The document discusses drug therapies for treating inflammation and fever. It describes the mechanisms and roles of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin, which work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Systemic glucocorticoids like prednisone are also covered, as they suppress immune responses. Acetaminophen is presented as an antipyretic that reduces fever through hypothalamic effects. The chapter outlines nursing considerations for patients taking these medications, including monitoring for therapeutic effects and potential adverse drug reactions.
The document discusses drugs used for bacterial infections. It describes pathogens and how they cause disease, either through invasiveness and rapidly dividing or through toxins. It also discusses pathogenicity and virulence. Anti-infective drugs target pathogens' structure, metabolism or life cycle to eliminate or slow their growth. Acquired bacterial resistance occurs through mutation and is worsened by overuse of antibiotics. The nurse monitors clients on anti-infectives and educates them on proper use and potential side effects.
1) Pharmacology has its origins in ancient times when various cultures used plants and herbs to treat medical issues. It developed into a distinct discipline in the 19th century with the isolation of active compounds from natural substances and study of their effects.
2) John Jacob Abel established the first pharmacology department in the United States in 1890, advancing the field of modern pharmacology. Regulations and standards for drug development, labeling, and safety have strengthened over time through organizations like the USP and laws.
3) Nurses play a key role in pharmacology due to their direct involvement in patient care across all settings. Understanding how different factors influence individual drug responses is important for safe administration.
This document discusses key concepts in pharmacodynamics including:
1) Pharmacodynamics examines how medicines change the body and helps predict drug effects.
2) Frequency distribution and dose-response curves illustrate variability in individual drug responses.
3) The median effective dose is the dose that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of patients.
4) Drugs can act as agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists at receptor sites to stimulate or inhibit responses.
This chapter discusses principles of drug administration for nurses. It outlines the nursing process for drug administration including nurse responsibilities such as understanding classifications, actions, side effects, and ensuring safe preparation and administration. Common medication errors are also reviewed. The chapter then covers allergic reactions, the five rights of administration, routes of administration including enteral, topical and parenteral, and special considerations for various types of drug delivery such as transdermal patches, ophthalmic drops, and otic drops. Measurement systems, abbreviations, and documentation requirements are also discussed.
This document discusses how psychosocial, cultural, and genetic factors can influence pharmacotherapy outcomes. It notes that effective pharmacotherapy requires considering biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental variables that may impact drug response. Specific influences discussed include spiritual/religious beliefs, ethnicity, culture, literacy levels, and genetic polymorphisms. Gender differences are also outlined, such as varying responses, behaviors, and drug coverage based on sex. The holistic nursing approach of considering all these influences is emphasized for achieving successful pharmacotherapy.
The document discusses drug administration throughout the lifespan. It covers considerations for drug use during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and aging. Key factors that affect pharmacokinetics at different life stages are growth and development changes, organ system changes, and age-related changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding life stage considerations and providing appropriate patient education for safe and effective pharmacotherapy.
The document discusses the nursing process as it relates to pharmacology and medication administration. It describes the 5 steps of the nursing process - assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Considerable detail is provided about properly assessing patients, identifying nursing diagnoses related to medication, setting goals and expected outcomes, implementing interventions like medication administration and monitoring, and evaluating the effectiveness of the care plan. The overarching goals of the nursing process in pharmacology are safe and effective medication administration and optimal patient wellness.
1. Medication errors are common and can harm patients, increasing costs and negatively impacting facilities. They are caused by factors involving healthcare providers, patients, and systems.
2. It is important to accurately document and report all medication errors to determine root causes and implement strategies to prevent future errors. Reducing distractions, cross-checking orders, and reconciling medications can help reduce errors.
3. Educating patients on their medications also helps reduce errors by empowering them to participate in the medication administration process. Automated systems, electronic records, and updated policies further aim to minimize medication errors.
The document discusses drugs used for bacterial infections. It describes pathogens and how they cause disease, either through invasiveness and rapidly dividing or through toxins. It also discusses pathogenicity and virulence. Anti-infective drugs target pathogens' structure, metabolism or life cycle to eliminate or slow their growth. Acquired bacterial resistance occurs through mutation and is worsened by overuse of antibiotics. The nurse monitors clients on anti-infectives and educates them on proper use and potential side effects.
