Aerosols can strongly influence atmospheric circulation, and categorizing it into circulation types (CTs) helps in understanding the relationship between atmospheric forcing and surface conditions. However, few studies have considered the impact of interactive aerosols on atmospheric dynamics from a climatic perspective. This contribution aims to assess whether simulations with interactive aerosols (online solving of aerosol–radiation interactions, ARI, and aerosol–radiation–cloud interactions, ARCI) significantly impact atmospheric dynamics over Europe during winter compared to conventional regional climate models with prescribed aerosols. For that, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been applied to reduce the dimensionality of the problem in order to cluster different weather patterns. Results showed significant differences in the two predominant patterns, characterized by a western zonal flow (CT1) and a low-pressure system centered in Italy (CT2). The ARI experiment revealed a substantial reduction of surface level pressure over central-eastern Europe for CT1, resulting in a southward shift of the flux direction, and an increase in pressure over Scandinavia for CT2. The ARCI experiment exhibited a similar, but weaker effect. Furthermore, the study demonstrated the impact of aerosols on the frequency of different CTs and on the concentration of black and white aerosols. The findings of this study emphasize the significant role of aerosols in the atmospheric system and the need for further research to reduce uncertainty in meteorological and climatic experiments, particularly in the context of mitigating climate change.

1. AEROSOLS
PRESENTED BY:
TANAYA PALIT
M.PHARM
(PHARMACEUTICS)
18620317002

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
INHALATION AEROSOLS
WHY INHALATION THERAPY??
COMPONENTS OF AEROSOLS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat
conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting
drugs directly to their site of action.
 The respiratory tract is one of the oldest routes used
for the administration of drugs.

4. ADVANTAGES OF PULMONARY DRUG
DELIVERY
 The dose needed to produce a
pharmacological effect can be reduced.
 Rapid onset of action.
 Avoidance of gastrointestinal upset.
 Avoidance of intestinal & hepatic first-pass
metabolism.

5. DISADVANTAGES OF PULMONARY
DRUG DELIVERY
 Aerosol devices can be difficult to
use.
 Drug absorption may be limited by
the physical barrier of the mucus
layer and the interactions of drugs
with mucus.

6. AEROSOLS
 AEROSOLS are the dosage forms containing
therapeutically active ingredients
 that are packaged under pressure in a sealed
container
 are released as a fine mist of spray upon
activation of a suitable valve system.
 1942- First aerosol was developed by
Goodhue and Sullivan.

7. ADVANTAGES
 Removal of dose without contamination.
 Can be delivered directly to the affected area.
 It can produce local & systemic effects.
 No manual contact with patient.
 Avoid the first pass metabolism.
 Faster onset of action.
 Irritation can be reduced.

8. DISADVANTAGES
 Expensive.
 Difficulty in formulation.
 Q.C testing is complicated.
 Sometimes propellants may cause toxic
reactions.
 Highly inflammable.

9. INHALATION AEROSOLS
 Airways is unique organ system of body & its structure
allowing air to come into direct contact with blood, so
this is a useful route of administration of drugs in the
inhaled or aerosol form.
 The inhalation therapy provides fast acting treatment
for respiratory illness such as asthma & COPD.

10. WHY INHALATION THERAPY ????
ORAL INHALED ROUTE
 Slow onset of action Rapid onset
 Large dose used Less dose is required
 Greater side effects Better tolerated

11. COMPONENTS OF AEROSOLS
AEROSOL
PROPELLANT
CONTAINER
VALVE &
ACTUATOR
PRODUCT
CONCENTRATE

12. Continue……

13. PROPELLANTS
 Responsible for developing proper pressure
within the container.
 They expel the contents of the container through
valves by applying force.
 TYPES OF PROPELLANTS
a) Liquefied gases
b) Compressed gases

14. LIQUEFIED GASES
 They are widely used in the
formulation of aerosols because they
are very effective in dispensing the
active ingredients into a fine mist.
 They are relatively inert, non-toxic &
non flammable.
 They also have the advantage of
maintaining a constant pressure
within the container.

