However, backscatter data processing is a complex (and often proprietary) sequence of steps, so that simply comparing end-results between software does not provide much information as to the root cause of the differences between results.
In order to pinpoint the source(s) of inconsistency between software, it is necessary to understand at which stage(s) of the data processing chain do the differences become substantial. We have invited willing software developers to discuss this framework and collectively adopt a list of intermediate processing steps. We provided a small dataset consisting of various seafloor types surveyed with the same multibeam sonar system, using constant acquisition settings and sea conditions, and have the software developers generate these intermediate processing results, to be eventually compared. If the experiment proves fruitful, we may extend it to more datasets, software and intermediate results. Eventually, software developers may consider making the results from intermediate stages a standard output as well as adhering to a consistent terminology, as advocated by Schimel et al. (2018). To date, the developers of four software (Sonarscope, QPS FMGT, CARIS SIPS, MB Process) have expressed their interest in collaborating on this project.
Investigation of repeated events at Jordan phosphate mine with waveform cross...Ivan Kitov
More than 1500 events were measured at 3 seismic stations. Their signals are processed using waveform cross correlation and Principal Component Analysis. The best waveforms and eigenvectors are used for detection.
Science and Cyberinfrastructure in the Data-Dominated EraLarry Smarr
10.02.22
Invited talk
Symposium #1610, How Computational Science Is Tackling the Grand Challenges Facing Science and Society
Title: Science and Cyberinfrastructure in the Data-Dominated Era
San Diego, CA
Energy Efficient Wireless Internet AccessScienzainrete
Il consumo energetico è la questione del futuro. Dipendiamo sempre più da fonti di energia che scarseggiano. D'altro canto il consumo di energia ha influenze drammatiche sui cambiamenti climatici. E' necessario affrontare la questione della riduzione dei consumi, soprattuto nel settore delle comunicazioni. Qui presentati e analizzati i consumi della telefonia mobile e del network.
Recovering large-scale aftershock sequences using waveform cross correlation ...ivanokitov
Aftershocks of the largest earthquakes can be found by waveform cross correlation. Several examples of successful recovery of the biggest aftershock sequences are presented
Dynamic Analysis of Power Cable in Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Franco Bontempi
Mohsen Sobhaniasl (Sapienza)
Dr. Francesco Petrini (Sapienza)
Dr. Madjid Karimirad (QUB)
Prof. Franco Bontempi (Sapienza)
The EERA Deep wind conference combines serious offshore wind research, offshore science and offshore engineering in a matter of fact form. Participation puts those at the event at the cusp of offshore research in progress and while showing the solutions needed to drive the further development of offshore wind. It is the intellectual equivalent of a good tough skiing holiday."
https://www.sintef.no/projectweb/eera-deepwind/
Impact of Vibration on a Computer Network Using Optical Fibre CablesPremier Publishers
This study was carried out to validate the negative impact of vibration on a computer network using optical fibre cables where the optical time–domain reflectometer (OTDR) of single mode configuration was employed to acquire signal losses on the network. The losses were categorized in three data sets such as that from a non–vibration (NV), a vibration source from a shaker and generator (SHG) and another source combining the shaker, generator, and a truck (SHGT). The impact of these results were compared on a column and area graph where we obtained a superimposed effect combining all data sets in the area graph that the vibration sources from SHGT had greater impact on the network as their reflected losses were -33.31dB, -33.29dB, and -33.34dB respectively for NV, SHG, and SHGT. The results further confirmed that signal losses on the network has a direct relationship with distance and also, vibration can as well help to normalize errors arising from poorly terminated cables and correct some splice faults as number of events an OTDR records are limited. This study also confirmed the possible use of this system to investigate underground movements likely to be earthquakes or road failure signs.
Conducted wind resource assessment study in western himalayan region and undertook geographical study of site. Work involved data analysis, validation for establishing and predicting of wind power generation potential at given site.
