Green buildings minimize energy and resource usage and can generate their own power. First generation green buildings only minimize usage, while second generation also generate power on-site. When a building generates all its own power it is considered zero-energy. Green building standards like LEED and GRIHA provide guidelines for efficient site selection, materials, water and energy systems, and indoor air quality. Adopting these standards leads to lower operating costs compared to initial capital costs, and promotes sustainability.

1. Green Technology for specific
Applications

2. Promotion of Green Buildings
• Green buildings reduce a building’s carbon
footprint forever afterwards and reduce its
demand on a country’s natural resources.
• Green Buildings focus on health, environment
and resources.

3. • First and second-generation Green Buildings:
First Generation green buildings are those
which use various architectural and engineering
devices in planning and constructing the
building so as to minimize electric power and
other resources consumed
But they do not generate any power of their
own.

4. • The second-generation green buildings not
only minimize use of power and resources
needed to operate the building but also
generate some or all of their power
requirements at the building itself.

5. • When the entire power needs of the building
are met from local generation, the building is
often referred to as ‘ZERO-ENERGY BUILDING’.
• Next step may be zero-energy city.

6. • Green buildings might cost 5-10% more in capital cost, but it is
less in operating cost.
• The country already has some under LEEDS certification and
some under GRIHA.
• There are green building guidelines and practices and ECBC
codes. The guidelines are set by LEEDS or GRIHA , developed
jointly by TERI, New Delhi.
• Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)
• Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
• Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA)
• The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

7. • The LEEDS rating system:
This covers design starting with the building
construction site itself and n proceed upto
various planning modules.
Promotes environment –friendly act.
No negative marking system for environment-
unfriendly act.

8. • Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design (LEED)
• It is a green building certification program used
worldwide.
• Developed by the non-profit U.S. Green Building
Council (USGBC) it includes a set of rating systems
for the design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of green buildings, homes, and
neighbourhoods, that aims to help building
owners and operators be environmentally
responsible and use resources efficiently.

9. Sota Construction Corporate
Headquarters in Pittsburgh earned
LEED Platinum in 2012.

10. • All New buildings are to follow the guidelines
suggested for each of the following aspects:
1. The construction Site.
2. Environment concerns in architecture designs
3. Energy conservation and its management
4. Water conservation
5. Waste Management
6. Social relevance

11. 1. The building Construction site:
• Design with minimum disruption to the site Viz leveling
and soil erosion to be avoided if possible.
• Preserve and reuse the nutrient rich topsoil for land
scaping
• Reduce micro-climate temp rise by planting trees.
• Minimize pumping. Let drainage flow existing slopes/
contours
• Preserve bio-diversity, compensate by reforestation
and replanting if necessary.
• Facilitate ground water recharge. Avoid local flooding.

12. 2.Environmental concern through choice of materials and
architectural planning:
• Achieve Thermal Comfort: Use of hollow bricks, double
walls from an insulation viewpoint.
• Avoid use of glass facades especially on sunny sides.
• Achieve visual comfort.
• Prevent heat gain ( use of larger roof overhangs to extend
shade for longer hours).
• Use of concrete or stone ‘Jalli’ with a lightly flowing water
fountain has been used in the hot and dry climate of North
India.
• Where a sloping roof is provided, use a double roof for
insulation.

13. • Sloping roof may be covered with Mangalore/
Spanish tiles to protect from heat.
• Where roofing is in form of terrace, a roof garden
may be provided. Special treatment of the roof is
required before laying earthwork to prevent
water leakage later.
• Scientifically designed vertical and horizontal fins
( sun-breakers), double glazed windowpanes can
be used to reduce heat transfer.
• Ensure entry of adequate day-light( use of
skylights, transparent sheets etc.).

14. 3.Energy conservation and better management:
Heating, Ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC)
are usually the three heaviest users of
electricity.
• Choice of equipment
• Provision of double-glazed windowpane
• Sun breakers
• Use of thermostat control of temperature.

15. • Use of LED type bulbs. No to standby mode
operations
• Landscaping: Develop shade areas in the vicinity
of the building
• Use solar water heater
• Use of ‘heat pumps’ to recover heat which would
be lost in wastewater or waste air.
• Use renewable source of energy
•

16. 4. Water conservation:
• Minimize use of public water supply. Conserve and reuse.
• Provide rainwater harvesting and ground water recharge.
• Provide low flow fixtures, orifices and dual-flushing tanks to
minimize
• Provide waterless urinals where water supply is
dependable
• Reuse gray/black water after suitable treatments either for
flushing in toilet or for gardening.
• In garden, plant species which require less water.

17. 5. Waste Management
Reuse solid waste after segregation for
composting and biogas generation

18. 6. Social Relevance
• Whatever is to be done must be good for the
local people.
• Use mostly locally available materials for
construction
• Environment sustainability thru the tangible
benefits of:
Energy Saving, water saving.

