The document discusses adaptive and responsive web design, highlighting the importance of media queries and viewports for creating tailored displays across different devices. It details three options for implementation, with a strong recommendation for adapting a single site to improve user experience. Key techniques like adaptive images, mobile-first strategies, and handling high-resolution devices are also covered.

1. Adapt!
MEDIA QUERIES AND VIEWPORT
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Tuesday, 31 July 2012

2. Hi — I’m Chris Mills!
Open standards advocate and Education agitator
dev.opera.com editor
W3C web education community group chair
Accessibility whiner
HTML5/CSS3 wrangler
Heavy metal drummer and proud dad
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Tuesday, 31 July 2012

3. 3.
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4. Useful Stuff
dev.opera.com
slideshare.net/chrisdavidmills
cmills@opera.com
@chrisdavidmills
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5. Context For
5.
Adaptive Design
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6. Adaptive
“Able to be easily modified to suit a new
purpose or situation”
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7. Responsive
“Reacting quickly and positively.”
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8. RWD/AWD
“Designing sites that will dynamically adapt
their layout, graphics and other features to suit
different browsers and devices.”
Responsive design? Adaptive design? It
matters not which term you use.
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9. Responsive Web
Design is Hot!!
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10. Three Options for creating
tailored displays
1. Adapt a single site
2. Do nothing
3. Create a separate site/separate sites
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11. Creating separate sites
Usually a terrible idea
Despite what “that Nielsen bloke” says
Maintenance nightmare
Multiple codebases
Browser sniffing
And how many do you have to make?
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12. Doing nothing
Actually goes a long way
The web is responsive by default
Mobile browsers have features to help render
desktop sites
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13. Adapt a single site
By far the best option, usually
Let’s see how!
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14. Adaptive
technologies
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15. Adaptive Bread
and Butter
Liquid layouts
Media types
Media queries
Viewport
Adaptive images
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16. Media Types
The idea of adaptive design isn’t new
Media types have been around since CSS2
media="screen"
media="print"
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17. Media Types
media="handheld"
media="tv"
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18. Small TV Rant
“Searching, browsing, updating and
buffering are not TV-like. In fact an enormous
number of people found that the technology
they had purchased wasn't what they
expected at all, that they were bringing the
worst parts of using a computer into the
television environment.”
-- www.insideci.co.uk/news/rovi-research-reveals-
18. changing-consumer-habits.aspx
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19. 19.
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20. Media Types Failed
Because they make too many assumptions
And don’t give enough control
Devs used “handheld” to serve crap dumbed
down experiences to mobile
“handheld”, “tv” and “projection” are really
just “screen”
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21. Media Queries &
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Viewport
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22. Media Queries
...succeed where media types failed, mostly
www.w3.org/TR/css3-mediaqueries/
Build on top of media types
Allow more granular control of style
application
See mediaqueri.es for tonnes of examples
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23. Basic Media Query
media="screen and (max-width: 480px)"
@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {
/* Insert rules for
narrow screens here */
}
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24. 24.
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25. Adding extra conditions
@media screen and (min-width: 480px) and
(max-width: 1024px) {
/* Rules to be applied between
480 and 1024 pixels */
}
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26. Multiple right answers
@media screen and (max-width: 1024px),
print and (max-width: 21cm) {
/* Rules to be applied if either of
the two queries are true */
}
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27. Media Query negation
@media not screen and (max-width: 480px)
{
/* Rules to be applied when the
screen is NOT narrow */
}
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28. Exclusive Queries
@media only screen and (max-width:
480px) {
/* An exclusive set of rules,
ONLY for narrow screens */
}
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29. Typical stylesheet
/* Default styles here */
@media screen and (min-width: 1400px) {}
@media screen and (max-width: 800px) {}
@media screen and (max-width: 480px) {}
@media screen and (max-width: 320px) {}
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30. Breakpoints
Where do you need to change your styles?
Device breakpoint: change styles for specific
target device screen sizes
Content breakpoint: changes styles at the
point where your layout actually breaks
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31. Which way do you do it?
For a general web site, content breakpoints
For a platform-targetted app, device
breakpoints
More realistically, you’ll do a combination, eg
fluid width for wide screens, a fixed width
and height for iPad portrait/landscape, and a
fluid width for smartphones and other
devices.
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32. The different available
Media Queries
width color
height color-index
device-width monochrome
device-height resolution
orientation scan
aspect-ratio grid
device-aspect-ratio
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33. You will most commonly use
width (and height): this is viewport w/h!
You could use device-width/height for
mobiles/tablets, but this confuses things.
There is a better way (see later)
resolution: for high fidelity devices
orientation: for landscape/portrait layout
optimization (an iPad app, for example)
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34. Beware! Mobiles lie!
Want this... ...Got this?
