This document discusses several topics related to green building and sustainability including:
1) Green building principles like reducing environmental impact, efficient energy and water use, and healthy indoor environments.
2) Nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) that produce as much renewable energy as they consume annually.
3) Smart city features and modern surveying equipment such as EDM, total stations, and GPS systems.
This document provides an overview of green building technology. It defines green building as environmentally-conscious construction that uses less energy, water and resources and creates less waste. Green building technology covers features like geothermal heating and energy-efficient appliances. The key objectives of green building include protecting occupant health, improving productivity, conserving resources, reducing carbon footprint, and achieving better indoor air quality. Materials selection is an important part of green building, focusing on criteria like resource efficiency, energy efficiency, affordability, recyclability, and water conservation. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced costs, energy conservation, improved health, and increased productivity.
This document discusses green buildings and their importance. It defines green buildings as those that are efficiently designed and constructed to reduce environmental impacts over their lifespan. Green buildings provide environmental, economic and social benefits such as reduced emissions, operating costs and improved health. The document outlines the objectives, principles and rating system of the Indian Green Building Council which promotes sustainability in Indian construction. It also highlights several examples of green building projects in India and their differences from conventional buildings.
Green buildings are structures that ensure efficient use of natural resources like materials, water, and energy with minimal waste generation. They incorporate features like efficient cooling, lighting and water systems to reduce consumption. India needs to promote green buildings to address issues like global climate change, resource depletion, and its high carbon dioxide emissions from the construction industry. Certification systems like GRIHA and LEED evaluate buildings based on criteria like energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor air quality. Some exemplary green buildings in India include the CII-Godrej Centre, the first LEED Platinum rated building outside the US, and buildings by Infosys and ITC that incorporate sustainable design and technologies.
A green building is designed to minimize environmental impact through efficient resource use, renewable energy, and sustainable materials. It aims to reduce impacts and consider human health. A green building maintains or improves environmental quality through high efficiency to reduce consumption of energy, water, and other resources, which minimizes pollution. LEED certification establishes a points system to evaluate sustainability based on location/transport, materials/resources, water/energy use, and more.
Green buildings are structures designed and operated to reduce environmental impact. They use less water and energy, generate less waste, and use healthier and more sustainable materials than conventional buildings. The objectives of green buildings are to minimize resource usage during construction and operation, and to reduce carbon emissions, water usage, waste production and energy consumption by 35-50%. Green building techniques emphasize sustainable siting, energy and water efficiency, healthy indoor environments, and the use of sustainable materials like straw bales, grasscrete and rammed earth.
Buildings like machines, remain major consumers of energy and resources. Critical issue in buildings shall remain; what kind of energy is used by the buildings- in majority of cases ,it is black energy, generated by burning coal, which is used in buildings. Buildings have not only to migrate from energy efficiency but have also to ensure that energy used is green and not black . Solar ,wind and geo-thermal energy remains the best options. While solar and wind energies are to be captured whereas geo-thermal energy is available within the building. However, technology is yet to catch up the geo- thermal energy.
Building design, material and construction technologies remain critical for any building to become zero-energy. Infact buildings have to graduate from zero-energy position to Energy positive .In achieving the agenda the role of architects will be critical. Infact designing and constructing energy positive building should be embedded in the study curricula of both architecture and civil engineering in order to achieve the defined agenda of energy optimization.
This document provides information on green buildings, including what they are, their importance and objectives, various green building rating systems, and examples of green buildings in India. It defines a green building as one that uses less water and energy and generates less waste than a conventional building, while providing a healthier space. It discusses motivations for green building like environmental and economic benefits. It also outlines rating systems like LEED and GRIHA and the criteria they assess buildings on, such as energy efficiency, water efficiency, and indoor air quality. The document concludes by summarizing several existing green buildings in India and their green features.
This document provides an overview of green building technology. It defines green building as environmentally-conscious construction that uses less energy, water and resources and creates less waste. Green building technology covers features like geothermal heating and energy-efficient appliances. The key objectives of green building include protecting occupant health, improving productivity, conserving resources, reducing carbon footprint, and achieving better indoor air quality. Materials selection is an important part of green building, focusing on criteria like resource efficiency, energy efficiency, affordability, recyclability, and water conservation. Green buildings provide benefits like reduced costs, energy conservation, improved health, and increased productivity.
This document discusses green buildings and their importance. It defines green buildings as those that are efficiently designed and constructed to reduce environmental impacts over their lifespan. Green buildings provide environmental, economic and social benefits such as reduced emissions, operating costs and improved health. The document outlines the objectives, principles and rating system of the Indian Green Building Council which promotes sustainability in Indian construction. It also highlights several examples of green building projects in India and their differences from conventional buildings.
Green buildings are structures that ensure efficient use of natural resources like materials, water, and energy with minimal waste generation. They incorporate features like efficient cooling, lighting and water systems to reduce consumption. India needs to promote green buildings to address issues like global climate change, resource depletion, and its high carbon dioxide emissions from the construction industry. Certification systems like GRIHA and LEED evaluate buildings based on criteria like energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor air quality. Some exemplary green buildings in India include the CII-Godrej Centre, the first LEED Platinum rated building outside the US, and buildings by Infosys and ITC that incorporate sustainable design and technologies.
A green building is designed to minimize environmental impact through efficient resource use, renewable energy, and sustainable materials. It aims to reduce impacts and consider human health. A green building maintains or improves environmental quality through high efficiency to reduce consumption of energy, water, and other resources, which minimizes pollution. LEED certification establishes a points system to evaluate sustainability based on location/transport, materials/resources, water/energy use, and more.
