This document provides information on the management of acute diarrhea in children. It defines acute diarrhea and dysentery. The most common causes are viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections acquired through the fecal-oral route. Rotavirus is the leading cause and can cause dehydration. Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever and abdominal pain. Complications include dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and malnutrition. Management involves fluid resuscitation, continued feeding, zinc and vitamin A supplementation, and antibiotics for bacterial infections. Close monitoring of hydration and electrolytes is important.
A 58-year-old female presented with dysphagia and difficulty swallowing both liquids and solids. Various tests revealed features consistent with achalasia, including a dilated esophagus and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. However, further investigation with endoscopy and biopsy was recommended to differentiate between primary achalasia and pseudoachalasia caused by an underlying malignancy, as over 50% of similar cases are due to cancer. Differentiating the two is important for determining the appropriate treatment plan.
This document presents a case study of a 37-year-old male patient admitted with peptic ulcer disease. The patient reported abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and melena. Diagnostic tests revealed an ulcer in the duodenum and low hemoglobin. The patient was diagnosed with chronic duodenal ulcer and treated with pantoprazole, ondansetron, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. After five days of treatment, the patient's symptoms improved and he was discharged on pantoprazole and ondansetron for 15 days.
A 46-year-old Malay woman presented with a neck swelling that had gradually increased in size over 12 years. Examinations and investigations confirmed advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastases. She underwent a total thyroidectomy with complications of hoarseness of voice and hypocalcemia managed conservatively. Further radioactive iodine therapy was planned after thyroxine treatment.
1. This case presentation summarizes a 55-year-old male farmer who presented with abdominal swelling and discomfort for 2 months and scanty urination and constipation for 1 month.
2. On examination, he had signs of chronic liver disease including jaundice, edema, and hepatic encephalopathy.
3. Investigations confirmed chronic hepatitis B infection, decompensated cirrhosis, and grade 2-4 esophageal varices.
4. He was diagnosed with decompensated chronic liver disease and grade 1 hepatic encephalopathy, and started on treatment including diuretics, beta-blockers, lactulose, and vitamin supplementation.
Please note, the MCQs(Multiple choice questions) on this ppt are according to the specifications and syllabus of Specialty Certificate Examination (SCE) in Gastroenterology and the European Section and Board of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Examination (ESBGHE). However, they provide useful knowledge in the relevant subject area in general. Hence, it is recommended you to go through these videos and gather some information to gain success in future medical and surgical field examinations.
Ulcerative Colitis: Case Presentation & Disease Overviewfarah al souheil
patient presenting with bloody stools and systemic signs with no previous medical complaints was diagnosed with amoebiasis on top ulcerative colitis (sigmoid-proctitis)
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.
Constipation is a symptom with many causes. These causes are of two types: obstructed defecation and colonic slow transit (or hypo mobility). About 50 percent of people evaluated for constipation at tertiary referral hospitals have obstructed defecation. This type of constipation has mechanical and functional causes. Causes of colonic slow transit constipation include diet, hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism, side effects of medications, and rarely heavy metal toxicity. Because constipation is a symptom, not a disease, effective treatment of constipation may require first determining the cause. Treatments include changes in dietary habits, laxatives, enemas, biofeedback, and in particular situations surgery may be required.
Constipation is common; in the general population rates of constipation varies from 2–30 percent. In elderly people living in care homes the rate of constipation is 50–75 percent.[4] In the United States expenditures on medications for constipation are greater than US$250 million per year.
The definition of constipation includes the following:
infrequent bowel movements (typically three times or fewer per week)
difficulty during defecation (straining during more than 25% of bowel movements or a subjective sensation of hard stools; straining in this context is a strong effort to push out stool often by holding one's breath and by pushing the respective muscles in the abdominal area hard), or
the sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.
The Rome III criteria are widely used to diagnose chronic constipation, and are helpful in separating cases of chronic functional constipation from less-serious instances.
Another definition states that less than three bowel movements per week and straining on more than 75% of occasions represents constipation in clinical surveys.
