This document provides an overview of key database concepts including: the relational data model with tables, keys, relationships, and normalization; database management systems; SQL for defining, manipulating, and querying data; and advanced techniques like joins, set operations, and subqueries. It defines common data models, relational structures, and the SQL language for working with relational databases. Normalization is covered as a way to minimize redundancy and anomalies in tables.

1. CHAPTER 1
REVIEW OF ESSENTIAL
DATABASE CONCEPTS
ADVANCED DATABASE SYSTEMS
Assist. Prof. Dr. Volkan TUNALI

2. Topics
 Database Management System (DBMS)
 Evolution of Major Data Models
 Relational Data Model
 Tables
 Keys
 Relationships
 Indexes
 Normalization
 SQL – Structured Query Language
 Data Definition Commands
 Data Manipulation & Retrieval Commands
 Joins
 Relational Set Operators
 Subqueries
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3. Database Management System (DBMS)
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A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that
manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in
the database.
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4. Evolution of Data Models
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5. Relational Data Model – Relation
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1 A table is perceived as a two-dimensional structure composed of rows and columns.
2 Each table row (tuple) represents a single entity occurrence within the entity set.
3 Each table column represents an attribute, and each column has a distinct name.
4 Each row/column intersection represents a single data value.
5 All values in a column must conform to the same data format.
6 Each column has a specific range of values known as the attribute domain.
7 The order of the rows and columns is immaterial to the DBMS.
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Each table must have an attribute or a combination of attributes that uniquely
identifies each row.
Properties of a Relation
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6. Relational Data Model – Keys
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Superkey
An attribute (or combination of attributes) that uniquely identifies
each row in a table.
Candidate key
A minimal (irreducible) superkey. A superkey that does not contain a
subset of attributes that is itself a superkey.
Primary key
A candidate key selected to uniquely identify all other attribute
values in any given row. Cannot contain null entries.
Secondary key
An attribute (or combination of attributes) used strictly for data
retrieval purposes.
Foreign key
An attribute (or combination of attributes) in one table whose values
must either match the primary key in another table or be null.
Relational Database Keys
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7. Relational Data Model – Relationships
 1:* Relationship (one-to-many)
 Relational modelling ideal.
 1:1 Relationship (one-to-one)
 Should be rare in any relational database design.
 *:* Relationship (many-to-many)
 Cannot be implemented in the relational model.
 *:* relationships can be changed into two 1:*
relationships.
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8. 1:* Relationship
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9. 1:1 Relationship
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10. *:* Relationship
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The wrong implementation of the *:* relationship between STUDENT and CLASS
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11. *:* Relationship
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Converting the *:* relationship into two 1:* relationships
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12. Relational Data Model – Indexes
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13. Normalization
 Why normalization?
 Minimize data redundancy.
 Reduce likelihood of data anomalies.
 Normal Forms
 1NF
 2NF
 3NF
 Denormalization
 For performance purposes (avoiding joins).
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14. Normalization – Example
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Expected report format
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15. Normalization – Example
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Data in 1NF
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16. Normalization – Example
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17. SQL – Structured Query Language
 Data Definition Language (DDL)
 Creating database objects.
 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 Inserting/updating/deleting/retrieving data.
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18. SQL Data Definition Commands/Options
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CREATE SCHEMA
AUTHORIZATION
Creates a database schema
CREATE TABLE Creates a new table in the user's database schema
NOT NULL Ensures that a column will not have null values
UNIQUE Ensures that a column will not have duplicate values
PRIMARY KEY Defines a primary key for a table
FOREIGN KEY Defines a foreign key for a table
DEFAULT Defines a default value for a column (when no value is given)
CHECK Validates data in an attribute
CREATE INDEX Creates an index for a table
CREATE VIEW Creates a dynamic subset of rows/columns from one or more tables
ALTER TABLE
Modifies a tables definition (adds, modifies, or deletes attributes or
constraints)
DROP TABLE Permanently deletes a table (and its data)
DROP INDEX Permanently deletes an index
DROP VIEW Permanently deletes a view
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19. SQL Data Manipulation Commands/Opt.
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INSERT Inserts row(s) into a table
SELECT Selects attributes from rows in one or more tables or views
WHERE Restricts the selection of rows based on a conditional expression
GROUP BY Groups the selected rows based on one or more attributes
HAVING Restricts the selection of grouped rows based on a condition
ORDER BY Orders the selected rows based on one or more attributes
UPDATE Modifies an attribute’s values in one or more table’s rows
DELETE Deletes one or more rows from a table
COMMIT Permanently saves data changes
ROLLBACK Restores data to their original values
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20. Joins
 Inner Join
 Outer Join
 Left Outer Join
 Right Outer Join
 Full Outer Join
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21. Relational Set Operators
 UNION
 UNION ALL
 INTERSECT (IN / EXISTS)
 MINUS (NOT IN / NOT EXISTS)
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22. Subqueries
 WHERE Subqueries
 IN Subqueries
 HAVING Subqueries
 FROM Subqueries
 Attribute List Subqueries
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