Green buildings are structures designed and operated to reduce environmental impact. They use less water and energy, generate less waste, and use healthier and more sustainable materials than conventional buildings. The objectives of green buildings are to minimize resource usage during construction and operation, and to reduce carbon emissions, water usage, waste production and energy consumption by 35-50%. Green building techniques emphasize sustainable siting, energy and water efficiency, healthy indoor environments, and the use of sustainable materials like straw bales, grasscrete and rammed earth.
Buildings like machines, remain major consumers of energy and resources. Critical issue in buildings shall remain; what kind of energy is used by the buildings- in majority of cases ,it is black energy, generated by burning coal, which is used in buildings. Buildings have not only to migrate from energy efficiency but have also to ensure that energy used is green and not black . Solar ,wind and geo-thermal energy remains the best options. While solar and wind energies are to be captured whereas geo-thermal energy is available within the building. However, technology is yet to catch up the geo- thermal energy.
Building design, material and construction technologies remain critical for any building to become zero-energy. Infact buildings have to graduate from zero-energy position to Energy positive .In achieving the agenda the role of architects will be critical. Infact designing and constructing energy positive building should be embedded in the study curricula of both architecture and civil engineering in order to achieve the defined agenda of energy optimization.
This document provides information on green buildings, including what they are, their importance and objectives, various green building rating systems, and examples of green buildings in India. It defines a green building as one that uses less water and energy and generates less waste than a conventional building, while providing a healthier space. It discusses motivations for green building like environmental and economic benefits. It also outlines rating systems like LEED and GRIHA and the criteria they assess buildings on, such as energy efficiency, water efficiency, and indoor air quality. The document concludes by summarizing several existing green buildings in India and their green features.
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) expands and complements the building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. A Green Building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste, and provides healthier space for occupants as compared to a conventional building. Market estimates suggest that India will be adding 11.5 million homes every year thus, making it the world’s third-largest construction market by 2020. With rapid urbanization and strong economic growth, the construction industry is becoming one of the fastest-growing sectors in India providing employment to nearly 18 million people. This will be beneficial for the people who are really conscious about the environmental impact of the buildings and believe in energy conservation. The economy is the major factor in any type of construction work, especially for residential houses and more specifically when they are situated in the megacity in a developing country like India. There is a need of concentrating on a Green Home, which is one of the most important and one of the discussed topics throughout the globe, in the age of global warming and climate change worldwide. In this situation, some middle way is necessary to be found out, to encourage green construction.
This document discusses green buildings. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout their lifecycle. It outlines the benefits of green buildings, which include social, environmental and economic benefits like enhanced occupant health and comfort, conservation of natural resources, and reduced operating costs. It also discusses factors to consider in green building like location, daylighting, orientation, materials used, and merits and demerits. Examples of green buildings in India that have received LEED certification are provided.
Green Technology for specific Application (1).pptxAkashSingh256814
Green buildings minimize energy and resource usage and can generate their own power. First generation green buildings only minimize usage, while second generation also generate power on-site. When a building generates all its own power it is considered zero-energy. Green building standards like LEED and GRIHA provide guidelines for efficient site selection, materials, water and energy systems, and indoor air quality. Adopting these standards leads to lower operating costs compared to initial capital costs, and promotes sustainability.
Green buildings are Eco-friendly, resource efficient and are very energy efficient. They are more comfortable and easier to live with due to low operating and owning costs.
This presentation consists of brief introduction about green buildings, their design and benefits.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Increasing problems of climate change, rising temperature, global warming and increasing carbon footprints, can be largely attributed to the manner in which built environment is being planned, designed, constructed and created .
Considering the role, relevance and importance, buildings need to be made more environmentally sustainable; economically vibrant/ productive and physically better place to live and work.
Making built environment more productive, sustainable and inclusive, calls for looking into and exploring the innovative options of; Rationalizing and redefining the process of planning, designing, constructing and maintaining the buildings; Making built environment energy/resource efficient and environment friendly; mitigating heat island, making buildings safe against natural and manmade disasters. In order to make building supportive of environment and ecology ;buildings have to be made sustainable, smart and intelligent, so that agenda to make buildings vibrant and least consumer of energy/resources /generator of waste.
A green building aims to minimize its environmental impact over its lifecycle. It conserves energy and resources during construction and operation through various design strategies. These include efficient site planning, building materials selection, renewable energy integration, water and waste management practices, and indoor environmental quality maintenance. Green buildings provide environmental benefits like reduced pollution and energy usage while creating healthier spaces for occupants.
This document provides an introduction to green building technology, including its history, objectives, and benefits. It discusses how green building aims to reduce environmental impacts and optimize resource efficiency throughout a building's lifecycle. Some key points:
- Green building originated in the 1970s in response to high fuel costs and the environmental movement, and has grown more formalized since the 1990s.
- It focuses on efficiently using energy, water, and materials while improving indoor air quality and occupant health.
- Common objectives include design efficiency, energy/water efficiency, reducing waste and pollution. Materials used prioritize sustainability.
- Benefits are environmental (resource conservation), economic (cost savings), and social (quality of
Green buildings aim to reduce negative environmental impacts through features like increased energy and water efficiency. They utilize materials and technologies that conserve natural resources and generate less waste. Some key characteristics of green buildings include using renewable energy sources, optimizing daylighting, and employing water recycling systems. Common green building materials are fly ash bricks, bamboo boards, and solar panels. Benefits include lower utility costs, reduced pollution, and improved occupant health. While initial costs may be higher, green buildings can provide long-term economic and environmental returns.
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Chirag Singhal on green building construction. It acknowledges the assistance received from various civil engineers and oil companies during the internship. The contents of the report include an introduction to green buildings, their importance, challenges in making them, examples of important green buildings, advantages and disadvantages, and their efficiency.
Presentation is an attempt to briefly describe the context of Green Building- its role and importance in promoting sustainability and reducing global warming besides the design strategies which go into making of a Green Building. It also define the advantages and the rating system defined by IGBC for the Green Building.