Mr. Y, a 20-year-old male, presented with sudden sharp abdominal pain on the right lower quadrant for several hours. His symptoms included vomiting and a high pain rating. On examination, he had guarding and tenderness in the right lower quadrant. Tests showed an elevated white blood cell count. He was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and underwent an open appendectomy. During surgery, his appendix was found to be inflamed. He was treated post-operatively with antibiotics and pain medication.
A 58-year-old female presented with dysphagia and difficulty swallowing both liquids and solids. Various tests revealed features consistent with achalasia, including a dilated esophagus and failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax. However, further investigation with endoscopy and biopsy was recommended to differentiate between primary achalasia and pseudoachalasia caused by an underlying malignancy, as over 50% of similar cases are due to cancer. Differentiating the two is important for determining the appropriate treatment plan.
This document presents a case study of a 37-year-old male patient admitted with peptic ulcer disease. The patient reported abdominal pain, vomiting, headache, and melena. Diagnostic tests revealed an ulcer in the duodenum and low hemoglobin. The patient was diagnosed with chronic duodenal ulcer and treated with pantoprazole, ondansetron, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin. After five days of treatment, the patient's symptoms improved and he was discharged on pantoprazole and ondansetron for 15 days.
A 46-year-old Malay woman presented with a neck swelling that had gradually increased in size over 12 years. Examinations and investigations confirmed advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastases. She underwent a total thyroidectomy with complications of hoarseness of voice and hypocalcemia managed conservatively. Further radioactive iodine therapy was planned after thyroxine treatment.
1. This case presentation summarizes a 55-year-old male farmer who presented with abdominal swelling and discomfort for 2 months and scanty urination and constipation for 1 month.
2. On examination, he had signs of chronic liver disease including jaundice, edema, and hepatic encephalopathy.
3. Investigations confirmed chronic hepatitis B infection, decompensated cirrhosis, and grade 2-4 esophageal varices.
4. He was diagnosed with decompensated chronic liver disease and grade 1 hepatic encephalopathy, and started on treatment including diuretics, beta-blockers, lactulose, and vitamin supplementation.
Please note, the MCQs(Multiple choice questions) on this ppt are according to the specifications and syllabus of Specialty Certificate Examination (SCE) in Gastroenterology and the European Section and Board of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Examination (ESBGHE). However, they provide useful knowledge in the relevant subject area in general. Hence, it is recommended you to go through these videos and gather some information to gain success in future medical and surgical field examinations.
Ulcerative Colitis: Case Presentation & Disease Overviewfarah al souheil
patient presenting with bloody stools and systemic signs with no previous medical complaints was diagnosed with amoebiasis on top ulcerative colitis (sigmoid-proctitis)
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.
Constipation is a symptom with many causes. These causes are of two types: obstructed defecation and colonic slow transit (or hypo mobility). About 50 percent of people evaluated for constipation at tertiary referral hospitals have obstructed defecation. This type of constipation has mechanical and functional causes. Causes of colonic slow transit constipation include diet, hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism, side effects of medications, and rarely heavy metal toxicity. Because constipation is a symptom, not a disease, effective treatment of constipation may require first determining the cause. Treatments include changes in dietary habits, laxatives, enemas, biofeedback, and in particular situations surgery may be required.
Constipation is common; in the general population rates of constipation varies from 2–30 percent. In elderly people living in care homes the rate of constipation is 50–75 percent.[4] In the United States expenditures on medications for constipation are greater than US$250 million per year.
The definition of constipation includes the following:
infrequent bowel movements (typically three times or fewer per week)
difficulty during defecation (straining during more than 25% of bowel movements or a subjective sensation of hard stools; straining in this context is a strong effort to push out stool often by holding one's breath and by pushing the respective muscles in the abdominal area hard), or
the sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.
The Rome III criteria are widely used to diagnose chronic constipation, and are helpful in separating cases of chronic functional constipation from less-serious instances.
Another definition states that less than three bowel movements per week and straining on more than 75% of occasions represents constipation in clinical surveys.
Mr. Y, a 20-year-old male, presented with sudden sharp abdominal pain on the right lower quadrant for several hours. His symptoms included vomiting and a high pain rating. On examination, he had guarding and tenderness in the right lower quadrant. Tests showed an elevated white blood cell count. He was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and underwent an open appendectomy. During surgery, his appendix was found to be inflamed. He was treated post-operatively with antibiotics and pain medication.
