The document discusses the human immune system. It describes innate immunity as the first line of defense with no memory. Adaptive immunity develops after exposure through T cells and B cells, conferring memory. Adaptive immunity includes primary and secondary responses, with secondary being stronger. Failure of the immune response can result in hypersensitivity or immunodeficiency.
This document provides an overview of the immune system and immunology for field epidemiologists. It defines key terms and describes the roles and mechanisms of innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and adaptive immunity, which develops after exposure and has immunological memory. The roles of cells, organs and molecules involved in immune responses are detailed. It also discusses hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, and the differences between primary and secondary immune responses.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms and describes the organs, cells, and molecules involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The innate system provides rapid but non-specific defense against pathogens. The adaptive system responds more slowly but is pathogen-specific and can develop immunological memory. Both humoral and cell-mediated responses are described along with the roles of antibodies and lymphocytes. Mechanisms of active and passive immunity are also summarized.
The document discusses the immune system and its response to pathogens. It describes how the innate immune system provides the first line of defense through non-specific mechanisms. The adaptive immune system then develops a specific response using T cells and B cells. It has immunological memory to deal with subsequent exposures more quickly through primary and secondary responses. Failure of the immune response can result in hypersensitivity or immunodeficiency.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology. It defines the immune system and its main components: organs, cells, and molecules. It describes the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides rapid initial response via non-specific mechanisms. Adaptive immunity responds more slowly through antigen-specific T and B cells and develops immunological memory. Primary responses are smaller while secondary responses are larger and longer-lasting due to memory cells. Failure of the immune response can result in hypersensitivity or immunodeficiency.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunity, the immune system, and immunology. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues and cells involved in immunity. It covers basic aspects like antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. It also discusses major histocompatibility complex, cytokines, immune disorders, and immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis.
This document provides an overview of the basics of immunity, including definitions of key terms, the roles and components of the immune system, and the different types of immunity. The immune system is made up of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to defend the body against pathogens. There are two main types of immunity - innate immunity, which provides a rapid initial response, and adaptive immunity, which has antigen-specific memory cells and antibodies that provide a stronger secondary response. The adaptive immune response involves both cell-mediated immunity by T cells and humoral immunity by B cells and antibodies.
1. Autoimmune diseases tend to be chronic conditions characterized by immune reactions against self antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease involving almost any organ, characterized by a variety of autoantibodies and immune complex deposition causing tissue injury.
2. SLE commonly presents in women in their 20s and 30s, showing a variety of clinical manifestations including arthritis, renal disease, rashes and hematological abnormalities. The disease has a variable presentation and is defined by a set of clinical criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology.
3. The etiology of SLE involves genetic susceptibility factors like certain HLA alleles, environmental triggers like infections, and failures of immunological
This document provides an overview of the immune system and immunology for field epidemiologists. It defines key terms and describes the roles and mechanisms of innate immunity, which provides the first line of defense, and adaptive immunity, which develops after exposure and has immunological memory. The roles of cells, organs and molecules involved in immune responses are detailed. It also discusses hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, and the differences between primary and secondary immune responses.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms and describes the organs, cells, and molecules involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. The innate system provides rapid but non-specific defense against pathogens. The adaptive system responds more slowly but is pathogen-specific and can develop immunological memory. Both humoral and cell-mediated responses are described along with the roles of antibodies and lymphocytes. Mechanisms of active and passive immunity are also summarized.
The document discusses the immune system and its response to pathogens. It describes how the innate immune system provides the first line of defense through non-specific mechanisms. The adaptive immune system then develops a specific response using T cells and B cells. It has immunological memory to deal with subsequent exposures more quickly through primary and secondary responses. Failure of the immune response can result in hypersensitivity or immunodeficiency.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology. It defines the immune system and its main components: organs, cells, and molecules. It describes the roles of innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides rapid initial response via non-specific mechanisms. Adaptive immunity responds more slowly through antigen-specific T and B cells and develops immunological memory. Primary responses are smaller while secondary responses are larger and longer-lasting due to memory cells. Failure of the immune response can result in hypersensitivity or immunodeficiency.
