Substitution,Adulteration & Controversial Herbal Drugs by Dr. Rashmi Srivastava MD, Ph.D Reader P.G.Deptt.Of Dravyaguna RGGPG ayurvedic College Paprola. H.P.

1. Substitution,Adulteration
& Controversial Herbal Drugs
Presented by:
Dr. Rashmi Srivastava MD, Ph.D
Reader
P.G.Deptt.Of Dravyaguna
RGGPG ayurvedic College Paprola. H.P.

2. Substitution:-
- k|ltlglw _
Def.-
Substitution is the addition of an entirely
different article, some times
morphologically similar or dissimilar but
most of the time they are having
similar pharmacodynamic property
Friday,May8,
2020
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3. Why Need for Substitution
Non-availability of the drug.
E.g.: - Substitution for Ashtavarga Dravyas.
 Uncertain identity of the drug .
E.g.: - for the herb Lakshmana white variety of
solanum.species is considered
 Cost of the drug.
E.g.: - Kumkuma being costly herb is substituted by
Kusumbha
 Geographical distribution of the drug ;
E.g. :- As Rasna, Pluchia lanceolata is used in
Northern India while in southern parts Alpinia
galanga is considered as the source
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2020
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4. Criteria for Substitution
çfrfuf/k æO;ks dk xzg.k
dnkfpn~ æO;esda ok ;ksxs ;a= u yH;rsA
r=nq.k;qda æO;a ifjorsZu x`ársAA ¼HkS- j- ij- çdj.k 4@57½
dnkfpr~ fdlh vkS’kf/k ;ksx es ,d æO; ugha feyrk gks rks ml vkS’kf/k ;ksx es ml æO; ds vHkko esa
mlh æO; ds leku xq.k okyk vU; æO; ysuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k & vfrl ds vHkko esa ukxjeksFkkA
;ksxks ;nç/kkua L;krL; çfrfu/kesr%A ;= ç/kkua rL;kfi ln`”ka rSo x`ársA
¼HkS- j- ij- çdj.k 4@100½
ysfdu vkS’k/k ;ksxksa ds vUnj dgs x;s vç/kku æO;ksa ds vHkko esa çfrfuf/k æO; ysuk pkfg, exj ç/kku
æO;ksa ds vHkko esa çfrfuf/k æO; ugh ysuk pkfg,A
mnkgj.k & P;ouçk”koysg esa vkeyk ds vHkko esa dksbZ vU; çfrfuf/k æO; ugha ysuk pkfg,A

5. Some examples:
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Vaidikkal oSSfnd dkys
;fn ra u foUns;q% cHkqzrwykfu QkYxqukfu ra m ra lkse ,o izR;{ka Hk{k;fr ;r i;%A
;fn lksee;gjs;q---------------gfjrku dq”kku fHk’kq.kq;krA ¼”k0 czk0 4@5@2@1&6½
lkse dq”k

6. Friday,May
8,2020
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Substition some examples:
Samhita kal lfgrk dky es
;= Roso y{k.ksu lkekU;su lkekU;orkekgkjfodkjk.kkelkfUu/; L;kr] lfUufgrkuk
okvI;;q; RokUuksi;ksxks ?k`f.kRoknU;Lek}k dkj.kkr~] l p /kkrqjfHko/kZf;rO; L;kr]rL;
;slekuxq.k L;qjkgkjfodkj vlsO;k”p ]r= lekuxq.kHkwfe’Bk
ukeU;izd`rhukeO;kgkjfodkjk.kkeqi;ksx L;kr~A ¼p ”kk 6 @11 ½
pjd lfgrk es Hkh ,slk izlx vk;k gS fd ;fn nzO; miyC/k u gks ;k miyC/k gks dj
Hkh vU; fdlh dkj.ko”k mudk mi;ksx u gks lds ;k ?k`.k gksrh gks ;k v/keZ ;fn dk
Hk; gks tSls& v.Mk [kkus es ] rks ,slh fLFkfr es lekuxq.kokys rRln`”k vU; nzO;ks dk
mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A