The patient is a 25-year-old male who presented with 3 months of giddiness, 1 week of headaches, and 1 day of fever. He experienced blackouts while working as a driver. Examination found brisk reflexes. Imaging and tests ruled out other causes. He was diagnosed with neurocysticercosis based on MRI findings. Treatment involved anti-seizure medications, albendazole, and steroids to reduce inflammation from dying cysts.
Approach to thalassemia with abdominal distension in childrenVarsha Shah
1. Siti, a 7-year-old girl from Indonesia, has been diagnosed with beta-thalassemia major requiring regular blood transfusions over the past 4 years.
2. During a recent clinic visit, her hemoglobin level was 10 g/dL but her serum iron level was elevated at 150 microg/L, indicating potential iron toxicity from chronic transfusions.
3. Common complications of beta-thalassemia major and lifelong transfusions include organ damage from iron overload, as well as infectious risks from transfused blood. Treatment focuses on maintaining hemoglobin levels while preventing iron toxicity.
This document presents a case of ulcerative colitis in a 20-year-old male. Examination found bloody stools, abdominal pain, and fever. Tests confirmed the presence of Entamoeba histolytica in stool and detected ulceration and crypt abscess on biopsy. The patient was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and amoebiasis. Treatment included antibiotics, a PPI, antispasmodics, and supplements. The patient was counseled on his condition, medications, and recommended dietary changes.
1. Ascites refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is usually caused by portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis or diseases affecting the peritoneum.
2. Evaluation of ascites involves history, physical exam, abdominal ultrasound, diagnostic paracentesis and lab tests of ascitic fluid. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, using diuretics and sodium restriction, and therapeutic paracentesis if needed.
3. Refractory ascites is ascites that does not respond to medical therapy. It requires large volume paracentesis and may necessitate TIPS or liver transplantation. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a complication of ascites requiring antibiotic treatment.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is more common in western nations and presents most often in teens and twenties. While the exact cause is unknown, it involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever. Complications can include strictures, fistulas, abscesses, and small bowel obstruction. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy, and CT scans to identify areas of inflammation and complications throughout the bowels.
A 31-year-old female presented with painful urination, dysuria, urgency, and frequency. Her history was notable for a previous urinary tract infection. On examination, she was afebrile with no abdominal tenderness. A urinalysis showed bacteria and red blood cells. She was diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection and prescribed levofloxacin and etoricoxib. Patients with uncomplicated infections typically improve with short-term antibiotic treatment, while those with recurrent infections may require long-term prophylaxis.
DILI is possible consequence of ingestion of OTC drugs like PCM.
so it require careful clinical knowledge before taking drugs without doctors prescriptions...
case presentation on alcohol withdrawal syndromeRumana Hameed
This document presents a case of a 55-year-old male patient admitted for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The patient has a history of chronic alcohol use and a shrunken left eye for 3 months. On examination, the patient has an enopthalus left eye and is incoherent. Lab tests show diffuse cerebral atrophy and pthysis bulbi of the left eye. The patient is assessed with alcohol withdrawal syndrome and left eye pthysis bulbi. The treatment plan includes thiamine, chlordiazepoxide, benfortiamine, antibiotics, pantoprazole, dextrose fluids, and multivitamins. Potential drug interactions and adverse effects of the medications are discussed. Lifestyle counseling addresses avoiding triggers
UC is an idiopathic IBD that affects the colonic mucosa.
Hallmark of UC is bloody diarrhea often with prominent symptoms of rectal urgency and tenesmus.
The clinical course is marked by exacerbations and remissions.
The diagnosis of UC is suspected on clinical grounds and supported by the appropriate findings on
Proctosigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
Biopsy
By negative stool examination for infectious causes
This transcript summarizes the academic record of Makungo Thomas from the University of Venda. It lists the courses taken each year between 2007-2015 for various qualifications including a BSc in Chemistry, BSc Honours in Chemistry, and an MSc in Chemistry. The transcript shows the subject code, description, final marks and results for each course. It also notes that Makungo fulfilled the requirements for his BSc in 2009, BSc Honours in 2012, and is scheduled to fulfill his MSc requirements in 2015. The registrar confirms Makungo was a registered student in good standing.