The document discusses green buildings and provides information about a student project on the topic. It defines green buildings as those that are environmentally responsible and efficient over their entire lifespan. It then lists the goals of green building design, why organizations pursue green building, and the economics and benefits. Specific features discussed include material selection, water and energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and the LEED rating system.
Green buildings are designed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources, protecting health, and reducing pollution. They meet objectives such as energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor air quality. The green building movement began in the late 1980s and has grown due to concerns over energy prices and environmental sustainability. Examples of green building principles include use of renewable energy, natural lighting, water recycling, and non-toxic materials.
Green buildings are designed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources, protecting health, and reducing pollution. They meet objectives such as energy efficiency, water conservation, indoor air quality and use of sustainable materials. While the green building movement started in the late 1980s, it has grown significantly in recent decades driven by concerns over energy prices, environmental protection and sustainability.
This document provides an overview of green building concepts, design principles, and practices. It discusses how green buildings are designed and constructed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources and healthier, more productive spaces. Key aspects covered include orientation, daylighting, water and energy management systems, sustainable materials, and HVAC strategies. Green building certification programs like LEED provide standards to measure sustainability performance. When properly designed and constructed, green buildings can cost less to operate while achieving excellent energy efficiency.
Green housing is a type of housing designed to be environmentally friendly and sustainable by focusing on efficient use of energy, water, and materials. It aims to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of buildings through various strategies like efficient appliances and fixtures, use of sustainable materials, on-site renewable energy generation, water harvesting and reuse, and reducing waste. While green housing has benefits like reduced operating costs, improved health and productivity, and environmental protection, there are also challenges like additional initial costs and lack of demand and awareness among buyers in India.
This document discusses green buildings and their benefits. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and efficient in their use of resources throughout their lifecycle. The goals of green building include siting efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency, materials efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and waste reduction. Green buildings provide economic benefits like reduced costs, environmental benefits like reduced pollution, and social benefits like improved health and comfort. Common standards and concepts for green buildings in India are also outlined.
The document discusses green building, which aims to reduce environmental impact through techniques like energy efficiency, water conservation, and generating less waste. It provides examples of green building projects in India, noting their sustainability features like solar power, rainwater harvesting, and use of recycled materials. Certification programs like LEED rate buildings on their environmental performance, with platinum being the highest rating.
This document discusses green buildings and strategies to promote their adoption. It begins by outlining how the building industry is a major contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions globally. It then defines green buildings as those that are more energy efficient and environmentally friendly compared to conventional buildings. The document reviews various strategies that can be used in green buildings to reduce energy consumption, such as improving lighting efficiency, temperature control, passive design, and reducing waste. It also discusses criteria and rating systems used to evaluate the sustainability and performance of green buildings. Overall, the document aims to promote greater awareness and adoption of green building concepts and practices.
The document discusses key facts about green buildings and LEED certification in India. It provides information on the categories used to award LEED credits, including sustainable sites, energy and atmosphere, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and materials and resources. It also summarizes some examples of notable green buildings in India that have received LEED certification, highlighting various sustainable features and energy/water savings achieved through their designs.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) expands and complements the building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. A Green Building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste, and provides healthier space for occupants as compared to a conventional building. Market estimates suggest that India will be adding 11.5 million homes every year thus, making it the world’s third-largest construction market by 2020. With rapid urbanization and strong economic growth, the construction industry is becoming one of the fastest-growing sectors in India providing employment to nearly 18 million people. This will be beneficial for the people who are really conscious about the environmental impact of the buildings and believe in energy conservation. The economy is the major factor in any type of construction work, especially for residential houses and more specifically when they are situated in the megacity in a developing country like India. There is a need of concentrating on a Green Home, which is one of the most important and one of the discussed topics throughout the globe, in the age of global warming and climate change worldwide. In this situation, some middle way is necessary to be found out, to encourage green construction.
This document discusses green buildings. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and resource efficient throughout their lifecycle. It outlines the benefits of green buildings, which include social, environmental and economic benefits like enhanced occupant health and comfort, conservation of natural resources, and reduced operating costs. It also discusses factors to consider in green building like location, daylighting, orientation, materials used, and merits and demerits. Examples of green buildings in India that have received LEED certification are provided.
Green Technology for specific Application (1).pptxAkashSingh256814
Green buildings minimize energy and resource usage and can generate their own power. First generation green buildings only minimize usage, while second generation also generate power on-site. When a building generates all its own power it is considered zero-energy. Green building standards like LEED and GRIHA provide guidelines for efficient site selection, materials, water and energy systems, and indoor air quality. Adopting these standards leads to lower operating costs compared to initial capital costs, and promotes sustainability.
Green buildings are Eco-friendly, resource efficient and are very energy efficient. They are more comfortable and easier to live with due to low operating and owning costs.
This presentation consists of brief introduction about green buildings, their design and benefits.
Best Regards:
Engr. Muhammad Ali Rehman
Increasing problems of climate change, rising temperature, global warming and increasing carbon footprints, can be largely attributed to the manner in which built environment is being planned, designed, constructed and created .
Considering the role, relevance and importance, buildings need to be made more environmentally sustainable; economically vibrant/ productive and physically better place to live and work.
Making built environment more productive, sustainable and inclusive, calls for looking into and exploring the innovative options of; Rationalizing and redefining the process of planning, designing, constructing and maintaining the buildings; Making built environment energy/resource efficient and environment friendly; mitigating heat island, making buildings safe against natural and manmade disasters. In order to make building supportive of environment and ecology ;buildings have to be made sustainable, smart and intelligent, so that agenda to make buildings vibrant and least consumer of energy/resources /generator of waste.
A green building aims to minimize its environmental impact over its lifecycle. It conserves energy and resources during construction and operation through various design strategies. These include efficient site planning, building materials selection, renewable energy integration, water and waste management practices, and indoor environmental quality maintenance. Green buildings provide environmental benefits like reduced pollution and energy usage while creating healthier spaces for occupants.