7. Friday,May8,
2020
7ORIGINAL SUBSTITUTE
iq’djewy Inula racemosa dwB Saussura lapa
vEyosrl Hippophae salcifolia pqdz Remax vesicarius
dqedqe Crocus sativus dqlqEHk Carthamus tinctorius
dLrqjh Moschus moschiferus xU/k”kVh Hedychium spicatium
dLrqjh Moschus moschiferus ukxjeksFkk Cyperus rotundus
dLrqjh Moschus moschiferus dadksy Piper cubeba
vfrl Aconitum hetrophylum ukxjeksFkk Cyperus rotundus
i`f”ui.khZ Uraria picta “kkyi.khZ Desmodium gangeticum
“osr pUnu Santalum album jDrpUnu Pterocarpus santalinus
“osr pUnu Santalum album diwZj Cinnzmomum chomphora
ewysBh Glycyrrhiza glabra pO; Piper rectrofractum
ewysBh Glycyrrhiza glabra /kkrdh iq’i Woodfordia fruticose
fp=d Plumbago zeylanica nUrh Biliospermum monatnum
jkLuk Pluchea lanceolata cUnkd Dendrophthoefalta
Ukkxds”kj Mesua ferrea deyds”kj Nelumbo nucifera
Bhaisajayaratnavali
Some examples :

8. HkS- j- ifjHkk’kk çdj.k 4 esa oÆ.kr dfri; jlkS’kf/k;ksa ds
çfrfuf/k }O;ksa dk o.kZu
 Ekqäk·Hkkos “kqfäpw.kZ oztkHkkos ojkfVdkA ¼HkS0j0 ifjHkk’kk izdj.k 4@66½
eksrh ds HkLe ds vHkko esa “kqfä HkLe vkSj ghjs ds vHkko esa ojkfVdk HkLe ysuh
pkfg,A
 flrk·Hkkos p [kk.Ma ¼HkS0j0 ifjHkk’kk izdj.k 4@66½
feJh u feyus ij [kkaM ysuh pkfg;sA
Lko.kkZHkkor Lo.kZ ekf{kda izf{kisn~ cq/k%A ¼HkS0j0 ifjHkk’kk izdj.k 4@82½
Lo.kZ ds vHkko esa lksukek[kh vkSj pkanh ds vHkko esa :ikek[khA
 Lkkeqnza LkSU/kkHkos foMa x`ºÓrs c/kS%A ¼HkS0j0 ifjHkk’kk izdj.k 4@64½
lsa/kk ued ds vHkko esa lkeqnzhd ;k fofj;k ued ysuk pkfg;sA
 Lo.kZ :I;;ksxL;kHkkos ykSg çni;sr~A ¼HkS0j0 ifjHkk’kk izdj.k 4@63½
lksuk vkSj pkanh ds vHkko esa ykSg HkLe ysuk pkfg;sA
Friday,May8,
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9. Inula racemosa
Ikq’djewy
 Saussurea lappa
dwB
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Commonly used some Substitutes ;-
iq’djkHkkor dq’Ba A HkS +j + ij + izdj.k 4@76

10.  Hippophae salcifolia
vEyosrl
 Rumex vesicarius
pqdz
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vEyosrldkHkkos pqdz nkrO;fe’;rs HkS +j + ij + izdj.k 4@85

11. Friday,May8,
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•Crocus sativus
dqedqe
•Carthamus tinctorius
dqlqEHk
dqedqekHkkor ns;a dqlqEHkdqlqe uoe~A HkS +j + ij + izdj.k 4@77

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• Moschus moschiferus
dLrwjh
•Hedychium spicatium
xU/k”kVh
dLrqjh.kkeHkkos rq xzká xU/k”kVh oq/kS%A HkS +j + ifjHkk’kk + izdj.k 4@89