15. Liquefied gases are of 3 types
Liquefied
gases
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs)
Hydrocarbons (HCs)

16. CHLORO FLUORO CARBONS
 Propellant of choice for oral and inhalation.
Examples-
 Trichloromonofluoromethane – Propellant 11
 Dichlorodifluoromethane – Propellant 12
 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane – Propellant 114

17. HYDRO CHLORO FLUORO CARBONS
 These compounds break down in the atmosphere at
faster rate than CFCs.
Examples-
 Heptafluoropropane (HFA – 227)
 Tetrafluoroethane (HFA – 134a)
 Difluoroethane (Propellant 152a)

18. HYDROCARBONS
 Can be used for water based aerosols and topical
use.
Examples –
 Propane (Propellant A-108)
 Isobutane (Propellant A-31)
 Butane (Propellant A-17)

19. COMPRESSED GAS PROPELLANTS
 Compressed gas propellants occupy the
head space above the liquid in the can.
 When the aerosol valve is opened the
gas ‘pushes’ the liquid out of the can.
 The amount of gas in the headspace
remains the same but it has more space,
& as a result the pressure will drop
during the life of the can.
EXAMPLES- Carbon dioxide, Nitrous
Oxide, Nitrogen.

20. CONTAINERS
 Various types of materials are used in the
manufacture of aerosol containers.
 Which must withstand pressures as high as 140 to
180psig at 130°F.
 TYPES OF MATERIALS USED-
A. Metal
B. Glass

21. METAL
Three types of
metal containers
are used.
1) Tinplated steel
2) Aluminium
3) Stainless steel

22. GLASS
Two types of glass containers are used.
1) Uncoated glass
2) Plastic-coated glass

23. VALVES
 The modern day aerosol
valves are multifunctional.
 The materials used in the
construction of the valve must
be approved by FDA.
 The valve is expected to
deliver a given amount of
medication.

24. Types of valves:
VALVES
Continuous
spray valves
Metering
valves

25. Continuous spray valve
 Used for topical aerosols.
 Valve components-
 Ferrule or Mounting cup
 Valve body or Housing
 Stem
 Gasket
 Spring
 Dip tube

26. Metering valves
 Metering valves are
applicable to the
dispensing of potent
medication.
 Approximately 50 to 150mg
±10% of liquid material can
be dispensed at one time
with the use of such valves.

27. ACTUATORS
 These are specially designed buttons which helps in
delivering the drug in desired form, i.e., spray, wet
stream, foam or solid stream.

28. TYPES OF ACTUATORS
ACTUATORS
SPRAY FOAM
SOLID
STREAM
SPECIAL

29. CONCLUSION
Pharmaceutical aerosol is a noninvasive
pulmonary drug delivery system which is
considered to be one of the best methods as
compared to other routes of administration.
Its advantages over the other route of
administration enhance its wide range of
application in the treatment of illness
including asthma, chronic obstructive
pulmonary diseases (COPD) etc.

30. Continue……..
Some of its advantages include the possibility
of directly targeting the drug to the site of
action, avoidance of first pass metabolism,
rapid action and also reduction of systemic
side effects etc. Hence pulmonary route of
administration can be successful in the
research field in near future.

31. REFERENCES
• Nimesh P.Patel, Arpan A. Patel & Moin K.
Modasiya. Review on: Aerosols- Pulmonary Drug
Delivery System. International Journal of
Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences 2012;
1(1): 19-24.
• Lahkar Sunita. An Overview on: Pharmaceutical
Aerosols. International Research Journal of
Pharmacy 2012; 3(9): 68-75.
• Lachman/Lieberman’s. The Theory and Practice
of Industrial Pharmacy: Pharmaceutical
Aerosols, 4th Edition: 770-778.