This document provides an introduction to green building technology, including its history, objectives, and benefits. It discusses how green building aims to reduce environmental impacts and optimize resource efficiency throughout a building's lifecycle. Some key points:
- Green building originated in the 1970s in response to high fuel costs and the environmental movement, and has grown more formalized since the 1990s.
- It focuses on efficiently using energy, water, and materials while improving indoor air quality and occupant health.
- Common objectives include design efficiency, energy/water efficiency, reducing waste and pollution. Materials used prioritize sustainability.
- Benefits are environmental (resource conservation), economic (cost savings), and social (quality of
Green buildings aim to reduce negative environmental impacts through features like increased energy and water efficiency. They utilize materials and technologies that conserve natural resources and generate less waste. Some key characteristics of green buildings include using renewable energy sources, optimizing daylighting, and employing water recycling systems. Common green building materials are fly ash bricks, bamboo boards, and solar panels. Benefits include lower utility costs, reduced pollution, and improved occupant health. While initial costs may be higher, green buildings can provide long-term economic and environmental returns.
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Chirag Singhal on green building construction. It acknowledges the assistance received from various civil engineers and oil companies during the internship. The contents of the report include an introduction to green buildings, their importance, challenges in making them, examples of important green buildings, advantages and disadvantages, and their efficiency.
Presentation is an attempt to briefly describe the context of Green Building- its role and importance in promoting sustainability and reducing global warming besides the design strategies which go into making of a Green Building. It also define the advantages and the rating system defined by IGBC for the Green Building.
The document discusses green buildings and provides information about a student project on the topic. It defines green buildings as those that are environmentally responsible and efficient over their entire lifespan. It then lists the goals of green building design, why organizations pursue green building, and the economics and benefits. Specific features discussed include material selection, water and energy efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and the LEED rating system.
Green buildings are designed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources, protecting health, and reducing pollution. They meet objectives such as energy efficiency, water conservation, and indoor air quality. The green building movement began in the late 1980s and has grown due to concerns over energy prices and environmental sustainability. Examples of green building principles include use of renewable energy, natural lighting, water recycling, and non-toxic materials.
Green buildings are designed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources, protecting health, and reducing pollution. They meet objectives such as energy efficiency, water conservation, indoor air quality and use of sustainable materials. While the green building movement started in the late 1980s, it has grown significantly in recent decades driven by concerns over energy prices, environmental protection and sustainability.
This document provides an overview of green building concepts, design principles, and practices. It discusses how green buildings are designed and constructed to reduce environmental impact through efficient use of resources and healthier, more productive spaces. Key aspects covered include orientation, daylighting, water and energy management systems, sustainable materials, and HVAC strategies. Green building certification programs like LEED provide standards to measure sustainability performance. When properly designed and constructed, green buildings can cost less to operate while achieving excellent energy efficiency.
Green housing is a type of housing designed to be environmentally friendly and sustainable by focusing on efficient use of energy, water, and materials. It aims to reduce the adverse environmental impacts of buildings through various strategies like efficient appliances and fixtures, use of sustainable materials, on-site renewable energy generation, water harvesting and reuse, and reducing waste. While green housing has benefits like reduced operating costs, improved health and productivity, and environmental protection, there are also challenges like additional initial costs and lack of demand and awareness among buyers in India.
This document discusses green buildings and their benefits. It defines green buildings as structures that are environmentally responsible and efficient in their use of resources throughout their lifecycle. The goals of green building include siting efficiency, energy efficiency, water efficiency, materials efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and waste reduction. Green buildings provide economic benefits like reduced costs, environmental benefits like reduced pollution, and social benefits like improved health and comfort. Common standards and concepts for green buildings in India are also outlined.
The document discusses green building, which aims to reduce environmental impact through techniques like energy efficiency, water conservation, and generating less waste. It provides examples of green building projects in India, noting their sustainability features like solar power, rainwater harvesting, and use of recycled materials. Certification programs like LEED rate buildings on their environmental performance, with platinum being the highest rating.
This document discusses green buildings and strategies to promote their adoption. It begins by outlining how the building industry is a major contributor to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions globally. It then defines green buildings as those that are more energy efficient and environmentally friendly compared to conventional buildings. The document reviews various strategies that can be used in green buildings to reduce energy consumption, such as improving lighting efficiency, temperature control, passive design, and reducing waste. It also discusses criteria and rating systems used to evaluate the sustainability and performance of green buildings. Overall, the document aims to promote greater awareness and adoption of green building concepts and practices.
The document discusses key facts about green buildings and LEED certification in India. It provides information on the categories used to award LEED credits, including sustainable sites, energy and atmosphere, water efficiency, indoor environmental quality, and materials and resources. It also summarizes some examples of notable green buildings in India that have received LEED certification, highlighting various sustainable features and energy/water savings achieved through their designs.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
2. 1. Green building
2. nZEB (nearly zero energy building)
3. Smart city and its features
4. Modern surveying equipments –
Electronic distance meter (EDM)
Total station
GPS (global positioning system)
3. 1.Green Building-
Green building is the practice of creating
structure and using processes that are
environmentally responsible and resource
efficient throughout the building life cycle from
sitting to design construction, operation,
maintenance, renovation and demolition.
A green building is one which uses less water,
optimise energy efficiency, conserve natural
resources, generate less waste and provides
healthier space for occupants when compared
with conventional building.
4. Green buildings are designed to meet certain objectives
such as a protecting occupant health, improving
employee productivity ,using energy, water and other
resources more efficiently and reducing the overall
negative impacts on environment.
6. Objectives of Green Building-
Green Buildings are designed to reduce the
overall impact on human health and the natural
environment by the following ways:
Using energy, water and other resources
efficiently.