A 26-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with increased urinary urgency over the past 4 days. She reported a history of urinary tract infection at age 14 but no other issues. A urine culture showed gram-negative rods. She was assessed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. A 53-year-old woman reported abdominal and flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Tests showed pyelonephritis in her left kidney. She had risk factors like age, hypertension, and a complicated urinary tract infection. A pregnant woman was found to have asymptomatic bacteriuria with a urine culture showing E. coli. She required antibiotic treatment due to pregnancy, and cefalexin or nitrofurant
Peptic ulcer disease is caused by an imbalance between aggressive gastric factors like acid and pepsin and protective mucosal defenses. H. pylori infection plays a key role in most peptic ulcers by damaging the mucosal layer. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori with triple therapy using a PPI and two antibiotics for 2 weeks, and continuing PPI therapy for an additional 2 weeks to aid ulcer healing. Adherence to the full treatment course is important for successful eradication.
Tabindah is a 3 1/2 year old girl from a rural area in Kashmir who presents with diarrhea. She has been experiencing 5-6 loose stools per day along with abdominal pain and nausea. Her diet is deficient in calories, protein, fat, iron and calcium compared to her requirements. On examination, she has no signs of dehydration. She was diagnosed with non-dehydrating diarrhea and prescribed ORS, zinc and a probiotic.
Revision with a Short Quiz of 20questions based on NEET PG Sample Questions on Crohn's Disease (Pathology) from Previous Year NEET PG Online Exams. Also very useful for students preparing for USMLE , PLAB, FMGE /MCI Screening Entrance Exams
Case presentation on Alcoholic liver diseaseHAMMADKC
A 60-year old male patient presented with complaints of yellowish skin discoloration, swelling in the lower legs, constipation, abdominal distension, and fatigue. He had a history of alcohol use for 8 years and smoking for 12 years. Laboratory tests showed elevated bilirubin levels and liver enzymes. An ultrasound revealed a fatty liver with surface nodules. He was diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease and treated with medications, lifestyle counseling, and advised to abstain from alcohol and smoking. His symptoms improved over three days of treatment and he was discharged.
A 59-year-old Chinese man was admitted to the hospital for vomiting blood. He has a history of hepatitis C and is a smoker, drinker, and former drug user. Physical examination found abdominal distension with fluid thrill and shifting dullness. Testing showed signs of liver dysfunction. The provisional diagnosis is esophageal varices secondary to liver disease, likely cirrhosis. Esophageal varices form as a result of portal hypertension in liver disease and can bleed, potentially severely. Treatment focuses on stopping the bleeding and lowering portal pressure through various medical and procedural options.
This document discusses alcoholic liver disease. It begins by defining alcoholic liver disease as damage to the liver caused by alcohol abuse over many years of heavy drinking. Not all heavy drinkers will develop liver disease, but the risk increases with longer and heavier drinking. Symptoms may include fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, jaundice, and confusion. The document then presents a case study of a 55-year-old male patient with alcoholic liver disease symptoms and test results indicating liver damage. It outlines the patient's treatment plan and medications to support liver function recovery. Finally, it provides lifestyle recommendations to prevent alcoholic liver disease, such as avoiding alcohol, eating a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity.
This document discusses guidelines for treating H. pylori infection from the 2010 Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report. It recommends first-line treatments including standard triple therapy, sequential therapy, and bismuth quadruple therapy. For second-line treatment for infections that failed first-line treatment, levofloxacin-based triple therapy is recommended. However, resistance to levofloxacin is rising. Optimal treatment regimens depend on the local prevalence of clarithromycin resistance. Culture-guided, high-dose dual PPI, and rifabutin-based therapies are recommended for infections that failed two prior treatments.
A 55-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of infrequent and hard bowel movements but no diarrhea or bleeding. She eats 3 meals per day but consumes little fiber. Her weight is stable. Further issues needing clarification include determining if she meets Rome III criteria for constipation and identifying any medications, diet changes, or medical conditions contributing to her symptoms. On physical exam, the abdomen and rectal exam would be expected to be normal, though hemorrhoids could potentially be present.