1) Pharmacology has its origins in ancient times when various cultures used plants and herbs to treat medical issues. It developed into a distinct discipline in the 19th century with the isolation of active compounds from natural substances and study of their effects.
2) John Jacob Abel established the first pharmacology department in the United States in 1890, advancing the field of modern pharmacology. Regulations and standards for drug development, labeling, and safety have strengthened over time through organizations like the USP and laws.
3) Nurses play a key role in pharmacology due to their direct involvement in patient care across all settings. Understanding how different factors influence individual drug responses is important for safe administration.
This document discusses key concepts in pharmacodynamics including:
1) Pharmacodynamics examines how medicines change the body and helps predict drug effects.
2) Frequency distribution and dose-response curves illustrate variability in individual drug responses.
3) The median effective dose is the dose that produces a therapeutic response in 50% of patients.
4) Drugs can act as agonists, partial agonists, or antagonists at receptor sites to stimulate or inhibit responses.
This chapter discusses principles of drug administration for nurses. It outlines the nursing process for drug administration including nurse responsibilities such as understanding classifications, actions, side effects, and ensuring safe preparation and administration. Common medication errors are also reviewed. The chapter then covers allergic reactions, the five rights of administration, routes of administration including enteral, topical and parenteral, and special considerations for various types of drug delivery such as transdermal patches, ophthalmic drops, and otic drops. Measurement systems, abbreviations, and documentation requirements are also discussed.
This document discusses how psychosocial, cultural, and genetic factors can influence pharmacotherapy outcomes. It notes that effective pharmacotherapy requires considering biological, psychological, social, cultural, and environmental variables that may impact drug response. Specific influences discussed include spiritual/religious beliefs, ethnicity, culture, literacy levels, and genetic polymorphisms. Gender differences are also outlined, such as varying responses, behaviors, and drug coverage based on sex. The holistic nursing approach of considering all these influences is emphasized for achieving successful pharmacotherapy.
The document discusses drug administration throughout the lifespan. It covers considerations for drug use during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and aging. Key factors that affect pharmacokinetics at different life stages are growth and development changes, organ system changes, and age-related changes in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding life stage considerations and providing appropriate patient education for safe and effective pharmacotherapy.
The document discusses the nursing process as it relates to pharmacology and medication administration. It describes the 5 steps of the nursing process - assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Considerable detail is provided about properly assessing patients, identifying nursing diagnoses related to medication, setting goals and expected outcomes, implementing interventions like medication administration and monitoring, and evaluating the effectiveness of the care plan. The overarching goals of the nursing process in pharmacology are safe and effective medication administration and optimal patient wellness.
1. Medication errors are common and can harm patients, increasing costs and negatively impacting facilities. They are caused by factors involving healthcare providers, patients, and systems.
2. It is important to accurately document and report all medication errors to determine root causes and implement strategies to prevent future errors. Reducing distractions, cross-checking orders, and reconciling medications can help reduce errors.
3. Educating patients on their medications also helps reduce errors by empowering them to participate in the medication administration process. Automated systems, electronic records, and updated policies further aim to minimize medication errors.
This document discusses the key principles of pharmacokinetics - how drugs move through the body. It describes the four main components of pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug moving from its site of administration through membranes and into circulation. Distribution is the transport of drugs throughout tissues, influenced by factors like blood flow and binding to plasma proteins. Metabolism biochemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more easily excreted. Excretion primarily occurs through the kidneys which filter drugs out of the bloodstream. Understanding pharmacokinetics helps explain how the body handles medications and any obstacles they may face.
Drugs are organized in two ways: by therapeutic classification based on their clinical effects, and by pharmacologic classification based on their mechanism of action. Drugs have three names - a chemical name assigned by IUPAC, a generic name assigned by the USAN Council, and one or more trade or brand names assigned by the marketing company. Drugs considered to have abuse or addiction potential are scheduled by the DEA into five categories, with Schedule I having the highest abuse potential and Schedule V the lowest. Drugs are also classified based on their teratogenic risk to a fetus from A to X.
This document discusses complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, focusing on herbal supplements. It defines CAM as treatments considered outside mainstream healthcare. Major CAM characteristics include treating each person as an individual and emphasizing mind-body connections. The document reviews various CAM healing methods, common herbal supplements, dietary supplement regulations, and the nurse's role in educating patients about CAM therapies and potential herb-drug interactions. It emphasizes the need for rigorous research on herbal supplement effectiveness and standardization.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
This document provides an overview of pharmacology for nursing students. It discusses the history of pharmacology from ancient texts like the Vedas describing herbal preparations in Ayurveda to modern animal experimentation and new drug development. Key definitions are provided for terms like drug, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and others. Drugs sources are categorized as natural or synthetic, with natural sources including plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans, while synthetic drugs are manufactured.