By reducing waste, pollution, and environmental
degradation.
Implementing the three R's system – Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle
7. Benefits Of Green Building-
Green buildings are designed for achieving the
sustainability
The essential aim of sustainable design is to
create a place , product and services in a way
that reduce use of non renewable resources,
minimize impact on environment. And use
locally available material to greater possible
extent.
8. 1. Economical benefits of green building-
Sustainable buildings reduce consumption of
material and energy which offers major finance
advantages that are-
Reduce operating cost and improve occupant
performance due to efficient use of all utilities in
building.
Creating, expanding and shaping markets for
green product and services.
Increased property value.
Less maintenance.
Optimization of life cycle economic performance.
Decreased infrastructure strain .
9. 2. Environmental Benefits-
Reduce impact of building construction and
operation on –
Soil, aquatic and forest eco system.
Air and water quality
Energy consumption.
• The energy saving could range from 20% to
30% and water saving around 30% to 50%.
• Improve landscape of building site.
• Reduce waste generation and dependency on
artificial ventilation.
• Controls emission of green house gases.
10. Enhance and protect the biodiversity and
ecosystem.
Improve air and water quality.
Conserve and restore natural resources.
Offer energy efficiency, improved lighting,
improved comfort and healthier environment.
11. 3.Social benefits-
(1)Enhanced occupant comfort and health
(2) Heightened aesthetic qualities
(3) Minimizing strain on local infrastructure
(4)Improved overall quality of life and standard of
living.
(5)Improved occupational productivity.
12. Disadvantages of green building-
(1) Structural orientation: In order to optimise sun
exposure, green building demand ideal structural
positioning causing friction among neighbours.
(2) Green roofs: In general, green roofs are
comprised of multiple layers as a vegetation layer
growing medium, drainage or water storage
insulation, a water proofing membrane and roof
support heavier than conventional roof.
(3) Air cooling features: In a green building inmates
may not have precise mechanism to regulate
temperature through natural ventilation.
13. (4) Green buildings are expensive: There are additional
costs during the construction phase of green building. But
the operational and maintenance costs of a green-built
home are significantly less.
A building designed with passive solar and high-efficiency
windows require less energy to heat and cool, less
workload on units also results in lower repair cost and a
more years of service.
Green buildings use up less materials and are built better so
they have higher value and will not need periodical
replacement of costly materials.
(5) Green homes are less appealing:
The components used in green construction are engineered
to last longer and require less maintenance. Building green
also involves leaving more trees on the lots and less
modification to terrain.
14. Design Aspects For Green Building-
Green architecture is a green building design
concentrates on four interrelated aspects-
1.Daylight: Maximising the natural light available
throughout the day to occupants.
2. Natural ventilation: Maximising the use of natural
systems instead of depending on artificial ventilation
system.
(3) Comfort: Providing a combination of acceptable
temperature and air flow in order to provide a healthy
and productive workplace which maximizes the
potential productivity of its occupants.
15. 4.Materials and devices: All materials and devices
used in green buildings need less consumption of
energy and water causing low ecological impact,
of renewable materials and low maintenance,
replacement costs over the life the building
16. Design criteria of green building as per
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
1.Site sustainability-
Site selection- the site of green building shall take
place on one of the following ;
i. In an exiting building envelope
ii. On brown field site
iii. On grey field site
The green building should not be constructed at –
i. Flood affected land
ii. Within 35 m of any wetland
iii. Within 150 m of fish pond and wildlife habitat
conservation area.
17. Site development- A minimum 40% of the entire site
area shall incorporate one or more combination of
following:
i. Shall have a vegetated roof with a minimum depth of
growing medium of 75 m.
ii. Shall have porous pavers.
iii. Shall have permeable pavement with a minimum
percolation rate of 100 lit/min-m2.
2.water use efficiency-
Water consumption of commercial buildings can be
reduced upto 50% using variety of innovation strategies
of plumbing and mechanical system as well as the
landscaping design.
18. Water use can be reduced by following ways-
i. Site water use reduction
ii. Building water use reduction
iii. Domestic appliances
iv. Gray water use
v. Rain water harvesting
3.Energy efficiency-
All elements of the building , foundation framing, roof
structure, floors and windows should be high energy efficient.
Some measures to improve the energy efficiency of the
building are-
i. Orientation
ii. Building envelope
iii. Equipment and system
iv. lighting
19. Equipment And System –
the following points must be consider while selecting
the equipments-
i. Select the chillers with high coefficient of performance
ii. select high efficiency cooling tower
iii. Use high efficiency motors, transformers and pumps.
Lighting-
Lighting consumes about 20% electricity in the
building.
Following points should be should be considered for
less power consumption-
i. Design n such way that building should get maximum
day light.
ii. Select energy efficient luminaries like CFL, T-5, LED
etc.
20. iii. Overall lighting power density can be designed as less
as 10 w/m2.
iv. Occupancy sensor control are used in conference rooms,
class rooms, meeting halls to automatically turn off
lighting (within 30 min.) when everybody lefts.
5.Indoor Air Quality-
i. In order to maintain or enhance IAQ following points
are considered.
Paints- paints have major impact on aesthetical view and
human health. All water based paints contain Voc which
are harmful for health.
Moisture resistant- products and systems that resist the
moisture or inhibit the growth of biological
contaminants in building should be used to protect the
health of occupants.
21. Building entrance- all green building entrance shall
employ mat system.
Environmental tobacco smoke-smoking shall not be
allowed inside the building.
5. Green building materials used in construction-
i. Earthen Materials.
ii. Wood.
iii. Bamboo.
iv. SIPs (structural insulating panels).
v. Insulated Concrete Forms.
vi. Cordwood.
vii. Straw Bale.
viii. Earth Bags.
ix. Cellular concrete
23. 2. Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA), Hyderabad
3.CII- Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre, Hyderabad
4. Infosys Limited, Mysore
5. Infinity Benchmark, Kolkata
24. 2.Net Zero Energy Building-
A zero-energy building is a building with zero net energy
consumption, which is also known as a zero net energy
(ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), net
zero building or zero-carbon building.
