The document provides information about cancer including defining cancer, types of neoplasms, risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening tests, and prevention measures. It discusses that cancer is abnormal cell growth that can spread, and defines benign and malignant tumors. It lists common risk factors like age, tobacco, diet, radiation exposure, and infection. Signs may include lumps, pain, changes in bowel or bladder habits, unexplained weight loss, and more. Screening tests are discussed for various cancer types like mammography for breast cancer and colonoscopy for colorectal cancer. Prevention focuses on lifestyle factors like not smoking, healthy diet and exercise, limiting alcohol, and vaccination.
This document summarizes risk stratification and treatment options for prostate cancer. It discusses using risk prediction models to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups to help determine appropriate initial treatment. Options include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy depending on risk level. Treatment selection involves weighing factors like life expectancy, disease control, and side effects.
An Interactive Discussion On Key Issues Affecting Young Adult Colorectal Cancer Patients and Their Caregivers
Powered By Our Survivor Community and Their Families
Here are some additional common side effects of chemotherapy:
- Mucositis (inflammation and ulcers in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract)
- Dermatologic effects like rashes, dry skin, nail changes
- Hepatotoxicity and kidney toxicity with some agents
- Cardiotoxicity with agents like doxorubicin
- Secondary cancers and myelodysplasia due to mutagenic effects
- Infertility issues depending on the agents used
It's important for nurses to thoroughly assess for and manage side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
This document discusses gastric cancer prevention. It describes gastric cancer as the fifth most common and second deadliest cancer in Panama. The document outlines the biology, epidemiology, and risk factors of gastric cancer. It identifies the main risk factors as H. pylori infection, tobacco use, and diets high in nitrites/nitrates. The best primary prevention strategies are suggested as smoking cessation, eating fruits/vegetables, avoiding salted/smoked foods, and eradicating H. pylori. Mass screening is proposed for high risk populations.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor of the prostate gland.
This document discusses environmental factors that can contribute to cancer development, including certain viruses, bacteria, parasites, diet, alcohol, smoking, oral contraceptive pills, and other carcinogens. It also summarizes common cancers among men and women, the prerequisites and considerations for effective cancer screening programs, examples of tumor markers used to detect different cancer types, an overview of the cell cycle and factors that regulate it, key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, methods to identify these genes, and aspects of signal transduction pathways involving growth factors, receptors, and the Ras pathway.
The document provides information about cancer including defining cancer, types of neoplasms, risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening tests, and prevention measures. It discusses that cancer is abnormal cell growth that can spread, and defines benign and malignant tumors. It lists common risk factors like age, tobacco, diet, radiation exposure, and infection. Signs may include lumps, pain, changes in bowel or bladder habits, unexplained weight loss, and more. Screening tests are discussed for various cancer types like mammography for breast cancer and colonoscopy for colorectal cancer. Prevention focuses on lifestyle factors like not smoking, healthy diet and exercise, limiting alcohol, and vaccination.
This document summarizes risk stratification and treatment options for prostate cancer. It discusses using risk prediction models to stratify patients into low, intermediate, and high risk groups to help determine appropriate initial treatment. Options include active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy depending on risk level. Treatment selection involves weighing factors like life expectancy, disease control, and side effects.
An Interactive Discussion On Key Issues Affecting Young Adult Colorectal Cancer Patients and Their Caregivers
Powered By Our Survivor Community and Their Families
Here are some additional common side effects of chemotherapy:
- Mucositis (inflammation and ulcers in the mouth and gastrointestinal tract)
- Dermatologic effects like rashes, dry skin, nail changes
- Hepatotoxicity and kidney toxicity with some agents
- Cardiotoxicity with agents like doxorubicin
- Secondary cancers and myelodysplasia due to mutagenic effects
- Infertility issues depending on the agents used
It's important for nurses to thoroughly assess for and manage side effects during chemotherapy treatment.
This document discusses gastric cancer prevention. It describes gastric cancer as the fifth most common and second deadliest cancer in Panama. The document outlines the biology, epidemiology, and risk factors of gastric cancer. It identifies the main risk factors as H. pylori infection, tobacco use, and diets high in nitrites/nitrates. The best primary prevention strategies are suggested as smoking cessation, eating fruits/vegetables, avoiding salted/smoked foods, and eradicating H. pylori. Mass screening is proposed for high risk populations.
Prostate cancer or tumor is the most common cancer in men other than non-melanoma skin cancer.
The majority (more than 75%) of cases occur in men over age 65.
Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor of the prostate gland.
This document discusses environmental factors that can contribute to cancer development, including certain viruses, bacteria, parasites, diet, alcohol, smoking, oral contraceptive pills, and other carcinogens. It also summarizes common cancers among men and women, the prerequisites and considerations for effective cancer screening programs, examples of tumor markers used to detect different cancer types, an overview of the cell cycle and factors that regulate it, key oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, methods to identify these genes, and aspects of signal transduction pathways involving growth factors, receptors, and the Ras pathway.
Demonstrate the essential risk factors for developing cancer, and the predisposing factors for cancer.
Demonstrate a map of the prevalence of cancer throughout the world
Demonstrate how can we prevent the occurrence of cancer, by avoiding the predisposing risk factors.
Demonstrate the practical recommendation to avoid cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death. It begins as a noncancerous polyp that over time can become cancerous. Risk factors include polyps, age, inflammatory bowel disease, diet high in red meat, family history, obesity, smoking, and alcohol. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to development. Screening is recommended for those over 50 or those with family history. Treatment depends on stage - early stage is often surgery while later stages involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Goals are to remove cancer, kill remaining cells, and prevent return in early stages or slow growth and manage symptoms in advanced cancer.
nside Myriad. At Myriad, our goal is to make a difference in patients' lives and our work has been guided by this mission throughout the Company's history. ... Since 1991, Myriad has invested heavily in educating patients and healthcare professionals about the role genes and proteins play in disease.
Cancer is not one disease but many diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to invade other tissues. There are over 100 types of cancer categorized into carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system cancers. Cancers are caused by factors like smoking, diet, viruses, and genetics. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies. Screening guidelines exist for breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers to detect cancers early. The costs of cancer treatment are high both in terms of direct medical costs and indirect costs. The Affordable Care Act aims to increase access to cancer screening and treatment. Effective prevention focuses on lifestyle behaviors and vaccination.
This document discusses prevention of breast and cervical cancer in women. It covers leading causes of death for women, risk factors, screening methods, symptoms, and preventive measures. The key points are:
1) Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the top three leading causes of death for women. Cancer screening and treatments have improved survival rates to 66% for people diagnosed between 1966-2002.
2) Risk factors for cancer include age, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, and genetic conditions. Screening methods include self-exams, clinical exams, mammography, and HPV testing to detect cancers early.
3) Preventive measures include vaccinations, safe sexual practices, smoking cessation, healthy
This document provides an overview of prostate cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, screening recommendations, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging and risk stratification. Some key points:
- Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Incidence and mortality increases with age.
- Risk factors include age, family history, metabolic syndrome, certain dietary factors and medications.
- Screening is recommended for men aged 55-69 with a PSA test and digital rectal exam. Screening intervals depend on PSA levels.
- Diagnosis involves PSA testing, digital rectal exam, and biopsy. Staging uses the Gleason score and TNM system to determine risk level and treatment options
The document provides 10 true or false questions about cancer followed by topics for discussion on cancer including comparing normal and cancer cells, differentiating between benign and malignant tumors, and describing standard cancer treatments like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nursing care for cancer patients is also addressed, covering topics like skin integrity, nutrition, body image, and complications of cancer treatment.
Colon cancer typically begins as a noncancerous polyp in the lining of the colon or rectum and can become cancerous over time. Risk factors include age, family history, diet high in red meat and saturated fats, obesity, smoking, and alcohol use. Screening is important, as early detection improves outcomes - average risk adults should be screened beginning at age 50. Colon cancer is staged based on how far it has spread, with treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation depending on the stage. While early stage cancers can often be cured with surgery alone, advanced cancers are difficult to treat and the goals shift to slowing growth and managing symptoms.
This document provides information about prostate cancer, including:
1. It is the most common cancer in men over 65 and risk factors include age, family history, and diet high in red meat and fat.
2. Symptoms include urinary issues and pain, while advanced cancer can spread to bones and lymph nodes.
3. Diagnosis involves exams, blood tests, biopsies and imaging.
4. Treatment depends on stage but includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and watchful waiting. Nursing focuses on education, managing symptoms, and preventing complications.
- Ovarian cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death in women in the US, with a 5-year survival rate of only 35% for advanced cases. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to non-specific early symptoms.
- There is no consensus on screening guidelines due to a lack of evidence that screening reduces mortality. Current screening methods like ultrasound and CA-125 lack sensitivity and specificity.