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with an introduction to immunity, the immune system, and immunology. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues and cells involved in immunity. It covers basic aspects like antigens, antibodies, antigen-antibody reactions, and the complement system. It also discusses major histocompatibility complex, cytokines, immune disorders, and immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis.
This document provides an overview of the basics of immunity, including definitions of key terms, the roles and components of the immune system, and the different types of immunity. The immune system is made up of organs, cells, and molecules that work together to defend the body against pathogens. There are two main types of immunity - innate immunity, which provides a rapid initial response, and adaptive immunity, which has antigen-specific memory cells and antibodies that provide a stronger secondary response. The adaptive immune response involves both cell-mediated immunity by T cells and humoral immunity by B cells and antibodies.
1. Autoimmune diseases tend to be chronic conditions characterized by immune reactions against self antigens. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disease involving almost any organ, characterized by a variety of autoantibodies and immune complex deposition causing tissue injury.
2. SLE commonly presents in women in their 20s and 30s, showing a variety of clinical manifestations including arthritis, renal disease, rashes and hematological abnormalities. The disease has a variable presentation and is defined by a set of clinical criteria established by the American College of Rheumatology.
3. The etiology of SLE involves genetic susceptibility factors like certain HLA alleles, environmental triggers like infections, and failures of immunological
This document discusses the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. It describes several markers that provide evidence of autoimmune diseases, such as a positive family history, presence of other autoimmune diseases, infiltrating cells in affected tissues, and improvement with immunosuppressive drugs. It also discusses several mechanisms that can lead to autoimmunity, including antigenic alteration, sequestered antigens, molecular mimicry, and polyclonal B cell activation. Common diagnostic methods are also summarized, including initial laboratory evaluation, immunological studies, and detection of autoantibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).
immunity, types,Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity, primary and secondary immune response, structure and functions of antibodies, immunoglobulins, hypergammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, bence jones protein, electrophoretic pattern of multiple myeloma.
This document provides an overview of the human immune system and its defenses against disease. It discusses the external barriers of skin and mucus, internal responses like phagocytosis and inflammation, and the adaptive immune system involving B and T cells and antibody production. It covers active and passive immunity, immune responses, antigen recognition, and immune system disorders like autoimmunity, allergy, and AIDS. The immune system provides multilayered defenses that have largely evolved to protect the body from infectious diseases, toxins, and other foreign invaders.
Autoimmunity disorders occur when the immune system mounts an attack against the body's own tissues and organs. They are difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific initial symptoms, fluctuating symptoms, and the potential for multiple autoimmune conditions. Diagnostic methods include initial laboratory tests of inflammatory markers and autoantibodies, immunological studies, flow cytometry to analyze immune cells, cytokine studies, and examination of major histocompatibility complex genes associated with autoimmunity. A variety of autoantibodies against nuclear, cytoplasmic, and other cellular components can indicate autoimmune disease patterns and targets.
Exploring the First Line of Defense - Research Tools for Innate Immnity: Host...QIAGEN
The innate immune system executes crucial and unique functions for host defense against infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the most important cellular and molecular components of innate immunity and discusses their functions in a variety of disease states. Research technologies are also introduced for exploring innate immune activity in your system through profiling of gene expression, cytokine production and signal transduction pathway analysis, all in the context of current literature.
The document provides an overview of basic immunology. It discusses the immune system and its components, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses and includes physical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines, and natural killer cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection in the form of antibodies and T-cells. Key cellular responses include inflammation, antigen presentation, complement activation, and the roles of B-cells and T-cells in humoral and cellular immunity.
The main parts of the immune system are: white blood cells, antibodies, the complement system, the lymphatic system, the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow. These are the parts of your immune system that actively fight infection.