This document provides an overview of acute diarrhea in children, including definitions, epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management. It discusses the major infectious causes of diarrhea like rotavirus. It outlines the approach to assessing dehydration and managing rehydration. Complications are addressed. Differential diagnosis and management of specific cases like dysentery are also covered. Nutritional support and prevention strategies are highlighted. Key references on the topic are provided.
Acute gastroenteritis and fluid managementProfMaila
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis and fluid replacement. It discusses the epidemiology, causes, signs and symptoms, and pathophysiology of acute gastroenteritis. Management involves treating dehydration and fluid/electrolyte imbalances. For dehydration, oral rehydration solution is recommended. Fluid replacement is based on the degree of dehydration. Ongoing losses must be replaced. Zinc and vitamin A can help reduce severity and duration. Electrolyte abnormalities like hypokalemia are also addressed.
The patient is a 25-year-old male who presented with 3 months of giddiness, 1 week of headaches, and 1 day of fever. He experienced blackouts while working as a driver. Examination found brisk reflexes. Imaging and tests ruled out other causes. He was diagnosed with neurocysticercosis based on MRI findings. Treatment involved anti-seizure medications, albendazole, and steroids to reduce inflammation from dying cysts.
Approach to thalassemia with abdominal distension in childrenVarsha Shah
1. Siti, a 7-year-old girl from Indonesia, has been diagnosed with beta-thalassemia major requiring regular blood transfusions over the past 4 years.
2. During a recent clinic visit, her hemoglobin level was 10 g/dL but her serum iron level was elevated at 150 microg/L, indicating potential iron toxicity from chronic transfusions.
3. Common complications of beta-thalassemia major and lifelong transfusions include organ damage from iron overload, as well as infectious risks from transfused blood. Treatment focuses on maintaining hemoglobin levels while preventing iron toxicity.
This document presents a case of ulcerative colitis in a 20-year-old male. Examination found bloody stools, abdominal pain, and fever. Tests confirmed the presence of Entamoeba histolytica in stool and detected ulceration and crypt abscess on biopsy. The patient was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and amoebiasis. Treatment included antibiotics, a PPI, antispasmodics, and supplements. The patient was counseled on his condition, medications, and recommended dietary changes.
1. Ascites refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is usually caused by portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis or diseases affecting the peritoneum.
2. Evaluation of ascites involves history, physical exam, abdominal ultrasound, diagnostic paracentesis and lab tests of ascitic fluid. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, using diuretics and sodium restriction, and therapeutic paracentesis if needed.
3. Refractory ascites is ascites that does not respond to medical therapy. It requires large volume paracentesis and may necessitate TIPS or liver transplantation. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a complication of ascites requiring antibiotic treatment.
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. It is more common in western nations and presents most often in teens and twenties. While the exact cause is unknown, it involves a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fever. Complications can include strictures, fistulas, abscesses, and small bowel obstruction. Diagnosis involves imaging tests like colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy, and CT scans to identify areas of inflammation and complications throughout the bowels.
A 31-year-old female presented with painful urination, dysuria, urgency, and frequency. Her history was notable for a previous urinary tract infection. On examination, she was afebrile with no abdominal tenderness. A urinalysis showed bacteria and red blood cells. She was diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection and prescribed levofloxacin and etoricoxib. Patients with uncomplicated infections typically improve with short-term antibiotic treatment, while those with recurrent infections may require long-term prophylaxis.
DILI is possible consequence of ingestion of OTC drugs like PCM.
so it require careful clinical knowledge before taking drugs without doctors prescriptions...
case presentation on alcohol withdrawal syndromeRumana Hameed
This document presents a case of a 55-year-old male patient admitted for alcohol withdrawal syndrome. The patient has a history of chronic alcohol use and a shrunken left eye for 3 months. On examination, the patient has an enopthalus left eye and is incoherent. Lab tests show diffuse cerebral atrophy and pthysis bulbi of the left eye. The patient is assessed with alcohol withdrawal syndrome and left eye pthysis bulbi. The treatment plan includes thiamine, chlordiazepoxide, benfortiamine, antibiotics, pantoprazole, dextrose fluids, and multivitamins. Potential drug interactions and adverse effects of the medications are discussed. Lifestyle counseling addresses avoiding triggers
UC is an idiopathic IBD that affects the colonic mucosa.
