The document discusses leadership theories and styles. It defines political leadership as influencing people to develop a country through one's ability and efforts. Political leadership theories discussed include divine leadership, which believes a god appoints the leader, and Machiavellianism, which holds that might makes right. Management leadership refers to influencing an organization through planning, organizing, directing and controlling resources. The differences between political and management leadership are that political leadership's power is in a state while management is in an organization, political legitimacy can be illegitimate while management must be legitimate, and political leaders are measured on stability while management is measured on profits.

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2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Identify the origins of political
leadership
Understand the political theories of
leadership
Understand the management
theories of leadership
Identify the differences between
political and management
leadership
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3. LEADER
People who commonly has an ability to influence a
group / people to achieve certain goals.
Usually a person who is able to have skills to control
and to get certain things to be done.
Able to make a group of people work together and
able to unite people.
Able to guide people and direct people in proper
value, opinion, believe and behavior.
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4. Usually he/she is a trend setter.
Usually has follower and able to control / direct
them.
Has power to control.
Able to make policy and decisions in policy
making.
Able to influence the policy and decision
making.
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5. Leaders are part of the society as :
Society decide whether he/she is a good
leader/otherwise.
Society generates a leader.
Strong support comes from the society.
Society can make leader to become powerless
and at the same time powerful and popular.
Leader can exist in: Family, Society, Organization,
Country etc.
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6. 1.3 DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP
Leadership :
is an ability of a person to lead, a style of
his own to influence a group of people or
society to follow and support him.
the ability to influence through formal and
informal way to lead the people in order
to get things done.
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7.  “Leadership is an activity-an influence process in
which an individual gains that trust and
commitment of other and without reliance on
formal position or authority moves the group to the
accomplishment of one or more tasks”(Walter F.
Ulmer, 2000)
 “Leadership involves in influencing tasks objectives
and strategies, influencing commitment and
compliance in tasks behavior to achieve these
objectives, influencing group maintenance and
identification and influencing the culture of an
organization” (Gary Yuke, 2002).
 Richard L. Hughes, Robert C. Ginnet and Gordon
J. Curphy define leadership as “the process of
influencing an organized group toward
accomplishing its goals”.
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8. 1.4 ORIGINS OF POLITICAL LEADERSHIP
THEORIES
According to Socrates - Political leaders:
Make laws and possess an absolute power.
Guardian to the society.
The best will become a king.
According to Plato – Political leaders:
Must be able to have a rational thinking.
Decisions are made sometimes not based on knowledge
and facts.
According to Aristotle - Political leaders:
Is a person (leader) that holds all the power. -- Monarchy
Many person/people/leaders hold all the power --Polity
(Democracy)
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9. 1.4.1 DEFINITION OF POLITICAL
LEADERSHIP
❖Political - activity pertaining to affairs of the state, to
government and institution.
❖Politics can be defined as the art or science of
government or governing, especially the governing of a
political entity, such as nation, and the administration and
control of its internal and external affairs.
❖Political leadership is usually possessed by a person in the
position or office of authority such as Prime Minister or
President. The activity of influencing people will mainly
focus on giving benefits to the people in a state.
❖The style of using his ability to influence people by
contributing efforts in order to develop the country.
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10. 1.4.2 Types/Theories of Political
Leadership
1) Divine Leadership
 A believe that the God appoints the
leader.
 Leader has a certain divine rights
 Leader is higher and has many rights to
do anything (above the law).
 Leader makes the law (therefore he is
above the law and can break the law).
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11. It is a belief that is related to the religious belief of
society.
 This type of leadership belief that the state was
created by God and God appoints leader to lead
the society.
 The society must obey the final say of the leader as
leader was sent / appointed by God.
 The entire decision making made by the leader who
leads the country and the society are
unquestionable and unassailable.
 An example of lineage or descent would be
hereditary kings who ascended the throne because
of blood links to a founding ancestor.
 In traditional Hindu society, kingship by descent was
the right of the kshatriya (person of noble caste) who
was said to be the only one according to the varna
system (class system) to possess the spiritual strength
to claim the right of power and leadership – such as
Asoka perhaps the greatest Hindu king in history who
alluded to himself as the “Devanampriya”, the
supreme ruler in “Priyadarshin,” (Shome, 2002).
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12. .
2. Machiavellianism / Might Makes Right Leadership
 Power is a goal of politic
 Leader can use whatever method to gain power
either pain, fear, death to a few people.