The document summarizes the key differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It involves anatomical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines and other cellular components. Adaptive immunity is acquired during life and provides pathogen-specific resistance through T cells, B cells, antibodies, immunological memory and specificity. Dendritic cells, macrophages, complement pathways and cytokines act as bridges between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
microbiology and immunology basic immunologymulkiabdiadan
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with introductions and definitions of key immunology concepts. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues, cells and basic aspects involved in the immune system such as antigens, antibodies and complement system. It also covers major histocompatibility complex, cytokines and disorders of the immune system. The document is intended as a basic introduction and reference for immunology.
VHIR Seminar led by Gerrit Borchard, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva, University of Lausanne Biopharmaceutical Sciences Geneva Switzerland.
Abstract: In order to enhance the efficacy of vaccines, antigen and adjuvants are combined in particulate carrier systems resembling pathogens in size, shape and surface properties. These novelnano- and microcarriervaccines strategies, using DNA or subunit vaccines as antigens and specific ligands of receptors of the innate immune system,offer several advantages, such as enhanced immune recognition, direction of immune response bias, and enhancement of vaccine stability. We are focusing on eliciting protective immune responses against M. tuberculosis, a pathogen transmitted through inhalation, bydeveloping vaccine delivery systems composed of different materialsand administered by the mucosal route.
Nursing care for patients with immune disorders.pptxEstibelMengist
The document provides information on nursing care for patients with immune disorders. It discusses the body's immune response, types of immunity including innate and acquired, cells involved in immunity like T cells, B cells, and macrophages. It covers topics like HIV/AIDS, immune system assessment, diagnostic tests done to evaluate the immune system, immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivities, autoimmune diseases, and more. The document is a comprehensive guide on the immune system and nursing considerations for patients with immune disorders.
Concepts of hypersensivity should be well versed to all medical personnel to understand its implications. I have made it very simple to all readers to understand the same
This document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including innate and acquired immunity, antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulins, the structure of the immune system, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and more. It discusses the immune response and mechanisms like the complement system. It also provides an overview of COVID-19, describing transmission, variants of concern, treatments including vaccines, and more. The document concludes with important definitions and concepts in immunology.
This document discusses the nature of disease and the human immune system. It covers several topics:
1) The various causes of disease including pathogens, genetic disorders, toxins, and physical damage. It also describes the mechanisms by which pathogens can cause disease.
2) The immune system's three lines of defense - external barriers, internal inflammation and phagocytosis, and the adaptive immune system.
3) The different types of immunity, both natural and artificial, as well as active versus passive immunity. Vaccines are discussed as a way to artificially acquire active immunity.
4) The key cells and responses of the immune system, including antibodies, B cells, T cells, and the differences between humoral
Immunity to bacteria and related organisms in animalPakawadee Tie
The document discusses various aspects of acquired immunity to bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. It describes the mechanisms of both innate and adaptive immunity. For bacteria, the key immune responses are neutralization of toxins, killing bacteria through antibodies and complement, and opsonization leading to phagocytosis. Viruses can evade the immune response through antigenic variation and by inhibiting interferons and antibodies. Immunity to protozoa and helminths involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses, though parasites have developed mechanisms to avoid these defenses.
This document outlines a plan to cover various topics related to allergy, including:
1) Definitions of allergy, allergens, and classifications of allergic reactions.
2) Pathogenesis and mechanisms of different types of allergic reactions, including immediate and delayed reactions, as well as Type I-IV reactions mediated by different immune effector cells and pathways.
3) Concepts of sensitization, pathophysiological stages of allergy from immunological to clinical symptoms, and examples of pseudo-allergic reactions.
The document provides an overview of key concepts and classifications to guide a discussion of the immune mechanisms and presentations of different allergic diseases.
This document provides an overview of the immunology of parasitic diseases. It discusses the immune system and its response to parasitic infections, including the roles of innate immunity, acquired immunity, T helper cells, macrophages, B cells, and antibodies. It also covers immunopathogenesis, immunodiagnosis, and approaches to immunization against parasitic diseases.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the immune system. It discusses the definition of immunity and key immune concepts like antigens, antibodies, and the barrier defenses of innate immunity. The document also describes the classification of immunity into innate and adaptive immunity. It outlines the structures and functions of the immune system, including lymphoid organs and cells involved in humoral and cellular immunity. Finally, the document discusses applied aspects of immunity like immune deficiency treatment and vaccine development.