Hallmark of UC is bloody diarrhea often with prominent symptoms of rectal urgency and tenesmus.
The clinical course is marked by exacerbations and remissions.
The diagnosis of UC is suspected on clinical grounds and supported by the appropriate findings on
Proctosigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
Biopsy
By negative stool examination for infectious causes
This transcript summarizes the academic record of Makungo Thomas from the University of Venda. It lists the courses taken each year between 2007-2015 for various qualifications including a BSc in Chemistry, BSc Honours in Chemistry, and an MSc in Chemistry. The transcript shows the subject code, description, final marks and results for each course. It also notes that Makungo fulfilled the requirements for his BSc in 2009, BSc Honours in 2012, and is scheduled to fulfill his MSc requirements in 2015. The registrar confirms Makungo was a registered student in good standing.
A 26-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with increased urinary urgency over the past 4 days. She reported a history of urinary tract infection at age 14 but no other issues. A urine culture showed gram-negative rods. She was assessed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. A 53-year-old woman reported abdominal and flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Tests showed pyelonephritis in her left kidney. She had risk factors like age, hypertension, and a complicated urinary tract infection. A pregnant woman was found to have asymptomatic bacteriuria with a urine culture showing E. coli. She required antibiotic treatment due to pregnancy, and cefalexin or nitrofurant
Peptic ulcer disease is caused by an imbalance between aggressive gastric factors like acid and pepsin and protective mucosal defenses. H. pylori infection plays a key role in most peptic ulcers by damaging the mucosal layer. Treatment involves eradicating H. pylori with triple therapy using a PPI and two antibiotics for 2 weeks, and continuing PPI therapy for an additional 2 weeks to aid ulcer healing. Adherence to the full treatment course is important for successful eradication.
Tabindah is a 3 1/2 year old girl from a rural area in Kashmir who presents with diarrhea. She has been experiencing 5-6 loose stools per day along with abdominal pain and nausea. Her diet is deficient in calories, protein, fat, iron and calcium compared to her requirements. On examination, she has no signs of dehydration. She was diagnosed with non-dehydrating diarrhea and prescribed ORS, zinc and a probiotic.
Revision with a Short Quiz of 20questions based on NEET PG Sample Questions on Crohn's Disease (Pathology) from Previous Year NEET PG Online Exams. Also very useful for students preparing for USMLE , PLAB, FMGE /MCI Screening Entrance Exams
Case presentation on Alcoholic liver diseaseHAMMADKC
A 60-year old male patient presented with complaints of yellowish skin discoloration, swelling in the lower legs, constipation, abdominal distension, and fatigue. He had a history of alcohol use for 8 years and smoking for 12 years. Laboratory tests showed elevated bilirubin levels and liver enzymes. An ultrasound revealed a fatty liver with surface nodules. He was diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease and treated with medications, lifestyle counseling, and advised to abstain from alcohol and smoking. His symptoms improved over three days of treatment and he was discharged.
A 59-year-old Chinese man was admitted to the hospital for vomiting blood. He has a history of hepatitis C and is a smoker, drinker, and former drug user. Physical examination found abdominal distension with fluid thrill and shifting dullness. Testing showed signs of liver dysfunction. The provisional diagnosis is esophageal varices secondary to liver disease, likely cirrhosis. Esophageal varices form as a result of portal hypertension in liver disease and can bleed, potentially severely. Treatment focuses on stopping the bleeding and lowering portal pressure through various medical and procedural options.
This document discusses alcoholic liver disease. It begins by defining alcoholic liver disease as damage to the liver caused by alcohol abuse over many years of heavy drinking. Not all heavy drinkers will develop liver disease, but the risk increases with longer and heavier drinking. Symptoms may include fatigue, poor appetite, nausea, jaundice, and confusion. The document then presents a case study of a 55-year-old male patient with alcoholic liver disease symptoms and test results indicating liver damage. It outlines the patient's treatment plan and medications to support liver function recovery. Finally, it provides lifestyle recommendations to prevent alcoholic liver disease, such as avoiding alcohol, eating a healthy diet, and engaging in regular physical activity.
