Adaptation in the context of the IPCC SR 1.5: Water and agriculture

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The document discusses different approaches to measuring adaptation to climate change, including: 1. Measuring vulnerability to identify needs for adaptation, inputs and outputs of adaptation actions, and their effectiveness, though vulnerability assessments are difficult to compare across regions. 2. The IPCC's framework which conceptualizes climate risk as hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and impacts, and the scope for adaptation and risk management, though attributing risks to climate change is challenging. 3. Mixed approaches that track both the process of adaptation and outputs across scales through methods like institutional scorecards and resilience measurement tools. Overall, adaptation is occurring but progress is not well observed, metrics are evolving, and combining qualitative and quantitative process- and

Environment

Metrics for assessing
adaptation, risk and resilience
Reinhard Mechler, IIASA
Oktober 26, 2018
International Conference on
Adaptation Metrics for Agriculture, Water and Resilient Cities
Mohammed VI University, Benguerir, Morocco

Adaptation metrics: what to measure?
• Identifying need for adaptation: Vulnerability
Identify and compare state and needs: most vulnerable
• Measuring and tracking inputs, output and process of
implementing adaptive actions:
Input: e.g., spending on flood protection,
Output: e.g., the number of early warning plans implemented,
Process: running an inclusive risk management process
• Measuring the effectiveness of adaptation - monitoring and
evaluation: outcome
Measure progress and provide feedback on the effectiveness of
actions, e.g. flood risk

Demand for adaptation metrics
Moehner, 2018

EEA 2011
1. Assessing climate vulnerability

Assessing climate vulnerability for water
resources
Sullivan and Byambaa, 2013

Measuring needs
Vulnerability assessment
Sullivan and Byambaa, 2013

Status
• Focussed on need, rather than outcome and
impact
• Construction of V Index not straightforward
• Comparisons across regions and countries
difficult

SOCIOECONOMIC
PROCESSES
Socioeconomic
Pathways
Adaptation and
Mitigation
Actions
Governance
CLIMATE
Natural
Variability
Anthropogenic
Climate Change
RISKHazards
Exposure
Vulnerability
IMPACTS
EMISSIONS
and Land-use Change
2. IPCC’s Climate risk concept
IPCC 2012/2014

Scope for risk
management
Adaptation infeasible:
Limits
IPCC AR5 climate risk management approach:
outcome
Risk:
Potential impacts
Africa

Adaptation infeasible:
Limits
IPCC AR5 climate risk management approach:
outcome
Africa

Status
• Currently expert-based at regional scales
• Impact and risk analysis not yet brought
together with scope for adaptation/risk
management
• Tracing scope for risk management over
time?
• Climate risk attribution difficult

3. Mixed approach: Process + output
Learning across scales
Tracking Adaptation Measuring
Development (TAMD) framework
Brooks and Fisher, 2014

Fisher and Anderson, 2018
Process + output
Learning across scales
Institutional scorecard analysis

Measuring capacity: The Flood Resilience Measurement Tool
(Flood Resilience Alliance)
A: Best practice
B: Good standard, no immediate need for improvement
C: Deficiencies, room for visible improvement
D: Significantly below good standard, potential for imminent loss
Keating et al., 2017

Sources
Interest groupCommunity discussion
Key informantHousehold survey 3rd party source
Understanding Resilience
44 Sources evaluated with mixed methods approach

Status
• Strongly process-driven
• Quantitative-qualitative
• Focus on output rather than outcome

Final comments
• Water system (resources, flooding) strongly affected by
climate change-directly and indirectly
• Adaptation occurring, but not well observed
• Measuring adaptation complex: work on metrics in flux
• Process-orientation important
• Climate risk management perspective promising
combining qualitative and quantitative aspects

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The document provides an overview of the latest version (2.89) of the IPCC Inventory Software for estimating national greenhouse gas inventories. Version 2.89 implements Tier 1-3 methods from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and elements of the 2019 Refinement. It also facilitates interoperability with the UNFCCC reporting tool. The software allows subnational reporting, uses of mixed Tiers, and stores inventory data in a single database. Ongoing work includes developing a land representation tool and guidebook. The IPCC TSU provides support to users through documentation, help desk, and annual meetings.

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The document discusses the upcoming IPCC Special Report on Climate Change and Cities in AR7. It notes that the report is supported by several organizations and will involve contributions from all three IPCC working groups. It also discusses how the report will build upon cross-working group integration that began in AR6, examining topics like urban climate impacts, policy options, and the climate impacts of mitigation actions. The document asks what people are looking for in the upcoming Special Report and why.