This document discusses the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. It describes several markers that provide evidence of autoimmune diseases, such as a positive family history, presence of other autoimmune diseases, infiltrating cells in affected tissues, and improvement with immunosuppressive drugs. It also discusses several mechanisms that can lead to autoimmunity, including antigenic alteration, sequestered antigens, molecular mimicry, and polyclonal B cell activation. Common diagnostic methods are also summarized, including initial laboratory evaluation, immunological studies, and detection of autoantibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).
immunity, types,Innate immunity and Adaptive Immunity, primary and secondary immune response, structure and functions of antibodies, immunoglobulins, hypergammaglobulinemia, multiple myeloma, bence jones protein, electrophoretic pattern of multiple myeloma.
This document provides an overview of the human immune system and its defenses against disease. It discusses the external barriers of skin and mucus, internal responses like phagocytosis and inflammation, and the adaptive immune system involving B and T cells and antibody production. It covers active and passive immunity, immune responses, antigen recognition, and immune system disorders like autoimmunity, allergy, and AIDS. The immune system provides multilayered defenses that have largely evolved to protect the body from infectious diseases, toxins, and other foreign invaders.
Autoimmunity disorders occur when the immune system mounts an attack against the body's own tissues and organs. They are difficult to diagnose due to nonspecific initial symptoms, fluctuating symptoms, and the potential for multiple autoimmune conditions. Diagnostic methods include initial laboratory tests of inflammatory markers and autoantibodies, immunological studies, flow cytometry to analyze immune cells, cytokine studies, and examination of major histocompatibility complex genes associated with autoimmunity. A variety of autoantibodies against nuclear, cytoplasmic, and other cellular components can indicate autoimmune disease patterns and targets.
Exploring the First Line of Defense - Research Tools for Innate Immnity: Host...QIAGEN
The innate immune system executes crucial and unique functions for host defense against infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the most important cellular and molecular components of innate immunity and discusses their functions in a variety of disease states. Research technologies are also introduced for exploring innate immune activity in your system through profiling of gene expression, cytokine production and signal transduction pathway analysis, all in the context of current literature.
The document provides an overview of basic immunology. It discusses the immune system and its components, including innate and acquired immunity. The innate immune system provides non-specific defenses and includes physical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines, and natural killer cells. Acquired immunity develops from exposure to antigens and provides long-lasting, pathogen-specific protection in the form of antibodies and T-cells. Key cellular responses include inflammation, antigen presentation, complement activation, and the roles of B-cells and T-cells in humoral and cellular immunity.
The main parts of the immune system are: white blood cells, antibodies, the complement system, the lymphatic system, the spleen, the thymus, and the bone marrow. These are the parts of your immune system that actively fight infection.
The document summarizes the key differences between innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is present from birth and provides non-specific resistance to pathogens. It involves anatomical barriers, phagocytes, complement proteins, cytokines and other cellular components. Adaptive immunity is acquired during life and provides pathogen-specific resistance through T cells, B cells, antibodies, immunological memory and specificity. Dendritic cells, macrophages, complement pathways and cytokines act as bridges between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
microbiology and immunology basic immunologymulkiabdiadan
This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It begins with introductions and definitions of key immunology concepts. It then discusses the history of immunology, types of immunity including innate and acquired immunity. It describes the tissues, cells and basic aspects involved in the immune system such as antigens, antibodies and complement system. It also covers major histocompatibility complex, cytokines and disorders of the immune system. The document is intended as a basic introduction and reference for immunology.
VHIR Seminar led by Gerrit Borchard, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Geneva, University of Lausanne Biopharmaceutical Sciences Geneva Switzerland.