Acoustic and seismic effects of the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteorite as measured by...Ivan Kitov
Two events crucial for monitoring of nuclear explosions under the CTBT occurred on February 12 and 15 and attracted attention of the mass media and scientists. Seismic waves from the underground event and infrasound waves from the meteorite are of extreme interest as well as various processes of energy conversion at the free surface. Infrasound station I45(RU) collocated with seismic array USRK recorded the epicentral I-phase generated by the DPRK 2013 event and the seismoacoustic wave emitted beneath the station. The shock wave from the Chebarkul meteorite generated a regular I-phase recorded by many IMS infrasound stations and a series of seismic phases likely associated with impact and acoustoseismic conversion. Due to the altitude of the peak energy release, the air-coupled ground rolls with a group velocity of 3.5 km/s were generated. A similar pattern was observed after the 1984 r.Chulym (Siberia) bolide. We estimate the energy of both sources and discuss possible mechanisms of acoustic/seismic wave generation and conversion.
Backscatter Working Group Software Inter-comparison ProjectRequesting and Co...Giuseppe Masetti
Backscatter mosaics of the seafloor are now routinely produced from multibeam sonar data, and used in a wide range of marine applications. However, significant differences (up to 5 dB) have been observed between the levels of mosaics produced by different software processing a same dataset. This is a major detriment to several possible uses of backscatter mosaics, including quantitative analysis, monitoring seafloor change over time, and combining mosaics. A recently concluded international Backscatter Working Group (BSWG) identified this issue and recommended that “to check the consistency of the processing results provided by various software suites, initiatives promoting comparative tests on common data sets should be encouraged […]”. However, backscatter data processing is a complex (and often proprietary) sequence of steps, so that simply comparing end-results between software does not provide much information as to the root cause of the differences between results.
In order to pinpoint the source(s) of inconsistency between software, it is necessary to understand at which stage(s) of the data processing chain do the differences become substantial. We have invited willing software developers to discuss this framework and collectively adopt a list of intermediate processing steps. We provided a small dataset consisting of various seafloor types surveyed with the same multibeam sonar system, using constant acquisition settings and sea conditions, and have the software developers generate these intermediate processing results, to be eventually compared. If the experiment proves fruitful, we may extend it to more datasets, software and intermediate results. Eventually, software developers may consider making the results from intermediate stages a standard output as well as adhering to a consistent terminology, as advocated by Schimel et al. (2018). To date, the developers of four software (Sonarscope, QPS FMGT, CARIS SIPS, MB Process) have expressed their interest in collaborating on this project.
Investigation of repeated events at Jordan phosphate mine with waveform cross...Ivan Kitov
More than 1500 events were measured at 3 seismic stations. Their signals are processed using waveform cross correlation and Principal Component Analysis. The best waveforms and eigenvectors are used for detection.
Science and Cyberinfrastructure in the Data-Dominated EraLarry Smarr
10.02.22
Invited talk
Symposium #1610, How Computational Science Is Tackling the Grand Challenges Facing Science and Society
Title: Science and Cyberinfrastructure in the Data-Dominated Era
San Diego, CA
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Using waveform cross correlation for automatic recovery of aftershock sequences
1. Using waveform cross correlation for automatic recovery
of aftershock sequences
Ivan Kitov, Seismic-Acoustic Officer, IDC/SA/SM
Dmitry Bobrov, Seismic-Acoustic Officer, IDC/SA/SM
Mikhail Rozhkov, Fusion and Review Officer, IDC/OD/QMDR
International Data Centre Division
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Provisional Technical Secretariat
Vienna International Centre
P.O. Box 1200, A-1400 Vienna, AUSTRIA
2. International Data Centre Page 2
Outline
• Waveform cross correlation: master events and
waveform templates
• Detection on cross correlation traces
• Local Association (LA) of cross correlation detections
• Tohoku 2011 – the biggest aftershock sequence
• Global Grid of real master events at the IDC
• Recovery of repeating quarry blasts
• DPRK5 aftershock
3. International Data Centre Page 3
Cross correlation as a monitoring technique
Intuition
1. The REB contains several examples of aftershock sequences with thousands of events
2. One can use as master events, i.e. as the sources of high quality waveform templates, more
than 400,000 zero depth seismic events: nuclear tests, earthquakes, quarry blasts, etc.