13. Friday,May8,
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• Moschus moschiferus
dLrwjh
•Piper cubeba
dadksy
dLrqjh;ZHkkos dDdksya {ksi.kh;a fonqcqZ/kk%A HkS +j + ifjHkk’kk + izdj.k 4@87

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• Moschus moschiferus
dLrwjh
•Hibicus abelmoschus
yrk dLrwjh

15. ORIGINAL SUBSTITUTE
Hkk-iz-
Asthavarga dravyas
esnkegkesnkLFkkus “krkojhewye~ thod’kZHkdLFkkus fonkjhdUna dkdksyh{khjdkdksyhLFkkus v”oxU/kkewye~
_f)o`f)LFkkus okjkghdUna xq.kSLrrqY;a f{kisr~ A Hkk0-iz0-
1- esnk Polygonatum verticilatum “krkojh
(Asparagus
racemosus)2- egkesnk Polygonatum cirrhifolium
3- thod Microstylis wallichii fonkjhdUn
(Pueraria tuberosa)
4- _’ked Melaxis acuminata
5- dkdksyh Roscoea procera v”oxU/kk
(Withania somnifera)
6- {khjdkdksyh Paris polyphylla
7- _f) Hobernaria intermedia okjkghdUn
(Dioscorea bulbifera)
8- o`f) Hobernaria
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16. Friday,May8,
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esnk] egkesnk
izfrfuf/k nzO; “krkojh

17. Friday,May8,
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thod _’ked
izfrfuf/k nzO; fonkjhdUn

18. Friday,May8,
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dkdksyh {khjdkdksyh
izfrfuf/k nzO; v”oxU/kk

19. Roscoea procera
dkdksyh
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2020
19Asparagus racemosa
“krkojh

20. Friday,May8,
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20
_f)]o`f)
izfrfuf/k nzO; ojkgh dUn

21. Friday,May8,
2020
21P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5
ORIGINAL SUBSTITUTE
ik’kk.k Hksn Berginia ligulata xksj{kxatk Aerva lanata
LFkkS.k;d Taxus baccata rkyhl Abies webbian
dqVt Holarrhena antidysentrica L=hdqVt Wrightia tinctoria
fiz;axq Callicarpa macrophylla fiz;axq ds uke ls ysrs gS Aglaia roxburghii
vEyosrl Hippophae salcifolia jsoUnphuh Rheum emodi
eqysBh Glycyrrhiza glabra xqatk Abrus precatorius
dqVdh Picrorrhiza kurroa =k;ek.k Gentiana kurroa
vfrfo’kk Aconitum heterophyllum çfrfo’kk Aconitum palmatum
jkLuk Pluchea lanceolata egkHkjhopk Alpinia galanga
vtqZu Terminalia arjuna ddqHk Terminalia myriocarpa
ukxds”kj Mesua ferrea lqiqZukx jDr ukxds”kj Mammea longifolia

22. Aerva lanata
xksj{kxkatk
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Berginia ligulata
ik’kk.k Hksn
P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

23. Taxus baccata
LFkkS.k;d
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Abies webbiana
rkyhl
P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

24. Holarrhena antidysentrica
dqVt
Wrightia tinctoria
L=hdqVt

Friday,May8,
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P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

25. Callicarpa macrophylla
fiz;axq
Aglaia roxburghii
Friday,May8,
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25
P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

26. Glycyrrhiza glabra
eqysBh
Abrus precatorius
xqatk
,
Friday,May8,
2020
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P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

27. Picrorrhiza kurroa
dqVdh
Gentiana kurroa
=k;ek.k
Friday,May8,
2020
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P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

28. Aconitum heterophyllum
vfrfo’kk
Aconitum palmatum
çfrfo’kk
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P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

29. Friday,May8,
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•Terminalia arjuna
vtqZu
•Terminalia myriocarpa
ddqHk
P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