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原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。【业务选择办理准则】一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。

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AmitKumar619042

PACKAGING OF FROZEN FOODS ( food technology)

Addu25809

Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches

CIFOR-ICRAF

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Open Access Research Paper

The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.

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mvrpcz6

学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。 1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700 【主营项目】一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才

在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样

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一比一原版西澳大学毕业证学历证书如何办理

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快速办理(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证在读证明一模一样

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原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Calabria毕业证书)卡拉布里亚大学毕业证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。 1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问微bwp0011 【主营项目】一.毕业证【微bwp0011】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才

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Adaptation in the context of the IPCC SR 1.5: Water and agriculture

1. Metrics for assessing adaptation, risk and resilience Reinhard Mechler, IIASA Oktober 26, 2018 International Conference on Adaptation Metrics for Agriculture, Water and Resilient Cities Mohammed VI University, Benguerir, Morocco

2. Adaptation metrics: what to measure? • Identifying need for adaptation: Vulnerability Identify and compare state and needs: most vulnerable • Measuring and tracking inputs, output and process of implementing adaptive actions: Input: e.g., spending on flood protection, Output: e.g., the number of early warning plans implemented, Process: running an inclusive risk management process • Measuring the effectiveness of adaptation - monitoring and evaluation: outcome Measure progress and provide feedback on the effectiveness of actions, e.g. flood risk

3. Demand for adaptation metrics Moehner, 2018

4. Uptake in NDCs Moehner, 2018

5. EEA 2011 1. Assessing climate vulnerability

6. Assessing climate vulnerability for water resources Sullivan and Byambaa, 2013

7. Measuring needs Vulnerability assessment Sullivan and Byambaa, 2013

8. Status • Focussed on need, rather than outcome and impact • Construction of V Index not straightforward • Comparisons across regions and countries difficult

9. SOCIOECONOMIC PROCESSES Socioeconomic Pathways Adaptation and Mitigation Actions Governance CLIMATE Natural Variability Anthropogenic Climate Change RISKHazards Exposure Vulnerability IMPACTS EMISSIONS and Land-use Change 2. IPCC’s Climate risk concept IPCC 2012/2014

10. Scope for risk management Adaptation infeasible: Limits IPCC AR5 climate risk management approach: outcome Risk: Potential impacts Africa

11. Adaptation infeasible: Limits IPCC AR5 climate risk management approach: outcome Africa

12. Status • Currently expert-based at regional scales • Impact and risk analysis not yet brought together with scope for adaptation/risk management • Tracing scope for risk management over time? • Climate risk attribution difficult

13. 3. Mixed approach: Process + output Learning across scales Tracking Adaptation Measuring Development (TAMD) framework Brooks and Fisher, 2014

14. Fisher and Anderson, 2018 Process + output Learning across scales Institutional scorecard analysis

15. Measuring capacity: The Flood Resilience Measurement Tool (Flood Resilience Alliance) A: Best practice B: Good standard, no immediate need for improvement C: Deficiencies, room for visible improvement D: Significantly below good standard, potential for imminent loss Keating et al., 2017

16. Sources Interest groupCommunity discussion Key informantHousehold survey 3rd party source Understanding Resilience 44 Sources evaluated with mixed methods approach

17. Tracking progress

18. Status • Strongly process-driven • Quantitative-qualitative • Focus on output rather than outcome

19. Final comments • Water system (resources, flooding) strongly affected by climate change-directly and indirectly • Adaptation occurring, but not well observed • Measuring adaptation complex: work on metrics in flux • Process-orientation important • Climate risk management perspective promising combining qualitative and quantitative aspects

Editor's Notes

Now: disaster and climate Natural disasters? risk linked to natural disasters, as human induced in two regards Exposure and vulnerability Increasingly anthropogenic climate change affecting hazards
Regional Chapters 22 (Africa), 23 (Europe), 24 (Asia), 27 (Central and South America), and Box 7-1 show crop production to be consistently and negatively affected by climate change in the future in low-latitude countries, while climate change may have positive or negative effects in northern latitudes (high confidence).
Regional Chapters 22 (Africa), 23 (Europe), 24 (Asia), 27 (Central and South America), and Box 7-1 show crop production to be consistently and negatively affected by climate change in the future in low-latitude countries, while climate change may have positive or negative effects in northern latitudes (high confidence).
We have come to a point where we have identified 88 sources of resilience. Sources – fixed. Data collection methods are variable to context.

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Editor's Notes