3. Almost all events have a neighbor (less than 100 km) in the REB.
4. Empirical observation: events at distances of 50 to 100 km generate signals well correlated
at regional and teleseismic distances
5. Almost all low magnitude seismic events might be considered as point sources (source
size lower than wavelength) with identical (δ-) source functions, but likely with different
directivity
6. IMS stations cover the globe and many of primary seismic stations are arrays enhancing
the capability of cross correlation analysis
7. The Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB) of the International Data Centre includes a few
spatially close underground nuclear tests measured at IMS seismic stations
8. Historical UNEs conducted within test sites and PNEs provide digital waveforms at
legacy/surrogate IMS and non-IMS stations for a broad range of test conditions: yield,
depth, geology, seismic coupling, etc.
9. Encouraging results of other studies of waveform cross correlation at teleseismic and
regional distances
4. International Data Centre Page 4
Waveform template
– high quality signal
Searching for similar (repeating) signals in
continuous waveforms
Cross correlation
Continuous multichannel cross correlation. For arrays, only vertical or 3-C
channels (e.g., ARCES) are used. For 3-C stations, all three channels can be
used.
5. International Data Centre Page 5
Cross correlation detection
An example of cross-correlation detection: DPRK 2006 vs. DPRK
2009. DPRK06 as a template. Station AKASG, BP filter between
0.8 Hz and 2.0Hz
STA
LTA
Threshold: SNR=STA/LTA >3.0
Cross Correlation Coefficient, CC
Valid signal
6. International Data Centre Page 6
Local Association (LA)
1. For all valid arrivals at primary stations, which are found with a
given master event, origin times, OTij, are calculated. The
empirical travel times from the master event to the relevant
primary stations, TTij, are subtracted from the arrival times, ATij.
OTij = ATij – TTij
where i is arrival index at station j.
TTij = TTj !
2. Empirical travel times from a master event to seismic stations are
characterized by ZERO modelling errors and very low measurement
errors. These conditions allow extremely accurate relative location.
7. Page 7
Page 7
International Data Centre
Association with seismic events
M1
Master i
2-6 sec
PP P
Master 1
• For the XSEL, one arrival can participate only in one event hypothesis
• The XSEL includes events with 3 and more primary stations and arrivals with
accurate azimuth and slowness estimates, i.e. only REB-compatible events are
created
P
Arrival times are reduced to origin times before association
Local association (LA) with XSEL events
Origin time
Conflict resolution (CR)
winners
Origin times from 3 and more IMS stations within a few sec interval create an event hypothesis
More stations
Same number of stations
lower scattering
not associated – same station
P
not associated – out of range
P P
8. International Data Centre Page 8
Additional location grid for LA
MASTER EVENT
-10
-5
0
5
10
-10 -5 0 5 10
N
E
dtk = S · dk - travel time correction
OTk
ij = ATij - TTj + dtjk – corrected origin time
From origin time residuals to
relative location
• k nodes, rectangular of circle;
• grid size from 1 to 100 km;
• spacing from meters to 10-15
km
• Average OT and RMS OT
residual are calculated in each
node
s
9. International Data Centre Page 9
Preparation of master events (ME)
Tohoku, 11 March 2011: 725 REV events
SEL3 includes 538 events with evids
from the REB. 628 SEL3 events in
the aftershock area
SEL3 and historical REB events could be used as master events
There are hundreds of historical
REB events in the aftershock
area
10. International Data Centre Page 10
Global set of real master events
7860 events with 10 and more primary stations and SNR>5
signals
Red –master events, yellow – shallow REB events Ms>7
14. International Data Centre Page 14