The document discusses various pharmacologic principles including:
- Definitions of key terms like drugs, pharmacology, and drug names
- Concepts in pharmacokinetics like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- Mechanisms of drug action in pharmacodynamics
- Approaches to drug therapy in pharmacotherapeutics
- Factors that influence drug effects and interactions
Priciples of therapeutics, Dosage Indiviualization, Herbal SupplimentsFarazaJaved
This presentation briefly covers the general aspect of therapeutics and drug development then its dose adjustment according to the pt. need and checking either patient comply to that therapy or not. last portion based on herbal supplements and its use.
Clinical pharmacology is a multidisciplinary science that studies the relationship between drugs and humans. It has a long history dating back to the 18th century. Clinical pharmacologists play important roles in patient care, teaching, and research. Their goals are to improve patient outcomes through rational drug use and the development of safer and more effective medicines. They conduct research studies in humans to better understand pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics which can help optimize drug therapy for individuals.
In this presentation Pharmacology III Unit V covered
Following points are included;
Various Definitions:
Acute toxicity
Subacute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
Genotoxicity,
Carcinogenicity,
Teratogenicity
Mutagenicity
General principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms and management of various poisoning conditions.
like Barbiturate poisoning, Morphinpoisoning, Organophosphoruspoisoning, Lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, Arsenin poisoning, And its specific antidote
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology presented by Dr. Lokendra Sharma. It defines key terms like pharmacology, drugs, and subdivisions. The subdivisions discussed include pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and pharmacognosy. Pharmacokinetics concepts like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and half-life are explained. Pharmacodynamics covers mechanisms of drug action, onset, peak, and duration. Pharmacotherapeutics discusses monitoring drug therapy effectiveness and potential issues. Oral and parenteral routes of drug administration are also introduced.
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It deals with the effects of drugs and how the body affects drugs.
- The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is what drugs do to the body, and pharmacokinetics, which is what the body does to drugs.
- There are several routes of drug administration including oral, injection, topical, inhalation, and rectal. The choice depends on factors like the drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
DRUGS ARE VERY USEFUL FOR LIFE UNLESS WE CAN'T SUFFER FROM DISEASE AND FOR ANY OCCASION AT SCHOOL OR COLLEGES TOO. ITS VERY BENEFICIAL FOR YOUR PRESENTATION
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, parenteral, and topical. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient needs. Common routes include oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, inhalation, and transdermal. Each route has advantages and disadvantages with respect to onset of action, convenience, and safety.
This document discusses routes of drug administration (ROA). It describes factors that influence ROA choice such as ease of use, site of action, onset and duration. It then summarizes various ROAs including oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral and inhalation. For each ROA it provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like first pass effect, types of parenteral routes and references.
This document provides an overview of medication administration and pharmacology terms. It defines key terms like drug, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical pharmacology. It also outlines the ideal properties of drugs and factors that determine drug responses. The nursing process in relation to pharmacology is discussed, including assessing patients, planning treatment, evaluating responses, and educating patients. Regulations around drug names, sources of information, and the FDA are also summarized.
The document discusses clinical pharmacology and provides information on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It covers topics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. It discusses how factors like food, gut motility, and malabsorption can impact drug absorption. It also mentions how drug interactions during absorption can occur through precipitation, chelation, or effects on gut flora. The example given is explaining the full effect of digoxin would not be seen for a week, which relates to the drug's half-life.
This document provides an introduction to the Department of Pharmacology at NEIGRIHMS. It discusses the history of pharmacology and some pioneering figures. Pharmacology is defined as the study of how chemicals affect living processes, including drugs, hormones, neurotransmitters and toxic agents. The roles of pharmacologists and medicinal chemists in drug discovery are described. Key terms like drug, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic agents are defined. The relationships between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are outlined. Recommended pharmacology textbooks are also listed.
