This presentation was made at the annual AECT conference 2010.

1. How Do Theories Prescribe Collaborative Learning? Foundations for a Design Theory on Collaborative Project-Based Learning Dabae Lee Indiana University

2. Purpose To generate the groundwork for an instructional design theory on collaborative project-based learning Reviewed descriptive theories on collaborative learning Social constructivism Social interdependence theory Game theory

3. Cooperative vs. Collaborative Learning Cooperative learning Students have separate roles in a structured task and pool their works to a specific end Collaborative learning Students must plan and accomplish something together (whole together)

4. Conceptual Framework: Instructional Design Theory Reference: Reigeluth (1999)

5. Overview

6. Social Constructivism

7. Social Constructivism

8. Social Interdependence Theory (Lewin 1935, Johnson & Johnson, 2009)

9. Social Interdependence Theory

10. Game Theory (Von Neuman & Morgenstern, 1944) “Game theory is about what happens when people interact” and it “…can be used to predict, and also to explain and prescribe” (Carmerer, 2003) The normal form of game is a competitive game in which each of two players has their own strategies and takes actions with complete information about the actions of the other player. e.g) Chess Watch an example Various types of games Competitive vs. Cooperative Two-players vs. Multiple players One time vs. Multiple times

11. Collaboration Game A cooperative game in which two or more players are aware of the level of the other players’ participation “Perception of fairness”, Rewards/Effort = Fair Members choose whether to actively contribute to the group work or not depending on their perception of fairness among group members. i.e. Reduce their effort when there is a free rider. Full participation can be accomplished by having “cooperative enforcer”, a member who punishes free-riders and achieve the level of “fairness” among group members.

12. Collaboration Game Example Moving chairs together to another place Can’t leave until all the chairs are moved A free-rider detected Other members would do: To achieve fairness

13. Game Theory

14. Future Research Directions Prove efficacy of game theory in collaborative learning Interpret empirical results of collaborative learning using the theoretical framework of game theory, Relate empirical findings of game theory in different disciplines to collaborative learning Test the theory in collaborative learning contexts.

15. Questions & Comments Email: dablee@indiana.edu