- Several large trials are underway to evaluate new screening strategies using ultrasound, tumor markers, and genetic testing to enable earlier detection when treatment is most effective. Improved screening methods are needed to reduce ovarian cancer mortality rates.
1) Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the fourth most common overall. It is more common in older men and those with a family history.
2) Risk factors include age, ethnicity (higher risk in African American men), family history, certain genetic factors, diet high in animal fat and low in vegetables/tomatoes/soy, smoking, and possibly obesity. Coffee and omega-3 fatty acids may lower risk.
3) The prostate has three zones - peripheral, transitional, and central - and prostate cancer most commonly arises from the peripheral zone.
Cancer Awareness By Ms. Susmita Mitra
This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds largest free patient education library www.healthlibrary.com.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
This document provides an overview of colorectal cancer. It discusses that colon and rectal cancers are separate but share a similar path of carcinogenesis. Colon cancer is more common and preventable/curable. 90% of cases occur after age 50. Screening has reduced mortality by nearly 50% in the US. Staging determines prognosis and treatment. Common diagnostic tests include colonoscopy, biopsy, and imaging. Surgery is the primary treatment while radiation poses toxicity risks.
The document provides an overview of cancer biology, including key terminology, epidemiology, etiology, prevention, screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and biomarkers. It defines various types of cancers and neoplasms, describes the cellular and genetic events leading to cancer development, and outlines the general principles and goals of cancer treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care.
This document discusses strategies for preventing gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. It outlines several key risk factors for GI cancers, including H. pylori infection for gastric cancer, obesity for pancreatic cancer, and family history for colon and gastric cancers. Prevention strategies discussed include H. pylori eradication, vaccination for hepatitis B, lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise, and cancer screening programs. The document emphasizes that while knowledge of risk factors is sound, interventions need improved implementation and awareness and education are critical to reducing the burden of GI cancers.
CANSA places the focus on the ‘Big 5’ cancers affecting SA men during its Men’s Health Awareness Campaign in November, namely, prostate, colorectal, Kaposi sarcoma (a type of skin cancer), lung and bladder cancer. However, it’s vital that men be pro-active, stepping up and taking responsibility for their health all year round.
Read more: http://www.cansa.org.za/mens-health/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Demonstrate the essential risk factors for developing cancer, and the predisposing factors for cancer.
Demonstrate a map of the prevalence of cancer throughout the world
Demonstrate how can we prevent the occurrence of cancer, by avoiding the predisposing risk factors.
Demonstrate the practical recommendation to avoid cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death. It begins as a noncancerous polyp that over time can become cancerous. Risk factors include polyps, age, inflammatory bowel disease, diet high in red meat, family history, obesity, smoking, and alcohol. Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to development. Screening is recommended for those over 50 or those with family history. Treatment depends on stage - early stage is often surgery while later stages involve chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Goals are to remove cancer, kill remaining cells, and prevent return in early stages or slow growth and manage symptoms in advanced cancer.
nside Myriad. At Myriad, our goal is to make a difference in patients' lives and our work has been guided by this mission throughout the Company's history. ... Since 1991, Myriad has invested heavily in educating patients and healthcare professionals about the role genes and proteins play in disease.
Cancer is not one disease but many diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and the ability to invade other tissues. There are over 100 types of cancer categorized into carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system cancers. Cancers are caused by factors like smoking, diet, viruses, and genetics. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies. Screening guidelines exist for breast, cervical, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers to detect cancers early. The costs of cancer treatment are high both in terms of direct medical costs and indirect costs. The Affordable Care Act aims to increase access to cancer screening and treatment. Effective prevention focuses on lifestyle behaviors and vaccination.
This document discusses prevention of breast and cervical cancer in women. It covers leading causes of death for women, risk factors, screening methods, symptoms, and preventive measures. The key points are:
1) Heart disease, cancer, and stroke are the top three leading causes of death for women. Cancer screening and treatments have improved survival rates to 66% for people diagnosed between 1966-2002.
2) Risk factors for cancer include age, family history, lifestyle factors like smoking, and genetic conditions. Screening methods include self-exams, clinical exams, mammography, and HPV testing to detect cancers early.
3) Preventive measures include vaccinations, safe sexual practices, smoking cessation, healthy
This document provides an overview of prostate cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, screening recommendations, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging and risk stratification. Some key points:
- Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Incidence and mortality increases with age.
- Risk factors include age, family history, metabolic syndrome, certain dietary factors and medications.