It means that the total amount of energy used by the
building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount
of energy created on the site, or in other definitions by
renewable energy sources elsewhere.
These buildings contribute less greenhouse gas to the
atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings.
It reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas
production elsewhere by the same amount.
25. India's first net zero building is Indira Paryavaran
Bhawan, New Delhi, inaugurated in 2014.
In this building, passive solar building design and other
green technologies. High-efficiency solar panels were
proposed.
This building many water conservation features
26. 2) nZEB (nearly zero energy building)
Definition of zero energy building:
A zero energy building produces sufficient renewable
energy to meet its own annual energy consumption
requirements, thereby reducing the use of non renewable
energy in the building sector, is called as zero energy
building.
Principle of zero energy building-
The principle of zero energy building is to reduce the
carbon emission and reduce dependence on fossil fuel so
that net energy consumption will be zero.
27. Importance Of Net-zero Energy Buildings-
Buildings have a significant impact on energy use and the
environment. Commercial and residential buildings use
almost 40% of the primary energy and approximately
70% of the electricity .Electricity consumption is
expected to increase another 50% by 2025.
Nearly all of the greenhouse gas emissions from the
residential and commercial building sectors can be
attributed to energy use.
Buildings can reduce emissions through their choice of
energy supply, or by reducing energy consumption
through improved building design, increased energy
efficiency and conservation and other mechanisms that
reduce energy demand in buildings.
28. Types of Net- Zero Energy Building-
(1) Net-zero site energy use
(2) Net-zero source energy use
(3) Net-zero energy emissions
(4) Net-zero cost
(5) Net off-site zero energy use
(6)Off-the-grid
29. (1) Net-zero site energy use:
In this type of ZEB, the amount of energy
provided by on-site renewable energy sources is
equal to the amount of energy used by the
buildings.
(2) Net-zero source energy use:
This ZEB generates the same amount of energy
as is used, including the energy used to transport
the energy to the building. This type accounts for
losses during electricity transmission. These
ZEBs must generate more electricity than net-
zero site energy buildings.
30. (3) Net-zero energy emissions:
Outside the United States and Canada, a ZEB is generally
defined as one with zero net energy emissions, also known
as a zero carbon building or zero emissions building. Under
this definition the carbon emissions generated from on-site
or off-site fossil fuel use are balanced by the amount of on-
site renewable energy production.
. (4) Net-zero cost
In this type of building, the cost of purchasing energy a
balanced by income from sales of electricity to the grid of
electricity generated on-site.
31. (5) Net off – site zero energy use:
A building may be considered a ZEB if 100% of the
energy it purchases comes from renewable energy
sources, even if the energy generated off the site.
(6)Off - the- grid :
Off-the-grid buildings are stand-alone ZEBs that are not
connected to an off-site energy utility facility. They
require distributed renewable energy generation and
energy storage capability (for when the sun is not shining
wind is not blowing, etc.)
32. Advantages of net-zero energy buildings:
Isolation for building owners from future energy price
increases.
Increased comfort due to more uniform interior
temperatures.
Reduced requirement for energy austerity.
Reduced total cost of ownership due to improved
energy efficiency
Extra cost is minimized for new construction compared
to as afterthought retrofit.
Higher resale value as potential owners demand more
ZEBs than available supply.
Reduced greenhouse gas and emissions, and increased
energy security and independence.
33. Disadvantages of zero energy building-
Initial costs can be higher- effort required to understand,
apply and qualify for ZEB subsidies.
Very few designers or builders have the necessary skills
or experience to build ZEBs.
Challenge to recover higher initial costs on resale of
building, but new energy rating systems are being
introduced gradually.
34. India's first zero energy building-
(i.e. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan @ Delhi)
This building is the first ever zero net energy multi-
storeyed building with 100% onsite renewable solar
power generation.
Such a building is self-sufficient in energy requirements
and thus highly energy efficient.
It contributes very little greenhouse gases, saves energy
produced either from non-renewable or renewable
sources somewhere else, and most of such buildings get
half or more of their energy from the grid and return the
same amount during non-peak hours of their use.
37. Introduction to Smart City -
In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to
provide services and solve city problems.
Smart city uses digital network to connect people , to
protect & improve the lifestyle of citizens.
A smart city does things like improve transportation and
accessibility, improve social services, promote
sustainability, and give its citizens a voice.
The main goals of a smart city are to improve policy
efficiency, reduce waste and inconvenience, improve
social and economic quality, and maximize social
inclusion.
38. Need of Smart Cities-
With increasing urbanization, India's urban population is
expected to increase from 377 million in 2011 to 600
million people by the year 2031.
Almost 50% percent of the total population will live in
urban areas.
According to a recent report on Indian urban infrastructure
and services, the urban share of the GDP is expected to rise
to 75% in the year 2030 from around 62-63 percent in the
year 2009-2010.
The number of cities is projected to increase to 87 in the
year 2031 from 50 in 2011.
39. Need of Smart Cities-
Urban areas will be critical to the economic growth of
the country and they will require a massive overhaul to
accommodate the future population.
To cater to this increasing urban population in the future,
cities need to plan and provide a suitable environment
for future investments, create new jobs and livelihoods,
build reliable public infrastructure, provide social
services.
40. Classification of Smart Cities-
smart cities can be broadly classified into following types:
(1)new cities,
(2)retrofitting existing cities with smart technologies,
41. Smart City Components
Integrated transport and increased connectivity
100% coverage of utilities: solid waste management,
storm water drainage, telecommunication, electricity,
water
Integration of Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) with transportation and utilities to
allow real time monitoring
Energy Efficiency and the use of renewable resources
Sustainable building practices
Access to jobs, education and healthcare
42. Features of a Smart City:-
Smart cities will helps in reducing congestion in cities, air
pollution and resource depletion.
