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African hawk 2 part 1
This document provides an overview of the African Hawk II unmanned aerial vehicle project completed by three students. It describes the objectives of modeling and manufacturing the aircraft and installing an autopilot system. Updates from previous models include changes to the internal arrangement, landing gear, use of vacuum bagging in manufacturing, and the MicroPilot autopilot. Test results are presented relating throttle position to thrust, RPM, endurance, and aircraft velocity. The manufacturing process is also summarized, including mold making, vacuum bagging of composite surfaces, and installation of control surfaces.
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African hawk 2 part 1
- 2. African Hawk II Automated Version Graduation Project Done By: Mamdouh Sadek Al- Moatasem BelaaH Samy Samir Khattab
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- 4. Introduction • Mini UAVs • Pheonix 607 (2006/2007) • Mantis (2007/2009) • Buraq (2008/2009) • African Hawk (2009/2010)
- 5. Introduction • It’s aVision • UAS • Autopilot
- 6. Introduction Objectives • Modeling and Manufacturing of the aircraft. • Design and installation of autopilot chip onboard of the aircraft.
- 8. Introduction What’s New?! • Internal Arrangement • Landing Gear • Vacuum Bagging • MicroPilot Autopilot • Emergency Recovery System
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- 10. Objective • Set Mathematicalto relate parameters • Thrust • RPM • Velocity
- 11. Experimental Test • Relationbetween throttle position, Thrust and RPM
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- 14. Results 1- Thrust Vs. Throttle Position 4500 y = 0.209x2 + 18.981x 4000 R² = 0.9939 3500 3000 thrust(gm) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 throttle position (%)
- 15. 2- RPM Vs.Throttle Position 10000 y = -0.3269x2 + 121.4x 9000 R² = 0.9887 8000 7000 6000 RPM 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Throttle Position (%)
- 16. 3-Thrust Vs. RPM 12000 y = 2.5148x R² = 0.8367 10000 8000 rpm 6000 4000 2000 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 THRUST(gm)
- 17. Endurance Vs. ThrottlePosition-4 140 120 y = 103681x-2.112 R² = 0.9964 100 Endurance- min 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Throttle position (%)
- 18. 5Thrust Vs. airplaneVelocity • BEM Theory • CL and CD • No geometry for blades • 3D Scanning • 2D Sections
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- 20. What’s New ?! •Nothing Changed in the external geometry • Some internal parts were edited • Some new internal parts were added
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- 23. Servo Motors FlapServo
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- 34. Mass Model • Objective: Centerof Gravity of the aircraft is related to the stability condition of the aircraft. Moment of inertias will be needed for the calculation of the stability derivatives.
- 35. Mass Model • Twomethods of calculations: The first method (using CAD software) The second technique (Manual calculations)
- 36. Mass Model • Firstlywe will define the Axis system we used: We took the center of the general Axis at the leading edge of the airfoil cross section of the wing’s root. The +ve Z direction is upward, the +ve Y direction is in the right wing direction from the front view, the +ve X direction is in the direction of the fuselage rear.
- 37. Mass Model • Theaircraft is divided into 3 main sections of components: Structural Components. Propulsion Components. Control Components.
- 38. Mass Model Results
- 39. Aerodynamic model Cl-alfa curve • cl-alfa 1.4 wing only airplane 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 cl 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 alfa
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- 41. Drag polar cl-cd , drag polar 1.4 wing only airplane 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 cl 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 cd
- 42. Cm-alfa cm-alfa 0.06 wing only airplane 0.04 0.02 0 -0.02 cm -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.1 -0.12 -0.14 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 alfa
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- 44. Manufacturing Steps • Lasercutting and structure assembly • Balsa Surface fabrication • Composite Surface fabrication • Surface finish
- 45. Ribs Fabricating &arrangement • Plywood, 27 ribs.
- 46. Balsa Surface fabrication 1.5 mm Balsa wood sheet covering •
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- 48. Composite Surface fabrication • First layer: fiber glass 200 gm/m2 • Other layers fiber glass 400 gm/m3 • Lower Surface • Painting
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- 50. Female Mold • FoamJigs • Wood Lips
- 51. Female Mold • Gapsare sealed with clay • Surface is waxed at least two times
- 52. Female Mold • ApplyingEpoxy Resin • Start from root • Brush in one direction
- 53. Female Mold • Sixlayers • Around 30 min between each layer • Most reusable part
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- 55. Manufacturing Skin UsingVacuum Bagging Technique • What is vacuum Bagging ?! a new technique used in composite manufacturing that used the pressure as a clamping force to press the fiber laminates together with the mold until the resin is cured.
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- 57. Vacuum Bagging Light weight Product • vacuum bagging results in absorbing of excessive resin in the breather material and can reduce Epoxy resin weight by 30% and total weight by 15% Better uniformity of lay up (No thick / • thin cross sections) exact shaping • vacuum Bagging lay up results in perfect shape that exactly like the female mold shape due to clamping force between mold and laminate. Strong bonding between layers •
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- 59. • Carbon fiber •Release Fabric
- 60. • Perforated film •Breather /bleeder
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- 62. Vacuum Bagging Equipment 1-VacuumPump 2-Gauge
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- 64. Vacuum Bagging Easy lock
- 65. Vacuum Bagging Tubing Clamps
- 66. Vacuum Bagging Vacuum Port
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- 68. Manufacturing procedures 1-Cutting carbon fiber cloth •
- 69. 2-Cutting vacuum bagginglayers •
- 70. • 3. Preparationof bag and vacuum bagging equipment • 4. Female mold preparation • 5-Mixing Epoxy resin
- 71. • 6. Applyingepoxy on the laminate
- 72. • 7. Applyingvacuum bagging layers
- 73. 8. Mold Entrancein the bag & sealing the open side • 9. Opening vacuum pump •
- 75. • 10. Removingskin from the mold
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- 80. Control surfaces cutting controlsurfaces
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- 82. Control Surfaces Covering
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