Abstract: In order to enhance the efficacy of vaccines, antigen and adjuvants are combined in particulate carrier systems resembling pathogens in size, shape and surface properties. These novelnano- and microcarriervaccines strategies, using DNA or subunit vaccines as antigens and specific ligands of receptors of the innate immune system,offer several advantages, such as enhanced immune recognition, direction of immune response bias, and enhancement of vaccine stability. We are focusing on eliciting protective immune responses against M. tuberculosis, a pathogen transmitted through inhalation, bydeveloping vaccine delivery systems composed of different materialsand administered by the mucosal route.
Nursing care for patients with immune disorders.pptxEstibelMengist
The document provides information on nursing care for patients with immune disorders. It discusses the body's immune response, types of immunity including innate and acquired, cells involved in immunity like T cells, B cells, and macrophages. It covers topics like HIV/AIDS, immune system assessment, diagnostic tests done to evaluate the immune system, immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivities, autoimmune diseases, and more. The document is a comprehensive guide on the immune system and nursing considerations for patients with immune disorders.
Concepts of hypersensivity should be well versed to all medical personnel to understand its implications. I have made it very simple to all readers to understand the same
This document summarizes key concepts in immunology, including innate and acquired immunity, antigens, antibodies, immunoglobulins, the structure of the immune system, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and more. It discusses the immune response and mechanisms like the complement system. It also provides an overview of COVID-19, describing transmission, variants of concern, treatments including vaccines, and more. The document concludes with important definitions and concepts in immunology.
This document discusses the nature of disease and the human immune system. It covers several topics:
1) The various causes of disease including pathogens, genetic disorders, toxins, and physical damage. It also describes the mechanisms by which pathogens can cause disease.
2) The immune system's three lines of defense - external barriers, internal inflammation and phagocytosis, and the adaptive immune system.
3) The different types of immunity, both natural and artificial, as well as active versus passive immunity. Vaccines are discussed as a way to artificially acquire active immunity.
4) The key cells and responses of the immune system, including antibodies, B cells, T cells, and the differences between humoral
Immunity to bacteria and related organisms in animalPakawadee Tie
The document discusses various aspects of acquired immunity to bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. It describes the mechanisms of both innate and adaptive immunity. For bacteria, the key immune responses are neutralization of toxins, killing bacteria through antibodies and complement, and opsonization leading to phagocytosis. Viruses can evade the immune response through antigenic variation and by inhibiting interferons and antibodies. Immunity to protozoa and helminths involves both humoral and cell-mediated responses, though parasites have developed mechanisms to avoid these defenses.
This document outlines a plan to cover various topics related to allergy, including:
1) Definitions of allergy, allergens, and classifications of allergic reactions.
2) Pathogenesis and mechanisms of different types of allergic reactions, including immediate and delayed reactions, as well as Type I-IV reactions mediated by different immune effector cells and pathways.
3) Concepts of sensitization, pathophysiological stages of allergy from immunological to clinical symptoms, and examples of pseudo-allergic reactions.
The document provides an overview of key concepts and classifications to guide a discussion of the immune mechanisms and presentations of different allergic diseases.
This document provides an overview of the immunology of parasitic diseases. It discusses the immune system and its response to parasitic infections, including the roles of innate immunity, acquired immunity, T helper cells, macrophages, B cells, and antibodies. It also covers immunopathogenesis, immunodiagnosis, and approaches to immunization against parasitic diseases.
This document provides an overview of immunity and the immune system. It discusses the definition of immunity and key immune concepts like antigens, antibodies, and the barrier defenses of innate immunity. The document also describes the classification of immunity into innate and adaptive immunity. It outlines the structures and functions of the immune system, including lymphoid organs and cells involved in humoral and cellular immunity. Finally, the document discusses applied aspects of immunity like immune deficiency treatment and vaccine development.
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.Gokuldas Hospital
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Demystifying Fallopian Tube Blockage- Grading the Differences and Implication...