- Screening is recommended for men aged 55-69 with a PSA test and digital rectal exam. Screening intervals depend on PSA levels.
- Diagnosis involves PSA testing, digital rectal exam, and biopsy. Staging uses the Gleason score and TNM system to determine risk level and treatment options
The document provides 10 true or false questions about cancer followed by topics for discussion on cancer including comparing normal and cancer cells, differentiating between benign and malignant tumors, and describing standard cancer treatments like surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Nursing care for cancer patients is also addressed, covering topics like skin integrity, nutrition, body image, and complications of cancer treatment.
Colon cancer typically begins as a noncancerous polyp in the lining of the colon or rectum and can become cancerous over time. Risk factors include age, family history, diet high in red meat and saturated fats, obesity, smoking, and alcohol use. Screening is important, as early detection improves outcomes - average risk adults should be screened beginning at age 50. Colon cancer is staged based on how far it has spread, with treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation depending on the stage. While early stage cancers can often be cured with surgery alone, advanced cancers are difficult to treat and the goals shift to slowing growth and managing symptoms.
This document provides information about prostate cancer, including:
1. It is the most common cancer in men over 65 and risk factors include age, family history, and diet high in red meat and fat.
2. Symptoms include urinary issues and pain, while advanced cancer can spread to bones and lymph nodes.
3. Diagnosis involves exams, blood tests, biopsies and imaging.
4. Treatment depends on stage but includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and watchful waiting. Nursing focuses on education, managing symptoms, and preventing complications.
- Ovarian cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death in women in the US, with a 5-year survival rate of only 35% for advanced cases. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage due to non-specific early symptoms.
- There is no consensus on screening guidelines due to a lack of evidence that screening reduces mortality. Current screening methods like ultrasound and CA-125 lack sensitivity and specificity.
- Several large trials are underway to evaluate new screening strategies using ultrasound, tumor markers, and genetic testing to enable earlier detection when treatment is most effective. Improved screening methods are needed to reduce ovarian cancer mortality rates.
1) Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the fourth most common overall. It is more common in older men and those with a family history.
2) Risk factors include age, ethnicity (higher risk in African American men), family history, certain genetic factors, diet high in animal fat and low in vegetables/tomatoes/soy, smoking, and possibly obesity. Coffee and omega-3 fatty acids may lower risk.
3) The prostate has three zones - peripheral, transitional, and central - and prostate cancer most commonly arises from the peripheral zone.
Cancer Awareness By Ms. Susmita Mitra
This is part of the HELP Talk series at HELP,Health Education Library for People, the worlds largest free patient education library www.healthlibrary.com.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
This document provides an overview of colorectal cancer. It discusses that colon and rectal cancers are separate but share a similar path of carcinogenesis. Colon cancer is more common and preventable/curable. 90% of cases occur after age 50. Screening has reduced mortality by nearly 50% in the US. Staging determines prognosis and treatment. Common diagnostic tests include colonoscopy, biopsy, and imaging. Surgery is the primary treatment while radiation poses toxicity risks.
The document provides an overview of cancer biology, including key terminology, epidemiology, etiology, prevention, screening, diagnosis, staging, treatment, and biomarkers. It defines various types of cancers and neoplasms, describes the cellular and genetic events leading to cancer development, and outlines the general principles and goals of cancer treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and palliative care.
This document discusses strategies for preventing gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. It outlines several key risk factors for GI cancers, including H. pylori infection for gastric cancer, obesity for pancreatic cancer, and family history for colon and gastric cancers. Prevention strategies discussed include H. pylori eradication, vaccination for hepatitis B, lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise, and cancer screening programs. The document emphasizes that while knowledge of risk factors is sound, interventions need improved implementation and awareness and education are critical to reducing the burden of GI cancers.
CANSA places the focus on the ‘Big 5’ cancers affecting SA men during its Men’s Health Awareness Campaign in November, namely, prostate, colorectal, Kaposi sarcoma (a type of skin cancer), lung and bladder cancer. However, it’s vital that men be pro-active, stepping up and taking responsibility for their health all year round.
Read more: http://www.cansa.org.za/mens-health/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
2. Early Detection and Prevention
• The downward trend in the mortality rate is due to early
detection and prevention of cancer.
• The nurse plays a prominent role in cancer management and
its prevention at all levels starting from screening, counseling,
early detection, prevention, treatment with chemotherapy and
final outcome.
3. Primary prevention
• Primary prevention aims at healthy persons before its
development.