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, statistics, factors that affect ADRs, classifications, and pharmacovigilance. It defines an ADR according to the WHO as an unwanted effect from a medication taken as prescribed. Statistics provided indicate that ADRs are a common cause of hospitalization and that certain drug classes like antibiotics and NSAIDs are frequently associated with ADRs. The document outlines numerous patient-related and drug-related factors that can influence ADRs and describes various types and classifications of ADRs. It emphasizes the importance of ADR reporting and monitoring through pharmacovigilance programs.
A textbook-of-clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics-5th-editionLamer Sunir
This chapter introduces key concepts in therapeutics and drug use. It discusses how drugs are often the primary or adjunctive therapy used by doctors. All drugs have risks and benefits that must be weighed, and therapeutic decisions require considering factors like a patient's age, health status, goals, and drug history. Developing an appropriate treatment plan involves choosing an effective drug, discussing the plan with the patient, and monitoring them for adverse effects. Understanding clinical pharmacology principles helps minimize prescribing errors and safely adapt to ongoing changes in treatments.
The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane as well as various intracellular organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document also covers cell transport mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport which uses ATP.
The document discusses corticosteroids and anabolic steroids. Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex and include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They regulate processes like stress response, immune response, and inflammation. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promote muscle and bone growth. Both have important therapeutic uses but also carry health risks with prolonged or improper use such as infections, liver damage, and psychological side effects.
This document discusses the key principles of pharmacokinetics - how drugs move through the body. It describes the four main components of pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption involves a drug moving from its site of administration through membranes and into circulation. Distribution is the transport of drugs throughout tissues, influenced by factors like blood flow and binding to plasma proteins. Metabolism biochemically alters drugs in the liver to make them more easily excreted. Excretion primarily occurs through the kidneys which filter drugs out of the bloodstream. Understanding pharmacokinetics helps explain how the body handles medications and any obstacles they may face.
Drugs are organized in two ways: by therapeutic classification based on their clinical effects, and by pharmacologic classification based on their mechanism of action. Drugs have three names - a chemical name assigned by IUPAC, a generic name assigned by the USAN Council, and one or more trade or brand names assigned by the marketing company. Drugs considered to have abuse or addiction potential are scheduled by the DEA into five categories, with Schedule I having the highest abuse potential and Schedule V the lowest. Drugs are also classified based on their teratogenic risk to a fetus from A to X.
This document discusses complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies, focusing on herbal supplements. It defines CAM as treatments considered outside mainstream healthcare. Major CAM characteristics include treating each person as an individual and emphasizing mind-body connections. The document reviews various CAM healing methods, common herbal supplements, dietary supplement regulations, and the nurse's role in educating patients about CAM therapies and potential herb-drug interactions. It emphasizes the need for rigorous research on herbal supplement effectiveness and standardization.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
This document provides an overview of pharmacology for nursing students. It discusses the history of pharmacology from ancient texts like the Vedas describing herbal preparations in Ayurveda to modern animal experimentation and new drug development. Key definitions are provided for terms like drug, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and others. Drugs sources are categorized as natural or synthetic, with natural sources including plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans, while synthetic drugs are manufactured.
The document discusses various pharmacologic principles including:
- Definitions of key terms like drugs, pharmacology, and drug names
- Concepts in pharmacokinetics like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
- Mechanisms of drug action in pharmacodynamics
- Approaches to drug therapy in pharmacotherapeutics
- Factors that influence drug effects and interactions
Priciples of therapeutics, Dosage Indiviualization, Herbal SupplimentsFarazaJaved
This presentation briefly covers the general aspect of therapeutics and drug development then its dose adjustment according to the pt. need and checking either patient comply to that therapy or not. last portion based on herbal supplements and its use.
Clinical pharmacology is a multidisciplinary science that studies the relationship between drugs and humans. It has a long history dating back to the 18th century. Clinical pharmacologists play important roles in patient care, teaching, and research. Their goals are to improve patient outcomes through rational drug use and the development of safer and more effective medicines. They conduct research studies in humans to better understand pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacogenetics which can help optimize drug therapy for individuals.