19. ‘GRIHA’ rating system guidelines.
• TERI, New Delhi has developed an Indian
version of LEED called GRIHA. This is more
suited to Indian condition and approved after
some modifications by Govt of India.
• Govt funded buildings in India are generally to
meet GRIHA guidelines.

20. • Following aspects of green building design are
investigated.
1. Site planning
2. Building envelop design
3. Building system design (HVAC)
4. Integration of renewable energy
5. Water and Waste Management
6. Selection of Ecologically sustainable materials
7. Indoor environment quality.

21. GRIHA- the green building system
• The US based LEED rating system have been
mainly focusing on efficiency measures in A/C
buildings.
• Keeping in view, the Indian agro-climatic
conditions, and in particular the
preponderance of non-AC buildings, GRIHA
system has been developed.

22. Energy conservation building code
(ECBC)
• The guidelines cover;
1. Building envelope (walls, roofs, windows).
2. Lighting (indoor, outdoor).
3. HVAC
4. Solar water heating
5. Electrical system

23. • While the benchmark is 180kWh/m²/year,
ECBC compliant building average is at
110kWh/m²/year. It is applicable to buildings
with a demand in excess of 500 kW or
connected load in excess of 600kVA.
• All GRIHA buildings are ECBC compliant.

24. • Under this code the BEE , India has a rating
system from one star to five star.
Examples:
CII – Sohrabji Godrej Green
Business Centre
LEED 'Platinum' rated
ITC Green Centre – Gurgaon LEED 'Platinum' rated

25. CII center, Hyderabad.

26. ITC Green Centre – Gurgaon

27. • Sustainability is Improvement.
A building that consumes less power, less
resources like water, less building materials, and
less labor for its maintenance is more
sustainable over a longer period.

28. • Greening of old existing buildings:
In India, mostly all old buildings (except new
green buildings) would probably turn out to be
low-performance units. Performance is mainly
rated in terms of:
1. Energy and water requirement
2. Environmental impact, and
3. Comfort and wellbeing of occupants.

29. • Some upgrade suggestions:
1. Issue circulars to tenants to conserve electricity usages in
building
2. Changeover to LED lamps when buying replacements.
3. Seek switch over to cheaper rate of electric supply for
bulk consumption.
4. Install timer switches, motion sensors and thermostats to
reduce electric consumptions.
5. Airconditioned areas keep increasing.
6. Install low water consuming fittings and fixtures.
7. No change to building envelop is possible at this stage.
8. No terrace garden is attempted as leakage is feared.

30. 9. No plantation or changes are possible as the
site is already crowded.
10. Toilet and other facilities are overcrowded.
11. Any switch over to renewable sources of
energy is put off as expensive.
12. Automation systems are considered
unaffordable.

31. • Green Hotels :
• Green and Hospitals:

32. Green Technology for Transport.
• Private Transport:
Efforts are mainly directed towards:
1. Biofuels
2. Use of smaller cars
3. Switch over to CNG, LPG
4. Facilitation of traffic by providing flyovers, tunnels,
wide roads etc.
5. Discouraging traffic in certain areas by various means.
6. Use of Mass/ public Transport
7. Better town planning with new walkways, cycle paths
etc.

33. • Mass Transport:
It is more preferred over individual transport
as its per capita emissions of CO₂ work out to be
min. For 240 persons to travel, we need 120
cars or 6 buses or just one train.

34. • Electric Cars
• Green Roads.
Green highways are a relatively new concept although the
implementation of technologies involved in green
highway design has been encouraged for many years. A
green road may not look like normal road at first glance,
but with closer inspection a driver will notice subtle
difference. In towns, highways become more aesthetically
pleasing, and in rural areas highways become a more
natural part of the environment a green highway

35. It can be defined by five broad topics such as
1. Conservation and Ecosystem Management,
2. Water Shed Driven Strong Water
Management,
3. Life Cycle Energy and Emissions Reduction,
4. Recycles Reuse And Renewable,
5. Overall Societal Benefits.

36. • Green highway required a rating system to
evaluate criteria for design, construction, and
maintenance.
• Existing green highway rating systems by other
countries:
1. GreenGuide of roads,
2. I-LAST,
3. INVEST,
4. Envision,
5. Green Guide for Roads,
6. GreenLITES,
7. GreenPave, and BESTin-Highways,
8. CEEQUAL, and
9. STARS.

39. • The building construction industry has been at
the forefront of the shift toward sustainable
practices through the success of the Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating
systems.
• A concept similar to LEEDS concept is taking
shape for providing guidelines for design of what
may be called ‘Green Roads’, with help of Indian
green building rating system LEED India, IGBC and
GRIHA, because so far, a rating system for
highway has not been implemented.

40. Ports and Harbors:
• Design of ports and harbors is intimately tied up
with design concerns and other infrastructure viz;
roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, waterways,
airfields, buildings, their drainage systems etc.
• Sea level rise and climate change are the two
factors to affect cargo handling facilities in India.