30. Mesua ferrea
ukxds”kj
Mammea longifolia
lqjiqUukx jDr ukxds”kj
Friday,May8,
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P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

31. Chlorophytum arundinaceum
lQsn eq”kyh
Asparagus adscendens
lQsn eq”kyh
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P.V.SHARMA BY DRAVYAGUNA-VIGYAN VOI.-5

32. Friday,May8,
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O;ogkj es iz;ksx
ORIGINAL SUBSTITUTE
fpjk;rk Swertia chirayita dkyesÄ Andrographis paniculata
Ykaxyh Gloriosa superba dsEcqd Costus speciosus
nk:gfjæk Berberis aristata dyEcd Coscinium fenestratum
liZxa/kk Rauwolfia serpentinaZ liZxa/kk dk Hksn Rauwolfia canescen
vdjdjk Anacyclus pyrethrum udyh vdjdjk Spilanthes acmella
ljy Pinus roxburghii ljy Hksn Pinus nigra

33. Swertia chirayita
fpjk;rk
Andrographis paniculata
dkyesÄ
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34. Friday,May8,
2020
34•Gloriosa superba
ykaxyh
•Costus speciosus
dsEcqd

35. Friday,May8,
2020
35•Berberis aristata
nk:gfjæk
•Coscinium fenestratum
dyEcd

36.  Rauwolfiaserpentina
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Rauwolfia canescens

37. Anacyclus pyrethrum
vdjdjk
Spilanthes acmella
udyh vdjdjk
Friday,May8,
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38. Pinus roxburghii
ljy
Pinus nigra
ljy Hksn
Friday,May8,
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39. ADULTERATION
A drug is considered as adulterated if does not meet the
prescribed standards because of :
 substitution
 deterioration
 admixture
 Sophistication
 inferiority and spoilage
rendering the original drug qualitatively lower and sometimes
even harmful to health

40. TYPES OF ADULTERATION OF HERBAL DRUGS
 Different methods used for adulteration may be grouped as
follows:
1. Substitution with Inferior Commercial Varieties
Due to morphological resemblance to the authentic
drugs, different inferior commercial varieties are used
as adulterant which may or may not have any
chemical or therapeutic potential as that original
natural drug
e.g. Cassia angustifolia, Cassia obovata and Cassia
auriculata have been used to adulterate Cassia
senna;
. Japanese ginger (Zingiber mioga) to adulterate
medicinal ginger (Zingiber officinale).

41. 2. Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured Substitutes
To provide the general form and appearance of various
drugs, some materials are artificially manufactured and are
used as substitute of the original one,
e.g. artificial invert sugar for honey; paraffin wax after yellow
coloration substituted for bees wax.
3. Substitution by Exhausted Drugs
Here the same plant material is mixed which is having no
active medicinal components as they have already been
extracted out. This practice is most common in case of
volatile oil containing materials like clove, fennel etc.,
where the dried exhausted material resembles the same
like original drug,
e. g.- Sometimes when coloring matters have been
extracted or removed during exhaustion, the residue is re-
colored with artificial dyes as is done with saffron and red
rose petals;Exhausted Gention made bitter with aloe.

42. 4. Substitution by Superficially Similar but Cheaper
Natural Substances
Usually here the adulterated product has no
relation with the genuine article, may or may not
have any therapeutic or chemical component as
that of original natural drug .
e.g. leaves of species - Ailanthus are substituted for
belladonna, mint etc.; Mother clove stalks are
substituted by clove; Leaves of Xanthium for
stramonium etc.
5. Adulteration by Addition of Worthless Heavy
Materials
A large mass of stone mixed with Liquorice root;
pieces of limestone are found in asafoetida and
lead shot has occurred in pieces of opium etc.