In this presentation Pharmacology III Unit V covered
Following points are included;
Various Definitions:
Acute toxicity
Subacute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
Genotoxicity,
Carcinogenicity,
Teratogenicity
Mutagenicity
General principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms and management of various poisoning conditions.
like Barbiturate poisoning, Morphinpoisoning, Organophosphoruspoisoning, Lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, Arsenin poisoning, And its specific antidote
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology presented by Dr. Lokendra Sharma. It defines key terms like pharmacology, drugs, and subdivisions. The subdivisions discussed include pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacotherapeutics, and pharmacognosy. Pharmacokinetics concepts like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and half-life are explained. Pharmacodynamics covers mechanisms of drug action, onset, peak, and duration. Pharmacotherapeutics discusses monitoring drug therapy effectiveness and potential issues. Oral and parenteral routes of drug administration are also introduced.
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It deals with the effects of drugs and how the body affects drugs.
- The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is what drugs do to the body, and pharmacokinetics, which is what the body does to drugs.
- There are several routes of drug administration including oral, injection, topical, inhalation, and rectal. The choice depends on factors like the drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
Briefly described by Dr. Nizar Muhammad, with a clinical perspective, for the students of Pharmacy and specially for nursing students, the data is taken from an american book, named as Clinical Pharmacology_anonim.
DRUGS ARE VERY USEFUL FOR LIFE UNLESS WE CAN'T SUFFER FROM DISEASE AND FOR ANY OCCASION AT SCHOOL OR COLLEGES TOO. ITS VERY BENEFICIAL FOR YOUR PRESENTATION
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, parenteral, and topical. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient needs. Common routes include oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, inhalation, and transdermal. Each route has advantages and disadvantages with respect to onset of action, convenience, and safety.
This document discusses routes of drug administration (ROA). It describes factors that influence ROA choice such as ease of use, site of action, onset and duration. It then summarizes various ROAs including oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral and inhalation. For each ROA it provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like first pass effect, types of parenteral routes and references.
This document provides an overview of medication administration and pharmacology terms. It defines key terms like drug, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical pharmacology. It also outlines the ideal properties of drugs and factors that determine drug responses. The nursing process in relation to pharmacology is discussed, including assessing patients, planning treatment, evaluating responses, and educating patients. Regulations around drug names, sources of information, and the FDA are also summarized.
The document discusses clinical pharmacology and provides information on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It covers topics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. It discusses how factors like food, gut motility, and malabsorption can impact drug absorption. It also mentions how drug interactions during absorption can occur through precipitation, chelation, or effects on gut flora. The example given is explaining the full effect of digoxin would not be seen for a week, which relates to the drug's half-life.
This document provides an introduction to the Department of Pharmacology at NEIGRIHMS. It discusses the history of pharmacology and some pioneering figures. Pharmacology is defined as the study of how chemicals affect living processes, including drugs, hormones, neurotransmitters and toxic agents. The roles of pharmacologists and medicinal chemists in drug discovery are described. Key terms like drug, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and therapeutic agents are defined. The relationships between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are outlined. Recommended pharmacology textbooks are also listed.
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions, statistics, factors that affect ADRs, classifications, and pharmacovigilance. It defines an ADR according to the WHO as an unwanted effect from a medication taken as prescribed. Statistics provided indicate that ADRs are a common cause of hospitalization and that certain drug classes like antibiotics and NSAIDs are frequently associated with ADRs. The document outlines numerous patient-related and drug-related factors that can influence ADRs and describes various types and classifications of ADRs. It emphasizes the importance of ADR reporting and monitoring through pharmacovigilance programs.
A textbook-of-clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics-5th-editionLamer Sunir
This chapter introduces key concepts in therapeutics and drug use. It discusses how drugs are often the primary or adjunctive therapy used by doctors. All drugs have risks and benefits that must be weighed, and therapeutic decisions require considering factors like a patient's age, health status, goals, and drug history. Developing an appropriate treatment plan involves choosing an effective drug, discussing the plan with the patient, and monitoring them for adverse effects. Understanding clinical pharmacology principles helps minimize prescribing errors and safely adapt to ongoing changes in treatments.
The document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It explains that prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a membrane as well as various intracellular organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document also covers cell transport mechanisms, including passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport which uses ATP.
The document discusses corticosteroids and anabolic steroids. Corticosteroids are produced in the adrenal cortex and include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They regulate processes like stress response, immune response, and inflammation. Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of testosterone that promote muscle and bone growth. Both have important therapeutic uses but also carry health risks with prolonged or improper use such as infections, liver damage, and psychological side effects.