It will also boost local economy, promote interactions
and ensure security.
Smart cities will promote mixed land use in area based
developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’ containing a
range of compatible activities.
They will preserve open spaces, parks, grounds,
enhancing living standards of the citizens and reduce
urban heat effects.
They will further promote transportation options.
Smart cities will play a crucial role in making governance
citizen-friendly. The initiative will help in bringing
transparency and accountability
43. Features of a Smart City:-
It will also help in giving identity to the cities, based on
main economy activity, local cuisine, health, education,
culture, etc.
Applying smart solutions to infrastructure will be easy.
There will be less vulnerable areas in times of calamity,
natural disaster, etc.
44. Modern Equipments of surveying
Surveying-
Surveying is the process of determining relative
positions of different objects on the surface of the earth
by measuring horizontal distances between them and
preparing a map to any suitable scale.
Modern equipments used for surveying-
1. Total station
2. GPS( Global Positioning System)
3. EDM (Electronic Distance Meter)
45. 1. Total station-
A total station is an electronic instrument commonly
used in construction, surveying and civil engineering. It
is useful for measuring horizontal angles, vertical angles
and distance — it does this by analyzing the slope
between itself and a specific point.
OR
Total Station is an equipment used in surveying,
designed for measuring horizontal and vertical angles,
inclusive of measuring sloping distance of object to the
instrument.
It is the combination of theodolite and electromagnetic
distance measuring (EDM) instrument.
It also consists of a micro-processor with a memory unit
which deals with recordings, readings, and the
fundamental calculation of measurements.
47. Components of Total Station-
The components used in Total station surveying are as
follows:
A tripod is used to hold the total station
An electronic notebook used to record, calculate and
even manipulate the field data
Prism and prism pole which can measure lengths up to
2 km and up to 6-7 km can be measured with triple
prism
Battery
48.
49. Principle of Total Station in Surveying
The basic principle of the total station is that the distance
between any two points can be known once the velocity
and the time taken by the light to travel are known.
Distance =Velocity *Time
The following relation is already programmed in the
memory of the total station along with the correction
factors: that are used to calculate the required horizontal
distance and is finally displayed on the LCD screen of
the instrument
50. Objectives of using Total Station in
Surveying-
The major objectives of using the total station in
surveying can be listed as follows:
a. To determine the angles between the points or average
of the multiple angles measured.
b. To determine the horizontal distance between the points
or average of the multiple distances measured.
c. To determine the elevation of various points.
d. To determine the three location coordinates of various
points.
51. Operations performed by total station:
a. Measurement of Distance : An essential component of
the total station is Electronic Distance Measuring (EDM)
which is responsible for the distance measurement.
The measuring range of the EDM can vary from 2.8km to
4.2km.
A typical EDM is capable of measuring the distance with
an accuracy ranging between 5mm to 10mm per km of
measurement.
The EDM is equipped with an automatic target recognizer.
The distance measured by the total station is always the
sloping distance from the instrument station to the object.
52. b. Measurement of Angle:
Another important operation performed by the total
station is the measurement of angle.
Usually, any suitable direction must be taken as the
reference direction for the measurement of the horizontal
angles.
While, in case of the vertical angles, the vertically upward
direction i.e. The zenith is taken as the reference
direction.
53. c. Processing of Data :
The processing of data in the total station is done
utilizing the microprocessor that is inbuilt on it.
The inbuilt microprocessor is capable of averaging
the multiple observations taken.
The microprocessor can compute the horizontal
distance as well as the location coordinates (i.e. X,
Y, Z coordinates).
In the modern total station, the microprocessor can
apply even the pressure corrections and the
temperature corrections when the temperature and
the pressure values are provided.
54. d. Display of Output :
The output or the computed results are displayed
in the total station utilizing the electronic display
unit.
The display unit can display the computed
horizontal distance, vertical distance, horizontal
and vertical angles, elevation differences
between points and the location coordinates of
the required points.
55. e. Electronic Record Keeping (Electronic Book):
The total station is capable of storing the data in
an electronic book which is similar to a compact
disc of the computer.
Such electronic book can store the data ranging
from 2000 points to 4000 points.
The data stored in the electronic book of the total
station can be unloaded by the surveyor to a
compute.
56. Advantages of Total station-
Field work is carried out very fast.
Accuracy of measurement is high.
Manual errors involved in reading and recording are
eliminated.
Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even
corrections for temperature and pressure are
automatically made.
Computers can be employed for map making and plotting
contour and cross-sections. Contour intervals and scales
can be changed in no time.
The computed values can be directly stored in the total
station and can also be easily transferred to computing
device.
57. Disadvantages of Total Station-
While using the total station, it may be difficult for the
surveyor to recheck the work.
Skilled manpower or experienced personnel is required
for operating the instrument.
The total station is costlier than other conventional
survey equipment
The total station is incorporated with several electronic
accessories and parts which may be affected by
moisture.
58. 2. GPS (Global Positioning System)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based
navigation and surveying system for determination of
precise position and time, using radio signals from the
satellites, in real time or in post-processing mode.
GPS is being used all over the world for numerous
navigational and positioning applications, including
navigation on land, in air and on sea, determining the
precise coordinates of important geographical features as an
essential input to mapping.
In India also, GPS is being used for numerous applications
in diverse fields like aircraft and ship navigation,
surveying, geodetic control networks, crustal deformation
studies, cadastral surveys, creation of GIS databases, time
service, etc., by various organisations.
59. Functioning of GPS:
The GPS satellites are orbiting the earth continuously.
The radio signals from the satellites are controlled and
corrected by control stations.
Signals are received by the GPS receiver on the earth.