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Historical master events
4 defining stations
1411 XSEL events
3 defining stations
2554 XSEL events
15. International Data Centre Page 15
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Aftershocks as master events
162 ME (0.5 deg spacing) 69 ME (1 deg spacing)
Circles – ME between 0 and 40 km depth;
triangles – deeper than 40 km
16. International Data Centre Page 16
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Aftershocks as master events: dense set (162 ME)
4 defining stations 3 defining stations
944 XSEL events 1530 XSEL events
17. International Data Centre Page 17
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
REB as master events: sparse set (69 ME)
4 defining stations 3 defining stations
980 XSEL events 1682 XSEL events
18. International Data Centre Page 18
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Regular grid
ME from aftershocks Regular grid
20. International Data Centre Page 20
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Regular grid, 29 ME
4 defining stations 3 defining stations
834 XSEL events 1522 XSEL events
21. International Data Centre Page 21
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Grand Master, 29 Nodes x 10 GM
Grand Master from aftershocks Reproduced GM
22. International Data Centre Page 22
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Grand Master, 29 Nodes x 10 GM
4 defining stations 3 defining stations
995 XSEL events 1520 XSEL events
23. International Data Centre Page 23
Tohoku, 11 March 2011
Comparison of ME performance
ME Set
# defining
stations
XSEL
REB TIME
(12 s)
REB 2
STA (4 s)
Tohoku aftershocks,
dense set - 162 ME
3 1530 725 654
4 944 711 621
Tohoku aftershocks,
sparse set - 69 ME
3 1682 723 660
4 980 711 615
Historical, sparse set
- 109 ME
3 1590 725 670
4 1411 721 633
Regular Grid, 29 ME
3 1522 720 611
4 834 675 538
Grand Master, 10
GM, 29 ME
3 1520 722 572
4 995 702 524
24. International Data Centre Page 24
SEL3 vs XSEL
Automatic processing
1. SEL3 is not a good start interactive analysis of the biggest
aftershock sequences (AS): missing hypotheses, many rejected
event hypotheses. Larger mislocation results in additional work.
2. XSEL is an excellent start for interactive analysis: REB events
have REB-compatible hypotheses with 3 primary stations, REB
from XSEL is more complete, the analysts’ workload is reduced
by a factor of 2.
REB
data day
REB
AS area
REB with SEL3
evids
SEL3
data day
SEL3 in AS
areas
XSEL REB
FOUND
REB NOT
FOUND
NEPAL
(2015115) 286 209 132 262 109 362 197 12
TOHOKU
(2011070) 797 725 538 887 628 1530 725 0
SUMATRA
(2004361) 724 625 497 910 526 1839 611 14
25. International Data Centre Page 25
Cross correlation distance
Earthquakes in Atlantic Ocean
Cross
correlation
coefficients,
IMS
array
TORD
Distance between events, km
Not corrected arrival time delays
Corrected arrival time delays
CC
CC
26. International Data Centre Page 26
Global Grid of real, grand master,
and synthetic master events
Primary seismic network Location of 25,000 master events
GG coverage
Finding the DPRK3 with
synthetic UNE waveforms
28. International Data Centre Page 28
Repeating mining blasts: Aitik copper mine, Sweden
1. Select historical REB events detected
by ARCES, FINES, and NOA
2. Select events with high quality
waveform templates at all stations
3. Continuous cross correlation
4. Local association of all detections
5. Creation of an automatic XSEL
6. Interactive analysis
2017051 18:02:50 2017053 18:17:54
s
29. International Data Centre Page 29
Continuous monitoring of the DPRK test site:
weak aftershock of the DPRK5
Sta Dist, km EvStaAz,
deg
Phase Arrival time tres, s CC dRM SNRCC SNR
SEHB 346 191.7 Pn 01:51:39.35 -0.21 0.25 -2.90 2.6 1.9
MDJ 367 6.7 Pn 01:51:43.35 0.26 0.28 -2.66 2.7 2.1
USRK 410 35.8 Pn 01:51:46.05 0.16 0.26 -2.94 3.1 2.8
KSRS 440 193.6 Pn 01:51:51.92 -0.21 0.20 -2.89 3.3 2.2
network
Templates and waveforms
relative location
absolute location