• Measures include alterations of lifestyle behaviors that
eliminate or minimize exposure to carcinogens.
• Certain modifiable factors associated with cancer risks, such as
smoking, poor dietary habits alcohol consumption exposure to
radiation and environmental and occupational carcinogens; the
removal or avoidance can reduce the risk of cancer
development
4. Role of nurse in prevention of cancer
• 1) Dietary changes - Nurses advise increasing high-fiber food
intake such as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains cereals
which are rich sources of antioxidant vitamins.
• Also advise for reducing intake of salt-rich & nitrate rich foods
fats and oils, smoking & alcoholism
• 2) Education to the public regarding reduction exposure or
avoidance of exposure to known carcinogens, i.e radiations,
envirionment and occupational exposure
5. Role of nurse in prevention of cancer contd..
• 5) Role of physical exercise:- Nurse educates the public
regarding the role of exercise in the prevention of cancer.
She/he promotes regular exercise programs is public
• 4) Intermittent rest: - The nurse explains the importance of
intermittent rest during activity and good sound sleep at
night (restful night)
• 5) Regular health check up:- The nurse promotes health
check up for early detection
• 6) Eliminate stressors: Avoid Stressors or Stressful activities.
Enjoy consistent period relaxation and leisure.
6. Secondary prevention
• Secondary prevention aims at early detection of cancer
before manifestations appear, so as to plan prompt
treatment. As a result of early detection, premalignant
lesions may be excised, arrested, or reversed, or cancer
treatment is instituted earlier for better prognosis
7. Secondary prevention contd…
• The American cancer society has recommended
screening for prevention because of following reasons:
• The disease is detected at the presymptomatic stage
• Prognosis is good if diagnosis is made early
• Create awareness among public
• Effective treatment is available for the disease if
diagnosed early
• Benefits of screening are more than its risk
8. High risk patients and screening procedure
Site Persons at higher risk i.e
risk factors
Screening
procedure
Lung *History of heavy smoking
(pack/day) for old age >
50 yrs (50- 80 yrs).
• History of chronic lung
disease
• *Exposure to airbone
carcinogens e g :-
asbestos, uranium
hydrocarbons.
* Spiral CT
scanning
9. High risk patients and screening procedure contd..
Site Persons at higher risk i.e risk factors Screening procedure
Colorectal
cancer
• History of familial adenomatous
polyposis, ulcerative colitis/regional
ileitis
• History of intake of high fats and low
fiber to diet
• Positive family history of colorectal
cancer
• Age >50 yrs.
• History of change in bowel habits
recently
• History of passage of black stools
• History of smoking, alcohol and
sedentary Lifestyles.
• Test for occult blood
in stool
• Digital rectal
examination
• Annually after the
age of 40 yrs
• Sigmoidoscopy after
every 3-5 yrs after
the age of 50 yrs
• Early colonoscopy
10. High risk patients and screening procedure contd..
Site Persons at higher risk i.e risk factors Screening procedure
Cervical
cancer
• History of first inter course at an early
age (<20 yrs) with multiple partners.
• History STDS
• Poor personal/menstrual hygiene
• History of Herpes virus (type 2)
infection or AIDS or Humas Papilloma
virus (HPV) infection
• History of symptoms related to
cervical disease, i.e vaginal discharge/
bleeding, pain, or bleeding after
Sexual intercourse.
• Pap smear
• Colposcopy
11. High risk patients and screening procedure contd..
Site Persons at higher risk i.e risk
factors
Screening
procedure
Prostate cancer • Old age > 55 yrs
• History of exposure to
cadmium
• Positive family history of
prostatic cancer
• Symptoms of prostate
hypertrophy/ hyperplasia
such as dysuria, thinning of
stream of urine, nocturnal
frequency and hematuria
• Digital rectal
exam at the age
of 50 yrs
• Detection of
prostrate
specific antigen
(PSA)
12. High risk patients and screening procedure contd..
Site Persons at higher risk i.e
risk factors
Screening
procedure
Endometrial
cancer
• History of infertility
• History of intake of
prolonged oestrogen
therapy for a long period
• Obesity & ovarian
dysfunction
• Uterine bleeding
• Pelvic exam
• Pap smear
• Endometrial
biopsy
13. High risk patients and screening procedure contd..
Site Persons at higher risk i.e risk
factors
Screening
procedure
Skin
cancer
• History of prolonged exposure
to sun/ radiation
• Positive family history of skin
cancer
• History of chronic skin disease
• History of sore or lesion that
does not heal
• Observation of
skin lesion esp.