The GPS receiver needs only three satellites to plot a 2D
map.
By using four satellites, it can correctly draw a 3D map to
locate the geographical position of the object over the earth
surface.
The entire functioning is carried out by three main
components. They are as follows:
1. Space segment 2. Control segment 3. User segment
61. 1. Space segment-
The space segment consists of 30 GPS satellites inclined at
55° and orbiting around from a height of 10660 miles
above the earth's surface.
Due to earth's rotation on its own axis, a satellite will take
24 hours for a complete rotation around the earth.
The higher altitude covers a large area over the earth's
surface.
The positions of the GPS satellites are such that every four
satellites cover specific point (receiver) on the earth's
surface.
Satellite signals can be received anywhere within a
satellite's effective range.
62. The signal moves at a speed equal to that of light.
The time elapsed for reaching the signal from the satellite
to the receiver can ultimately determine the distance of
the receiver from the corresponding GPS satellites.
63. 2.Control Segment
The control segment (CS) is composed of:
i. a master control station (MCS),
ii. an alternative master control station,
iii. four dedicated ground antennas, and
iv. six dedicated monitor stations.
The control segment consists of five unnamed monitor
stations and one master station.
The monitor stations continuously receive radio signals
emitted by the GPS satellites and transmitted to the master
station for its necessary correction on time and orbital
location.
The corrected information is then sent back to the GPS
satellites through ground antennas.
64. 3.User Segment
The user segment consists of the user and their GPS
receivers.
The signals transmitted by the satellites take
approximately 67 milliseconds to reach a receiver.
Four different signals are generated in the receiver having
the same structure as those received from the four
satellites.
The signal transit time is used for determine the distance
of the respective satellites.
The receiver then calculates the latitude, longitude, height
and time of the user from the known range of the four
satellites.
66. Applications of GPS
By using GPS, the following two values can be
determined:
1. The exact position of the observer in terms of latitude,
longitude, altitude and coordinates with an accuracy of 20
m to 1 mm, and
2. The time in terms of world time, universal time accuracy
up to 60 ns to 1 ns.
3.The additional parameters like speed, acceleration, local
time, measurements of approximate travel time for a
location are to be determined by using GPS. Recent use
in electronic car navigation system opens a new area of
locating objects on the earth's surface. Actually, GPS can
be used anywhere, where satellite signal and reception is
possible.
67. 2. EDM:
(Electronic Distance Measurement
) -
Electronic distance measurement (EDM) is a method of
determining the length between two points using
electromagnetic waves. EDM is commonly carried out
with digital instruments called theodolite.
Direct measurement of distances and their directions can
be obtained by using electronic instruments that depends
on propagation, reflection and reception of either light
waves or radio waves.
They may be broadly classified into three types:
a. Infrared wave instruments
b. Light wave instruments
c. Microwave instruments
73. a. Infrared Wave Instruments
These instruments measure distances by using amplitude
modulated infrared waves.
At the end of the line, prisms mounted on target are
used to reflect the waves.
These instruments are light and economical and can be
mounted on theodolite for angular measurements.
The range of such an instrument will be 3 km and the
accuracy achieved is ± 10 mm. E.g. DISTOMAT
The use of infrared instrument is high in civil
engineering surveying as they are inexpensive and more
accurate when compare to the rest.
75. Distomats -
It is a very small, compact EDM, particularly useful in
building construction and other Civil Engineering works,
where distance measurements are less than 500 m.
It is an EDM that makes the meaning tape redundant.
To measure the distance, one has to simply point the
instrument to the reflector, touch a key and read the result.
76. b. Light wave instruments
These are the instruments which measures distances based
on propagation of modulated light waves.
The light wave instrument use visible or simply light which
means wave lengths that are visible to human eyes to
measure the distance.
The measuring range of light wave instruments is lesser
that that of microwave instruments as because of the less
transmitting power of light wave instruments.
The accuracy of such an instrument varies from 0.5 to 5
mm / km distance and has a range of nearly 3 km.
Eg: Geodimeter
78. Geodimeter
Geodimeter is an instrument which works based on the
propagation of modulated light waves.
It was developed by E. Bergestand of the Swedish
Geological Survey in collaboration with the
manufacturer M/s AGA of Swedish.
The instrument is more suitable for night time
observations and requires a prism system at the end of
the line for reflecting the waves.
The very high accuracy of = or – 0.2mm to 1mm per km
can be achieved.
79. C. Microwave instruments
These instruments make use of high frequency radio
waves.
These instruments were invented as early as 1950 in
South Africa by Dr. T.L. Wadley.
The range of these instruments is up to 100 km and can
be used both during day and night.
E.g - Tellurometer
81. Tellurometer
Tellurometer It is an EDM which uses high frequency
radio waves (micro-waves) for measuring distances.
For measuring distance, two Tellurometers are required,
one to be stationed at each end of the line, with two highly
skilled persons, to take observations.
One instrument is used as a master unit and the other as a
remote unit. Just by pressing a button a master can be
converted into remote unit and vice-versa.
A speech facility (communication facility) is provided to
each operator to interact during measurement.
this method a maximum distance of 80 to 100km can be
measured with an error correction of + or – 5 to 15 mm per
km.
82. Errors in EDM surveying -
1. Instrumental error- Such types of errors are inbuilt
in instruments because of their mechanical structure.
They may be due to manufacturing, calibration or
operation of the device.
2. Natural error- The errors due to natural phenomenon
like wind , temperature, refraction is called as natural
error.
3. Personal error- This is due to the poor workmanship
from the part of the survey professionals like poor set
up, wrong data entry, etc.
83. Advantages of EDM’s:
Precise measurement of distances.
Capable of measuring long distances.
Less personal error as compared with manual distance
measurement.
Disadvantages of EDM’s:
Accuracy affected by atmospheric conditions.
Can be expensive.