41. A study on climate change found the
followings:
• Air Temp would increase
• Precipitation would increase
• Sea level would rise
• Coastal storms will have a shorter return
period.
• Effects of climate change ;

42. • The cost of an adaptive measure should be
weighed against the cost that would be
incurred in case if the facility is lost. Safety is
the prime consideration.

43. GT for Industries:
• Industries generate carbon emissions right
from the start of mining operation for their
raw materials to the chemicals and process
used in their manufacture. And continue to
emit during transport and use of the product
and even during disposal after their useful life
is over.

44. Manufacturing Emissions and secondary
emissions:
The total emissions from any industry,
depend upon the process involved, the vintage
of manufacturing plant, the capacity of the unit,
the process used in manufacture, the efficiency
of power generation, the nature of fuel used for
power, and the location of the factory.

45. • Role of consultant:
They study the local specific situations and recommend
cleaner technologies to reduce the carbon footprints. The
studies are on:
1. Minimize electric power consumption
2. Minimize water use
3. Develop Wastewater treatment within available land
resources,
4. Advice on taxation
5. Review of the manufacturing process and chemicals
used

46. • Carbon emissions from Industries in general
and Carbon Tax:
There are some countries visualizing a carbon
tax to promote use of cleaner fuels in their
respective countries. To equalize its effect on
goods imported from other countries where a
carbon tax does not exist, they wish to levy a
tariff calculated to equalize these taxes.

47. Carbon emission from few plants/ establishments:
1. Cement industry
2. Steel Plant
3. Brick making
4. Fertilizers
5. Use of Fertilizers in agriculture
6. Food, Beverage and Allied industries
7. Shops, Offices and Commercial establishments

48. • The Changing Scenario in Cities:
Use of Renewable Power
Water Conservation
Green transportation
• Need of Wider Application to Town planning and
Area Re-Development Projects.
New SEZs
Intracity Roadways

49. • ‘Green’ Infrastructure for Municipal Services:
Water supply distribution network
Storm water collection and disposal network
Wastewater treatment and recycle
Solid waste management
Industrial and hazardous waste collection
and disposal system

50. Water supply and Distribution
• Water sources are depleting
• Pumping pressure must be optimized
• A gravity system must be preferred to a pumping
system, wherever possible. 24x7 system over
intermittent supply is to be adopted. For this, the
supply network is to be designed accordingly.
• Renewable source of energy to be used for
irrigation.
• Unaccounted-for-water (UFW) losses from
distribution system need more attention.

51. Strom water Run-off
• As gradually, the sea level is rising, and new
constructions are coming up in cities in coastal
area, the existing drainage system is slowly
becoming nonfunctional.
• Pumping system like Venice, and Holland will
be installed in future which will consume
power.

52. Wastewater collection, treatment and
Disposal
• GHGs are emitted in all these processes.
1) Wherever conventional electricity is used
in the processes
2) In the anaerobic processes used for
biological degradation, by release of CH4 and
CO2
• Natural processing systems do not use
electricity and can be done in a small manner.

53. Solid waste disposal
• Byproducts pay for the waste treatment.

54. Biogas
• Indian solid waste dump sites give a biogas production of 0.263
m³/kg or 263 m³/tonne of waste deposit. The fraction of methane
gas contained in land-fill biogas varies from 0.35 to 0.65 of
Methane. It can be estimated by the following formula:
Methane(tons/year) = total MSW (Tons/year) X MCF X (DOC) X 0.77 X
F, where;
MSW= municipal solid Waste
MCF= Methane Correction Factor = 0.4 for open dumps of shallow
depth.
DOC= degradable organic carbon content ( different city wise)= say
0.01-0.40
Degradation Factor= 0.77 conversion assumed as 0.077 ( default basis)
F= fraction of Methane in landfill biogas= 0.35to 0.65 ( taken as 0.5 on
default basis).

55. • Methane produced= (2740 X365) T/yr X 0.4
X0.3 X 0.077 X 0.5 = 4620.4 T/yr or, CO₂
equivalent = 4620.4 X 21 = 97,028 T/yr
• Use of BIO-Gas can be done in a green
manner.
• finally, when the disposal site is filled up, it
must be closed, and the biogas be collected
and not allowed to escape to atmosphere.

56. Bringing up Indian villages
• Village people can come out of their difficult
lifestyle by providing the followings:
• Water
• Electricity, and
• Sanitation.
This can be done in a green way.

57. • A business model can be created through cooperative
services centers to serve a group of villages in
providing these three items.
• Green Services for crematoria;
Cremation in India is done through Wood or gas or
electric crematorium, which contribute to the carbon
emission. Other methods contribute towards various
pollutions.
It is suggested that biogas produced in a Gober gas
plant using Cow dung (a renewable source ) can be used,
and 200kgs of precious wood can be saved per funeral.