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of active transport that uses ATP to transport sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells. It does this to maintain low intracellular sodium concentration and high intracellular potassium concentration compared to outside the cell. The pump is made up of four subunits with binding sites for sodium, potassium, and a phosphorylation site to accept a phosphate from ATP. Hydrolysis of one ATP molecule fuels the export of three sodium ions and import of two potassium ions.
The document discusses various classes of sedative and hypnotic drugs including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and newer agents. It describes how these drugs work in the central nervous system by facilitating the action of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The document also covers the pharmacokinetics, uses, adverse effects, and treatment of overdose for different sedative and hypnotic medications.
The passage discusses the importance of protecting personal data and privacy as technology advances. It notes that while technology provides benefits, it also creates new risks to how data is collected and used that were not issues in the past. Overall it argues that laws and regulations need to modernize to ensure privacy protections keep up with changing technology to prevent misuse of people's information.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects drugs. It involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Absorption is how drugs enter the bloodstream and distribution is how drugs spread to tissues. Metabolism converts drugs to inactive forms through phase I (oxidation) and phase II (conjugation) reactions. Excretion eliminates drugs from the body. Together, these processes determine the effects of drugs over time.
1. Cholinergics act at cholinergic receptors to mimic the effects of acetylcholine. They include parasympathomimetics like acetylcholine, pilocarpine, and anticholinesterases.
2. Anticholinesterases like neostigmine, physostigmine, and rivastigmine inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine and leading to its accumulation.
3. Organophosphate poisoning results from inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by highly toxic organophosphate insecticides, causing muscarinic, nicotinic, and central effects that can be fatal if not treated with atropine
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures and is treated using anticonvulsant drugs like phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, phenobarbital, and benzodiazepines. Phenytoin works by blocking sodium channels in neurons to inhibit neuronal firing and seizures. Carbamazepine has a similar mechanism of action and indication as phenytoin. Valproic acid enhances GABA levels to reduce seizures. Choice of anticonvulsant depends on seizure type, with carbamazepine, phenytoin, and valproic acid used for partial seizures and valproic acid and diazepam used for absence seizures.
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is a series of chemical reactions that generates energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide. It was discovered by Hans Adolf Krebs in 1937 and is also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. Each turn of the cycle produces one GTP or ATP, three NADH molecules, and one FADH2 molecule which will be used in cellular respiration to produce ATP.
Arrhythmia is an abnormality in the heart's rate, rhythm or impulse conduction. Various factors like hypoxia, ischemia or electrolyte imbalances can cause arrhythmias. Arrhythmias are classified based on their rate (tachy or brady), origin site (supraventricular or ventricular), and cardiac cycle. Antiarrhythmic drugs are classified based on their mechanism of action and include sodium channel blockers, beta blockers, potassium channel blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Quinidine, a class 1A drug, blocks sodium channels to stabilize cardiac membranes and treat arrhythmias, though it can cause side effects like diarrhea, nausea and hypotension.
This document summarizes glycogen metabolism. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose found primarily in the liver and muscles. Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose using enzymes like glycogen synthase. Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, carried out by phosphorylase and debranching enzymes. The glucose is then converted to glucose-6-phosphate and can re-enter circulation from the liver or be used locally by tissues in glycolysis. Glycogen thus serves to maintain blood glucose levels and acts as a fuel reserve for muscles.
Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes in living organisms. It has many applications in nursing, as therapeutic agents like insulin were first developed through biochemistry experiments. Several medical conditions can be explained by biochemical abnormalities, such as anemia, jaundice in infants, or dark urine indicating a metabolic disorder. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living things. There are two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack organelles and a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have intracellular structures like the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts that carry out specialized functions.
The document discusses the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle. It provides three key points:
1. The TCA cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and water and is the final common pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids.
2. The cycle generates energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and provides precursors for biosynthesis.
3. The cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and is tightly regulated by enzymes and cellular energy levels to integrate major metabolic pathways.
Acute inflammation is an immediate response to injury that involves increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and recruitment of leukocytes. This response aims to remove injurious stimuli and initiate tissue repair. It can resolve with complete healing or progress to chronic inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a prolonged response involving lymphocytes, macrophages and mediators that drives simultaneous tissue injury and repair through fibrosis. It underlies conditions like infection, autoimmunity and foreign body reactions. Systemic effects include fever, leukocytosis and acute phase responses.