ADAPTIVE IMMUNOLOGY FOR KMTC.ppt
1. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
2. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Definitions
• Immune system = cells, tissues, and molecules that
mediate resistance to infections
• Immunology = study of structure and function of the
immune system
• Immunity = resistance of a host to pathogens and
their toxic effects
• Immune response = collective and coordinated
response to the introduction of foreign substances in
an individual mediated by the cells and molecules of
the immune system
3. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Role of the immune system
• Defense against microbes
• Defense against the growth of tumor cells
• kills the growth of tumor cells
• Homeostasis
• destruction of abnormal or dead cells
(e.g. dead red or white blood cells, antigen-antibody
complex)
4. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Immune System
1. Organs
2. Cells
3. Molecules
5. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Immune System:organs
(RES)
• Tonsils and adenoids
• Thymus
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Payer’s patches
• Appendix
• Lymphatic vessels
• Bone marrow
6. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Immune system:
(2) cells
• Lymphocytes
• T-lymphocytes
• B-Lymphocytes, plasma cells
• natural killer lymphocytes
• Monocytes, Macrophage
• Granulocytes
• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils
7. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Immune system:
(3) molecules
• Antibodies
• Complement
• Cytokines
• Interleukines
• Interferons
8. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Two types of immunity
1. Innate (non-adaptive)
• first line of immune response
• relies on mechanisms that exist before infection
2. Acquired (adaptive)
• Second line of response (if innate fails)
• relies on mechanisms that adapt after infection
• handled by T- and B- lymphocytes
• one cell determines one antigenic determinant
9. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Adaptive immunity:
• Based upon resistance acquired during life
• Relies on genetic events and cellular growth
• Responds more slowly, over few days
• Is specific
• each cell responds to a single epitope on an antigen
• Has anamnestic memory
• repeated exposure leads to faster, stronger response
• Leads to clonal expansion
10. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Adaptive Immunity:
active and passive
Active Immunity Passive Immunity
Natural clinical, sub-clinical
infection
via breast milk,
placenta
Artificial Vaccination:
Live, killed, purified
antigen vaccine
immune serum,
immune cells
11. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Adaptive immunity:
mechanisms
• Cell-mediated immune response (CMIR)
• T-lymphocytes
• eliminate intracellular microbes that survive within
phagocytes or other infected cells
• Humoral immune response (HIR)
• B-lymphocytes
• mediated by antibodies
• eliminate extra-cellular
microbes and their toxins Plasma cell
(Derived from B-lymphocyte,
produces antibodies)
12. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Cell-mediated immune response
1. T-cell
• recognizes peptide
antigen on macrophage
in association with major
histo-compatibility
complex (MHC) class
• identifies molecules on
cell surfaces
• helps body distinguish
self from non-self
2. T-cell goes into effectors
cells stage that is able to kill
infected cells
13. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
T lymphocytes
2 types
• helper T- lymphocytes (CD4+)
• CD4+ T cells activate phagocytes to kill microbes
• cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CD8+)
• CD8+ T cells destroy infected cells containing
microbes or microbial proteins
14. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Cell mediated immune response
Primary response
• production of specific clones of effector T cells and
memory clones
• develops in several days
• does not limit the infection
Secondary response
• more pronounced, faster
• more effective at limiting the infection
Example - cytotoxic reactions against intracellular parasites, delayed
hypersensitivity (e.g., Tuberculin test) and allograft rejection
15. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Humoral immune response
1. B lymphocytes recognize
specific antigens
• proliferate and
differentiate into
antibody-secreting
plasma cells
2. Antibodies bind to specific
antigens on microbes;
destroy microbes via
specific mechanisms
3. Some B lymphocytes
evolve into the resting state
- memory cells
16. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
•Belong to the gamma-globulin fraction of
serum proteins
•Y-shaped or T-shaped polypeptides
• 2 identical heavy chains
• 2 identical light chains
• All immunoglobulins are not antibodies
•Five kinds of antibodies
• IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE
17. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
IgG
• 70-75% of total immuniglobulin
• Secreted in high quantities in secondary exposures
• Cross the placenta
• Major functions / applications
