6. Physical examination
V/S T. 36.0 BP 157/76 PR 80 RR 20 SatO2 100
GA An adult Thai female, calm, well cooperated, alert ,on posterior
cylinder slab.
HEENT Anicteric sclera, not pale conjunctiva
Lung Clear both lungs
CVS Normal s1s2 ,no murmur
Abdomen Not distend, not tender,soft
Neuro Glossly intact
7.
8. Ext.
Lt.knee
Inspected - Marked swelling,redness, ecchymosis at
medial side of Lt. knee.,deformity
Palpation – Tender at patella Lt. knee, warm,
Ballotment>Can’t examine due to pain,
Movement – Limit ROM due to pain.
Distal part : Neuro and vascular intact
17. Patella fracture
Patella fractures account for 1% of all skeletal injuries occur either by
direct impact injury or indirect eccentric contraction
male to female 2:1
most fractures occur in 20-50 year olds
Patella sleeve fracture
seen in pediatric population (8-10 year olds)
Bipartite patella may be mistaken for patella fracture
affects 8% of population
characteristic superolateral position
bilateral in 50% of case
21. Physical examination
Palpable patellar defect
Significant hemarthrosis
Unable to perform straight leg raise indicates failure of
extensor mechanism
22. Investigation
Radiographs
Film knee AP,lateral,sky view
Patella alta
Fracture displacement - best evaluated on lateral x-ray
degree of fracture displacement correlates with degree of
retinacular disruption
MRI
MRI if child has normal x rays but is unable to straight leg raise
23. Treatment
Non-operative
Knee immobilized in extension (brace or cylinder cast) and full
weight bearing
Indications
Intact extensor mechanism (patient able to perform straight leg raise)
Nondisplaced or minimally displaced fractures
Vertical fracture patterns
Early active ROM with hinged knee brace
Early WBAT in full extension
Progress in flexion after 2-3 weeks
24.
25.
26. Treatment
Operative
ORIF with tension band construct
Indications
Preserve patella whenever possible
Extensor mechanism failure (unable to perform straight leg
raise)
Open fractures
Fracture articular displacement >2mm
Displaced patella fracture >3mm
Patella sleeve fractures in children
29. Treatment
Total patellectomy
Indications
reserved for severe and extensive comminution not be able to
salvage
quadriceps torque reduced by 50%
medial and lateral retinacular repair essential
30. Complications
Weakness and anterior knee pain
Nonunion
can consider partial patellectomy
Osteonecrosis (proximal fragment)
Infection
Stiffness
OA knee