mole for any
change in size,
shape, colour or
surface
appearance
• Skin biopsy
14. High risk patients and screening procedure contd..
Site Persons at higher risk i.e risk
factors
Screening procedure
Breast
cancer
• History of early menarchae,
late menopause, nulliparity,
infertility
• History of first pregnancy after
the age of 30 yrs
• Family history of breast cancer
• Obesity or increase weight
• Symptoms :- Nipple discharge,
a nodule, breast pain etc
• Breast self
examination
• Breast exam by
health
professionals every
3 yrs in young
women (20- 40 yrs)
and every year
after 40 yrs
• Routine baseline
mammography
15. Chemoprevention
• It means use of drugs for the prevention of cancer. eg:-Beta
carotene and retinoic acid are shown to cause regression in
leukoplakia.
• Tamokifen reduces the incidence of contralateral breast cancer
in pts on adjuvant chemotherapy.
16. Nursing assessment
History collection
• It should include the history of cancer among the client’s blood
relatives and exposure to environmental factors at workplaces,
theory of smoking alcoholism, drug history, dietary habit,
lifestyle and change in bowel pattern. History should also
include the degree of coping of a patient who has previous
experience with cancer in a relative / friend.
• Detail history has to be taken regarding warning signs.
17. Physical examination
Inspection: the appearance of skin lesions, an inspection of
tumor size, shape
Palpation: uterus, liver, ovaries, prostate gland, breast, testicles
Inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation to be
done system wise detail.
21. Tumor markers
Tumor marker Cancer type Tissue analyzed
ALK Gene arrangements Non small cell lung cancer,
anaplastic large cell
lymphoma
Tumor tissue
Beta- 2 macroglobulin
(B2M)
Multiple myeloma
Chronic lymphocytic
leukaemia
Blood urine CSF fluid
Beta Human Chorionic
Gonadotrophin (β HCG)
Choriocarcinoma
Testicular cancer
urine/Blood
BCR- ABL Chronic myeloid leukaemia Blood and bone marrow
22. Tumor markers
Tumor marker Cancer type Tissue analyzed
BRAF- mutation V600
E
Cutaneous melanoma
Colorectal cancer
Tumor tissue
CA 15-3
CA 27, 29
Breast cancer Blood
CA 19-9 Pancreatic cancer
Gall bladder
Gastric cancer
Blood
23. Tumor markers
Tumor marker Cancer type Tissue analyzed
CA 125 Ovarian cancer Blood
Calcitonin Medullary thyroid cancer Blood
Carcino embryonic
antigen
Colorectal cancer
Breast cancer
Blood
CD-20 Non Hodgkin lymphoma Blood
Chromogranin A (Cg A) Neuro endocrine tumor Blood
Chromosomes 3, 7, 17
and 9 p 21
Bladder cancer Urine
Cytokeratin fragments 21-
12
Lung cancer Blood
24. Tumor markers
Tumor marker Cancer type Tissue analyzed
Estrogen receptors (ER)
Progestron receptors (PR)
Breast cancer Tumor tissue
Fibrin/Fibrinogen Bladder cancer Urine
HE4 Ovarian cancer Blood
HER-2/neu Breast cancer
Gastric cancer
Oesophageal cancer
Tumor tissue
Immunoglobulins Multiple myeloma Blood & Urine
KIT Gastro intestinal stoma
tumor
Tumor tissue
25. Tumor markers
Tumor marker Cancer type Tissue analyzed
Prostate specific
antigen
Prostate cancer Blood
Thyroglobulin Thyroid cancer Tumor tissue
Urokinase
Plasminogen activator
(uPA)
Plasminogen activator
inhibitor PAI-1
Breast cancer Tumor tissue
Lactate dehydrogenase Germ cell tumor Blood
26. Investigations contd..
• 6) Special tests
–Mammography
–GI tract radiological studies
–Malabsorption tests
• 7) Biopsy (FNAC, Surgical incision)
–Incisional biopsy- surgical removal of small portion of tissue
for inspection
–Excisional biopsy- entire tissue removal
–Needle aspiration- insertion of needle and fluid aspiration
27. Investigations contd..
–Transcutaneous- insertion of fine needle in to tissue such as
breast, prostate, salivary gland
–Steriotactic biopsy- safe & efficient procedure for evaluating
lesions of brain & breast. Site is firmly immobilized lesion is
scanned for location and small incision is made for easy
insertion of small fiberoptic instrument