43. 6. Addition of Synthetic Principles
Sometimes to fortify inferior natural products,
synthetic principles are added
e.g. adding citral to citrus oils like oil of
lemon,orange oil.
7. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the Same Plant
This is done by mixing adventitious matters or
naturally occurring with the drug in excessive
amount or parts of plant other than that which
constitutes the drugs.
For example- liver warts and epiphytes growing in
bark portion are mixed with Cinchona
.stem portion are substituted with leaf drugs like
stramonium,senna.

44. 8. Adulteration of powders
 Adulteration is frequently done in powdered
form of drug.
 E.g.-red sandal wood in capsicum.
 Powdered bark is adulterated with brick
powder.

45. Friday,May8,
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ADULTERATION vifeJ.k
ORIGINAL ADULTERATION
Ekfjp Piper nigrum iihrk cht Papaya seed
flrk v”kksd Saraca ashoka udyh v”kksdk Polyalthia longifolia
efjp Piper nigrum foMax ds Hksn Embelia Robust
nk:gfjæk Berberis aristata nk:gfjæk Hksn Berberis lycium
vdjdjk Anacyclus pyrethrum udyh vdjdjk Spilanthes acmella
fpjk;rk Swertia chirayita dkyes?k Andrographis paniculata
;’Vhe/kq Glycyrrhiza glabra xqUtk ewy Abrus precatorius
ds”kj Crocus sativus dqlqEHk ds Qqy Carthamus tinctorius
“kq.Bh Zingiber officinale “kVh Hedchium spicatiumy
Lk’kZi Brassica compestris Lo.kZ{khjh Argemore mexicana

46. Piper nigrum
efjp
Papaya side
iihrk cht
Friday,May8,
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47. Saraca ashoka
flrk v”kksd
Polyalthia longifolia
udyh v”kksd

48. Piper nigrum
efjp
Embelia Robust
foMaxs Hksn
Friday,May8,
2020
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49. Friday,May8,
2020
49• Berberis aristata
nk:gfjæk
• Berberis lysium
nk:gfjnzk Hskn

50. Anacyclus pyrethrum
vdjdjk
Spilanthes acmella
udyh vdjdjk
Friday,May8,
2020
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51. Swertia chirayita
fpjk;rk
Andrographis paniculata
dkyesÄ
Friday,May8,
2020
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52. Glycyrrhiza glabra
;’Vhe/kq
Abrus precatorius
xqUtk ewy
,

53. Friday,May8,
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•Crocus sativus
dqedqe
•Carthamus tinctorius
dqlqEHk

54. Zingiber officinale
”kq.Bh
Hedychium spicatium
”kVh
,

55. Brassica compestris
l’kZi
Argemore mexicana
LoZ.k{khjh
,

56. Euphorbia thomsoniana Argemona mexicana

57. Mucuna macropodaMuccuna prurita

58. CONTROVERSIAL DRUGS :
 Controversial drugs (Sandigdha dravya) is a term used for
plants or their parts having disputed identity.
 For proper efficacy (without side effects) proper
identification and selection of drug is very important.
 An unknown drug is (fatal) like a poison, weapon, fire and
thunderbolt,while known is like ambrosia (life providing).
“ yatha visham yatha shastram…..(C. Su. 1/124)
 In Ancient period there is no much controversy of
drugs . Due to close contact with nature in various
aspects of day to day life
 Controversy gradually increased mainly from commentators
and nighantukar onwards

59. Probable Causes of controversy
 Geographical variations
 Lack of transportation
 Rapid Urbanization
 Drug Trading
 Ignoring nama rupa vijnana
 Commentators’ views coining a number of synonyms
 language
 Synonyms - Similarity in pronunciation , morphology,
pharmacology and the
 Substitutes and adulterants
 Lack of documentation
 Lack of standardisation of particular dravya( like Botany)
 Imbalance between demand & supply
 Unscientific method of drug collection and storage

60. Expected background for the study of
Controversial drugs
 Knowledge of Ayurvedic classics.
 Sound knowledge of Sanskrit language.
 Knowledge of modern botany.
 Field survey and excursion tours.
 Historical view about the plant source.
 Geographical knowledge.
 Knowledge of pharmacognosy & phytochemistry.
 Related Indian literature like vedic sculpture.
 Imagination power.