This document discusses skeletal muscle relaxants (SMRs), which are drugs that reduce muscle tone by acting at the neuromuscular junction or in the central nervous system. It classifies SMRs as peripherally or centrally acting. Peripherally acting SMRs include neuromuscular blockers like tubocurarine, which bind to nicotinic receptors and block the action of acetylcholine, causing paralysis. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing blocker that stimulates nicotinic receptors, causing depolarization and paralysis. Centrally acting SMRs like diazepam and baclofen decrease muscle tone by depressing polysynaptic reflexes in the spinal cord. SMR
This document discusses various routes of drug administration in animals. There are two main classes of routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract and include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, and others. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, drug stability, and bypassing of first-pass metabolism. The document provides details on various administration techniques and considerations for each route.
The document discusses the immune system and its response to foreign substances called antigens. It describes innate immunity, which is present from birth, and acquired immunity, which develops through exposure to antigens. Passive immunity provides temporary protection through antibodies transferred from mother to infant or through immunization. The document also details the structure and classification of immunoglobulins, which are antibody proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens.
NSAIDs are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that address fever, pain, and swelling by inhibiting the enzyme COX and thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins. There are two types - nonselective COX inhibitors like aspirin that inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, and selective COX-2 inhibitors like celecoxib. Common NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, and piroxicam. While effective for pain, fever, and inflammation, NSAIDs can cause adverse effects like GI bleeding, ulcers, renal toxicity, and interference with platelet function. Precautions are needed in patients with liver or kidney disease.
This document discusses the importance and relevance of microbiology to nursing. It explains that nurses must understand microbiology to control infections in hospitals and know which microorganisms are harmful or harmless to humans. Microbiology knowledge helps nurses with drug production, diagnosis, sterilization, and maintaining cleanliness. The document also provides brief historical perspectives on Koch's phenomenon and Koch's postulates, which were methods for identifying disease-causing pathogens established by Robert Koch.
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
This document discusses various classes of antiemetic drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects. It covers anticholinergic, antihistaminic, neuroleptic, 5-HT3 antagonist, and cannabinoid class drugs. The document provides details on the neurological pathways involved in vomiting and how different drug classes act on these pathways to exert their antiemetic effects.
The document provides an overview of basic concepts in pharmacology including definitions of key terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, and toxicology. It also discusses essential drug concepts, drug nomenclature, sources of drugs, routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes, and factors governing the choice of administration route.
This document provides information on antibiotics and analgesics used for periodontal diseases. It defines antibiotics as agents that destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Various antibiotics discussed that are used for periodontal diseases include tetracyclines, metronidazole, penicillins, cephalosporins, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and macrolides. It also discusses local delivery methods for antibiotics. Analgesics are defined as drugs that selectively relieve pain. The classes discussed include non-opioid types like aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen and opioid types like morphine, codeine, synthetic opioids, and their mechanisms and side effects.
This presentation discusses histamines and antihistamines. Histamines are released by the body during allergic reactions and cause symptoms like swelling and itchiness. They are produced locally from the amino acid histidine. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors in the body and are used to treat allergic conditions. There are first and second generation antihistamines that differ in their side effects and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The presentation also covers histamine intolerance, conditions that release histamines, and the classification of antihistamines.
Obstetric analgesia aims to reduce labor pain while minimizing effects on the fetus and labor progress. Options include non-pharmacological methods like breathing techniques, and pharmacological methods like systemic opioids (e.g. fentanyl, morphine), nitrous oxide inhalation, and regional techniques like epidurals. Systemic opioids provide some relief but readily cross the placenta and can depress the fetus. Nitrous oxide provides faster acting analgesia with fewer side effects than opioids as it is quickly eliminated through exhalation. Regional techniques like epidurals dramatically reduce pain while allowing participation in birth with minimal motor block or fetal effects.
This document provides an overview of antihistamines and allergies. It defines antihistamines as drugs that reduce the effects of histamine, which is released during allergic reactions. The document discusses the causes of allergies and the role of histamine. It also outlines the different classes of antihistamines, including first generation antihistamines and their associated side effects, as well as newer second generation antihistamines that are more selective. The clinical uses of antihistamines and future directions for allergy treatment are also briefly mentioned.