• neutralize microbes and toxins
• opsonize antigens for phagocytosis
• activate the complement
• protect the newborn
• 4-fold rise or fall
indicates active infection
• A single positive
sample indicates past
exposure
18. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
IgM
• Secreted initially during primary infection
• Cannot cross the placenta
• Major functions / applications
• secreted first during primary
exposure
• activates the complement
• used as a marker of recent
infection
•Presence in newborn
means infection
•Single positive sample in
serum or CSF indicates
recent or active infection
•Used to detect early
phase of infection
19. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
IgA
• Monomeric in serum
• Dimeric with secretory component in the lumen of the
gastro-intestinal tract and in the respiratory tract
• Major function / application
• neutralizes microbes and toxins
•Sero-diagnosis of
tuberculosis
•Synthicial respiratory
virus tests
20. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
IgD
• Monomeric
• Major functions / applications
• present on the surface of B lymphocytes
• functions as membrane receptor
• role unclear
• has a role in antigen stimulated lymphocyte
differentiation
21. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Serodiagnosis of infectious and
non infectious allergies
(e.g., allergic
bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis, parasitic
diseases)
IgE
• Mediates type I hypersensitivity
• Monomeric
• Major functions / applications
• associated with anaphylaxis
• plays a role in immunity to
helminthic parasites
22. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Sequential IgM-IgG humoral
response
•IgM
• produced as a first response to many antigens
• levels remain high transiently
•IgG
• produced after IgM
• higher levels persist in small amounts throughout life
• produced in large amounts during secondary
response
• persistence of antigen sensitive ‘memory cells’
after primary response
23. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
IgM – IgG sequential response
First stimulus
Time
Second stimulus
Antibody
titer
IgM
IgG
Anamnestic
response
24. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Failure of immune response
• Immune response helps individuals defend against
• microbes
• some cancers
• Immune response can fail
• hypersensitivity reactions undesirable response
produced by immune system.
• immunodeficiency
25. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Hypersensitivity reactions
• Cause cell damage through excessive immune
response to antigens
• Hypersensitivity
• overreaction to infectious agents
• Allergy
• overreaction to environmental substances
• Autoimmunity
• overreaction to self
26. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Immunodeficiency
• Loss or inadequate function of various components of
the immune system
• Can occur in any part or state of the immune system
• physical barrier, phagocytes, B lymphocytes, T
lymphocytes, complement, natural killer cells
• The immuno-compromised host
• has an impaired function of immune system
• is at high risk of infection
27. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Immunodeficiency
• Congenital (primary) immunodeficiency
• genetic abnormality
• defect in lymphocyte maturation
• Acquired (secondary) immunodeficiency
• results from infections, nutritional deficiencies or
treatments
• AIDS, chronic leukemia
28. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Altered immunity: immuno-compromised
Disorder Compromised function
Altered anatomic
barrier
Mucus membrane Reduction in IgA Microbe binding
Gastro-intestinal
tract
Elevated pH Bacteria killing
Change in flora Colonization resistance
Immune system Innate immunity Reduction of complement Activates phagocytosis
Opsonization of bacteria
Membrane attack complex
Neutropenia
Monocytopenia
Phagocytosis
Bacteria killing
Adaptive
immunity
Reduction of T cells Activation of macrophages
Activation of B lymphocytes
Hypo-gammaglobulinemia Neutralizes pathogens and
toxins, opsonization,
complement activation
29. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Summary (1)
• Innate immunity
• relies on mechanisms already existing before microbe
infects host
• is the first line of defense
• has no memory for subsequent exposure
• relies on non specific mechanisms
30. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Summary (2)
• Adaptive immunity
• develops following entry of microbe into the host
• comes into action after innate immunity fails to get rid
of microbe
• has memory to deal with subsequent exposure
• happens through specific cells
• T cells (cell mediated)
• B cells (antibody mediated)
31. E P I D E M I C A L E R T A N D R E S P O N S E
Laboratory Training for Field Epidemiologists
Summary (3)
• Primary immune response
• short lasting
• smaller in magnitude
• Secondary immune response
• longer in duration
• larger in magnitude
• develop ‘memory cells’ following primary response
• Failure of immune response can result in:
• hypersensitivity
• immunodeficiency