61.  Classical literature
 Commentators view
 Views of various scholars working in the field
 Collect and study the Available adulterants
 Comparative study of morphology, pharmacological actions and
indications (Langali - Kebuk)
 Discussion and conclusion
61
Methodology for confirmation of
drug :

62. Standardizati
on of Crude
Drugs
1. Microbial count
A. Total viable aerobic
count
B. Total viable anaerobic
count
C. Determination of
pathogens
D. Aflatoxin content
2. Pharmacological
A. Bitterness value
B. Haemolytic activity
C. Swelling index
D. Foaming index
3. Toxicological
A. Determination of
pesticide residues
B. Determination of heavy
metals
4. Antagonistic
A. Antibacterial
B. Antifungal
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Chromatography
4. Radioactive
contamination
A. HPTLC
B. GLC
C. HPLC A. HPTLC Finger
printing
B. Secondary
metabolites
C. DNA
Fingerprinting
1. Colour
2. Odour
3. Taste
4. Texture
5. Fracture
1. Foreign matter
2. LoD (Moisture
content)
3. PH Record
4. Ash values
5. Extractive
values
6. Flurescence
analysis
1. Macro
scopic
2. Micro
scopic
A. Shape
B. External
C. Marking
A. Qualitative
B. Quantitative
C. SEM Studies
D. Powder
studies
Standardization of Crude Drugs

63. Benefits of identifying correct source
 This will help to reduce adulteration.
 Improves the rational use of the dravya in the part of treatment specially single
drugs.
 Helps to find out the need of cultivation boost for a particular species.
 Improves the sustainability of endangered medicinal plant species.

64. dz0-la0- lafnX/k nzO; uke
1 czkEgh
2 Ikk’kk.k Hksn
3 jkLuk
4 pO;
5 vEyosrl
6 “ka[kiq’ih
7 fo/kkjk
8 fiz;axq
9 v”kksd
10 ukxds”kj
11 ukxcyk

65. Bacopa monnieri
(Scrophulariaceae)
Hydrocotyle asiatica
(Umbellifereae)
According To Thakur Balwant Sing
(Brahmi)
Centella asiatica (Hydrocotyle asiatica) is also being used as Brahmi in
some places but now it has been identified with Mandukaparni. Two other
species of Hydrocotyle i. e. H. rotundifolia and H. javanica are also being
used in some part other as Brahmi or Mandukaparni

66.  Aerva lanata
xksj{kxkatk
Friday,May8,
2020
66• Berginia ligulata
ik’kk.k Hksn

67. Vanda roxburghii
(Orchidaceae)
Alpinia galangal
(Scitaminaceae)
Pluchea
lanceolata
(Astheraceae)
Viscum album
(Loranthaceae)
Withania coagulens
(Solanaceae)
Rauwolfia serpentine
(Apocynaceae)
jkLuk
Aristolochia indica
(Aristolochiaceae)
Lochnera rosea
(Apocynaceae)
Enicostemma littorale
(Gentianaceae)
Inula racemosa
(Compositae)

68. Piper retrofractum
aa

69. Hippophae salcifolia
vEyosrl
Rumex vesicarius
pqdz
Friday,May8,
2020
69

70. Callicarpa macrophylla
fiz;axq
Aglaia roxburghii
Friday,May8,
2020
70

71. Ashoka
aaa

72. Mesua ferra (Guttifereae)
Ochrocarpus longifolius (Guttifereae)
Cinnamomum wighti (Lauraceae)
Dillenia pentagyna (Dilleniaceae)
Calophyllum inophyllum
Nagakesar

73. Sida cordifolia
Abutilon indicum Sida veronicaefolia
Grewia tenax
Sida rhombifolia
Nagabala

74. Friday,May8,
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THANK YOU