It is a science that deals with the interaction of drugs with living systems. Pharmacology encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs including their composition, effects on the body, mechanisms of action, how the body processes drugs, and their applications. The key areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is how drugs act on the body, and pharmacokinetics, which refers to how the body affects drugs. Pharmacology plays an important role in developing treatments and ensuring their safe and effective use in medicine.
The document discusses antihistamines and histamine. It begins by defining antihistamines as drugs that reduce the effects of histamine, which is released during allergic reactions. It then discusses the structure, functions, and synthesis of histamine. The document outlines the causes and types of allergies and describes the clinical uses and adverse effects of various classes of antihistamines, including first-generation and newer second-generation drugs. It discusses the actions of histamine at different receptor sites and concludes by summarizing the classification and structures of representative antihistamines.
The document provides information about anaphylaxis including its definition, triggers, risk factors, types of reactions, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic criteria. Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that requires prompt medical treatment. Common triggers include foods, medications, insect stings, and latex. Reactions can be uni-phasic, protracted, or bi-phasic. The pathophysiology involves the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and basophils via IgE-mediated or non-IgE mediated mechanisms. Signs and symptoms affect multiple organ systems and can include skin issues, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal symptoms and cardiovascular or neurological problems.
This document provides information on allergies and hypersensitivity reactions. It discusses the four types of hypersensitivity reactions including type I (allergic) reactions mediated by IgE antibodies. Common diseases caused by type I reactions include anaphylaxis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, and urticaria. Skin prick tests are described as a technique for diagnosing allergies. Treatment options discussed include symptomatic treatments and immunotherapy/desensitization. Drug allergies and anaphylaxis are also summarized, including symptoms, management, and common triggers.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. It is caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that lead to airway inflammation and constriction. The document discusses the definition, pathogenesis, triggers, diagnosis and management of asthma with both short-acting bronchodilators and long-term control medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms.
The dark side_of_opioids_in_pain_management__.3Paul Coelho, MD
This document summarizes basic science research that helps explain clinical observations about the effects of opioids on pain. Studies show that long-term or high dose opioid use can paradoxically increase pain through central sensitization and the activation of pronociceptive systems. Mechanisms like NMDA receptor activation, MAP kinase signaling, and glial cell activity contribute to opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance. These biological adaptations may undermine the long-term effectiveness of opioids for chronic pain and even increase pain vulnerability after opioid treatment ends. The findings suggest clinicians should reexamine practices like indefinite opioid escalation that have increased opioid doses without clear evidence of improved analgesia.
This document summarizes basic science research that helps explain clinical observations about opioids increasing pain in some patients. It discusses how high and prolonged opioid doses can cause central sensitization and hyperalgesia through mechanisms like NMDA receptor potentiation and MAP kinase signaling. This suggests that newer opioid prescribing practices involving higher and around-the-clock dosing may need reexamination, as they could paradoxically increase pain through these neuroadaptive processes.
This document discusses antipyretic and analgesic drugs. It describes antipyretic drugs as those that reduce fever through inhibiting prostaglandin production. The two main types are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin and acetaminophen. NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation while acetaminophen risks liver damage at high doses. Analgesic drugs relieve pain and include non-opioid analgesics and opioids prescribed for severe pain. Both antipyretic and analgesic drugs are important for managing fever and pain.
This document discusses the nature and sources of drugs as well as routes of drug administration. It defines a drug and categorizes drugs based on their purpose. The sources of drugs are described as being natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic. Natural sources include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans. Common routes of drug administration are described as enteral (oral), parenteral (injection), and local. Specific types of injections like intravenous, intramuscular, and inhalation are outlined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
The document discusses pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs produce effects on living individuals. It explains that drug activity is measured by the physiological response produced, with more active drugs producing greater responses. Drug actions can be identified by their effects on stimulation, depression, irritation, or chemotherapy. Examples are given such as caffeine stimulating cortical activity and barbiturates depressing the central nervous system.
Anaphylaxis Management: Problems with the Current Paradigm and the need for ...Michael Langan, M.D.
Michael Langan, MD
Geriatrician, MGH Senior Health
September 10, 2012
Epi-Port (cartridge housing, portable, fashionable, easy to use)
Epi-Pod (cartridge, removable, replaceable)
A new drug delivery system for treatment of anaphylactic shock
Twist, Turn, Push (TTP)
From concept to patent to market
1:30P.M.-2:30P.M.
Fox Hill Village Auditorium
Sponsored by the MGH Wellness Center
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