 People will obey the leader because they are fear
and this will be easy for leader to rule.
 End justifies the means.
 A belief of “Might is Right”.
 It is a leadership that believes the strongest will
defeat the weakest and then becomes leader or
leads the state or the society.
 Whoever in fact has the power to rule can also
legitimately claim to have the authority to rule.
 The leadership must strive to get a superb power
by using whatever method could be in order to
become powerful even though through pain, fear
and death to a few of people.
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13. 3. Social Contract Leadership
 Jean Jacques Rousseau said that, “…man
created a contract among themselves to
improve the society and enjoy human
freedom”.
 Thomas Hobbes proposed, “…that citizen
should enter into social contract with a
powerful ruler. The ruler would provide
security in return for people acceptance of
his rights to rule”.
 Social contract leadership is based on a
social contract theory that indicates “…a
state and its citizens have an unwritten
agreement between them, a social contract
into which they voluntarily enter”.
 The social contract theory also can be
defined as the idea that the state was
established through some of agreement
between the citizens of the state.
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14. Chronology Of The Social Contract Leadership
 Man existed originally in the state of nature
before the social contract was established. The
state of nature may be pre-social (before
society existed). In the state of nature, laws
established were the Law of Nature / Natural
law and every individual has some form of
natural rights.
 Mankind then decided to establish a Social
Contract and create a Civil Society, a society
that is based on civil laws, which are man
made and establish civil rights. All the people in
the society established an agreement to
surrender certain rights that they possess in
exchange for rights / privileges the agreement
led to the separations of the subjects (all the
people in the civil society) and the sovereign
(the sources of law).
 Therefore, a sovereign was established to
ensure that laws are made, adjudicated and
executed – the sovereign may take the form of
some kind of government or means or the
whole civil society itself.
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15. 1.5 MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP
Can be best described as a person who has the
ability to influence the work place or the
organization such as CEO, manager, head of
department, team leader etc.
Management leadership can also be defined as a
person who should have to implement and to set
the organization through its functions which are
planning, organizing, directing and controlling.
Responsible to manage all the organization
resources in which to gain their goals and target to
get the best benefits to fulfill the stakeholders.
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16. 1.5.1 TYPES OF MANAGEMENT
LEADERSHIP
a) Transformational Leadership
 Leadership that generates awareness and acceptance
of a group’s purpose and mission and gets employees to
see beyond their own needs and self-interest for the
good of the group.”(Williams, 2005)
 Characteristics: Charisma
Inspiration
Intellectual Stimulation
Individualized Consideration
 Effects – change followers behavior, mind, ideas,
opinions, ability and attitude.
 A transformational leader is a leader who inspires
followers to transcend their own self-interest for the good
organization and is capable of having a profound and
extra ordinary effects on followers. (Robbins, 2001)
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17. b) Transactional Leadership
 Leadership that guides or motivate followers in the
direction of established goals by clarifying role and
tasks requirements. This approach emphasizes the
importance of the relationship between the leader
and the follower, focusing on the mutual benefits
derived from a form of “contract” through which the
leader delivers such things as rewards or recognition
in return for the commitment or loyalty of the
follower.” (Saddler, 2001)
 Characteristics: Contingent Reward
Laisses-faire
Management by exception (active
and passive)
 Effects –followers perform / present tasks with a loose
bond.
 “ Leadership that guide or motivate followers towards
established goals by clarifying roles and task
requirements.”(Robbins,2001)
 “If you do this for me, I will do that for you.”
(Waldman, 2001)
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18. 1.6 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MANAGEMENT AND POLITICAL
LEADERSHIP
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Elements Political leadership Management
leadership
Scope of power Power in a state Power in an
organization
Legitimacy of power Could be legitimate
or illegitimate
Must be legitimate
Popularity Must have supporters May not have
supporters
Efficiency and
accountability
Measured on political
stability
Measured on profit
making
Trend setter For politics in a state For administration in
organization

19. References
 Anthony S.K Shome (2002), Malay Political Leadership.
Routledge Curzon: London.
 Gordon P. Means (1991), Malaysian Politics: The
Second Generation. Singapore: Oxford University
Press.
 Syed Sirajul Islam (2005), Political Science: A Primer.
Singapore: Thomson Learning.
 Abdullah Abdul Rahman. (2015). Transformational
Leadership: 8 Steps to Effective Transformational
Leadership in Malaysia
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