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35. Mobiles lie...
They assume a wider viewport than they
really have
Render the site at that width
Then shrink the result to fit on the screen
For example, Opera Mobile uses 980px
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36. Viewport
Invented by Apple
A meta tag
Suggests initial viewport, zoom, and
resolution
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37. Viewport example
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width">
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38. Much better!
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39. Another common use
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=550">
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40. 40.
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41. Different available
Viewport options
width height
minimum-scale maximum-scale
initial-scale user-scalable
target-densitydpi
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42. CSS Device Adaptation
Viewport = more of a style thing than a
content thing
Provides @viewport at-rule to contain
viewport info
Supported in Opera and IE10, with prefixes
dev.opera.com/articles/view/an-introduction-
to-meta-viewport-and-viewport
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43. CSS Device Adaptation
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=550,
maximum-scale=1.0,
target-densitydpi=device-dpi">
@viewport { width: 550px; max-zoom: 1;
resolution: device; }
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44. Other Responsive
Web Design Issues
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45. What else have we got to
worry about?
Responsive replaced elements
Bandwidth/loading of resources
Resolution
Processing power
Control mechanisms
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46. Replaced elements
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47. Replaced elements
#related img {
display: block;
margin: 0 auto;
max-width: 100%;
}
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48. Be warned
Old IE versions don’t support max-width, so
you’ll have to fallback to width: 100%
instead.
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49. File size also important
Users on slow connections won’t want to
download huge media files.
We need to try to serve them smaller files/
alternatives.
Assumptions: e.g. narrow equals mobile
equals slow connection
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50. CSS resources easy
to deal with
Use “mobile first”
Load smaller resources by default, and larger
ones inside MQs
Saves narrow screen devices from loading
wide screen resources
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51. “Mobile first” stylesheet
/* Default styles here */
@media screen and (min-width: 320px) {}
@media screen and (min-width: 480px) {}
@media screen and (min-width: 800px) {}
@media screen and (min-width: 1400px) {}
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52. “Mobile first” example
header { background: url(small-
image.png); }
@media screen and (min-width: 480px) {
header { background: url(large-
image.png); }
}
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53. “Mobile first” problems
IE 6-8 left with mobile layout, as they don’t
support media queries
You’ll need to polyfill media queries, e.g. with
respond.js
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54. HTML5 <video> well served
<source src="crystal320.webm"
type="video/webm" media="all and (max-
width: 480px)">
<source src="crystal720.webm"
type="video/webm" media="all and (min-
width: 481px)">
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55. <img> not so lucky
http://dev.opera.com/articles/view/
responsive-images-problem/
None work perfectly
Pre-fetch is a bitch
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56. adaptive-images.com
Add .htaccess and adaptive-images.php to
your document root folder.
Add one line of JavaScript into the <head> of
your site.
Add your CSS Media Query values into
$resolutions in the PHP file.
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57. The <picture> element
<picture alt="a picture of something">
<source src="mobile.jpg">
<source src="medium.jpg" media="min
width: 600px">
<source src="fullsize.jpg" media="min
width: 900px">
<img src="mobile.jpg">
</picture>
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58. The srcset attribute
<img src="face-600-200-at-1.jpeg" alt=""
srcset="face-600-200-at-1.jpeg 600w 200h
1x, face-600-200-at-2.jpeg 600w 200h 2x,
face-icon.png 200w 200h">
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59. Processing power
You might want to turn off effects like
shadows, gradients and animations for small
screen devices
CSS effects are arguably less power draining
than JS or Flash, but even so
They can cause the UI to look cluttered too
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60. Resolution
Hi-fidelity devices are causing an issue, e.g.
iPhone 4s is 960 x 640 pixels at 326ppi
These devices lie twice
One CSS pixel = multiple device pixels
Images can start to look pixellated
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61. Solutions
<img src="500px_image.jpg" width="250">
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62. Solutions
@media screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-
ratio: 3/2) {
body { background-size: 250px; }
}
@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-
pixel-ratio: 1.5) {
body { background-size: 250px; }
}
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63. 63.
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64. Soon to be replaced by
@media screen and (resolution: 1.5dppx)
{
body { background-size: 250px; }
}
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65. Tell the truth with viewport
<meta name="viewport"
content="width=device-width,
target-densitydpi=device-dpi">
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66. All good, but...
Images may now start to look a little small
You could serve larger images for devices
with higher resolutions
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67. Control mechanisms
Currently tricky
Usual wisdom about web sites applies: Make
pages keyboard accessible, etc.
Can’t be detected in CSS (yet)
JavaScript touch detection is an option:
Modernizr, jQuery
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68. “Subtle” advertisment
Buy my book
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69. dev.opera.com | cmills@opera.com | @chrisdavidmills
Thanks!
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Tuesday, 31 July 2012