This document discusses guidelines for treating H. pylori infection from the 2010 Maastricht IV/Florence consensus report. It recommends first-line treatments including standard triple therapy, sequential therapy, and bismuth quadruple therapy. For second-line treatment for infections that failed first-line treatment, levofloxacin-based triple therapy is recommended. However, resistance to levofloxacin is rising. Optimal treatment regimens depend on the local prevalence of clarithromycin resistance. Culture-guided, high-dose dual PPI, and rifabutin-based therapies are recommended for infections that failed two prior treatments.
A 55-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of infrequent and hard bowel movements but no diarrhea or bleeding. She eats 3 meals per day but consumes little fiber. Her weight is stable. Further issues needing clarification include determining if she meets Rome III criteria for constipation and identifying any medications, diet changes, or medical conditions contributing to her symptoms. On physical exam, the abdomen and rectal exam would be expected to be normal, though hemorrhoids could potentially be present.
This document provides an overview of acute diarrhea in children, including definitions, epidemiology, causes, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and management. It discusses the major infectious causes of diarrhea like rotavirus. It outlines the approach to assessing dehydration and managing rehydration. Complications are addressed. Differential diagnosis and management of specific cases like dysentery are also covered. Nutritional support and prevention strategies are highlighted. Key references on the topic are provided.
Acute gastroenteritis and fluid managementProfMaila
This document provides guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis and fluid replacement. It discusses the epidemiology, causes, signs and symptoms, and pathophysiology of acute gastroenteritis. Management involves treating dehydration and fluid/electrolyte imbalances. For dehydration, oral rehydration solution is recommended. Fluid replacement is based on the degree of dehydration. Ongoing losses must be replaced. Zinc and vitamin A can help reduce severity and duration. Electrolyte abnormalities like hypokalemia are also addressed.
Acute diarrhea is defined as sudden onset of loose or watery stools lasting less than 14 days. It is a major cause of death in children worldwide. Rotavirus is a leading cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Management involves oral rehydration therapy based on the degree of dehydration. For mild dehydration, oral rehydration solution is given at home. Moderate dehydration is treated with oral and/or intravenous fluids in a healthcare setting. Severe dehydration requires intravenous fluids in a hospital. Early feeding and zinc supplementation are also recommended. Antibiotics may be used in certain infections but are not routinely recommended.
This document provides an overview of diarrhea, including its definition, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, evaluation of dehydration, treatment and prevention. It discusses acute, prolonged and persistent diarrhea. Key points include:
- Diarrhea is defined as excessive loss of fluid and electrolytes in stool. It can be caused by infections, malabsorption, medications and other conditions.
- Clinical features may indicate specific causes, such as bloody stools suggesting bacteria. Dehydration is evaluated through physical exam findings.
- Treatment involves oral rehydration with fluids and zinc supplementation. Severe dehydration requires intravenous fluids. Continued feeding is important.
- Prevention focuses on good hygiene, vaccines
This document provides information on gastrointestinal disorders in children. It begins with an introduction to common GI problems in children such as diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux, hepatitis, and malnutrition. It then discusses specific conditions in more detail, including the definition, causes, symptoms, and treatment of diarrhea. Nursing management of diarrhea is also outlined, focusing on restoring fluid balance, preventing spread of infection, and health education. The document concludes with a discussion of prognosis and references a research study on risk factors for dehydrating diarrhea in infants.
The document provides an overview of diarrhea including definitions, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, evaluation of dehydration, treatment including oral rehydration solutions, and prevention. It discusses approaches to acute, prolonged, persistent, and chronic diarrhea. Evaluation involves assessing dehydration, laboratory tests, and considering various infectious, inflammatory, and structural etiologies.
This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of diarrheal diseases. It begins by stating that diarrheal diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, particularly in children under 5. For adults presenting with diarrhea, important decision points are whether to perform stool testing and initiate antibiotic therapy. Most cases of acute diarrhea in adults are infectious and resolve with symptomatic treatment alone. The document then defines different types of diarrhea by duration (acute, persistent, chronic) and presence of blood (invasive). It discusses evaluating patients and managing acute diarrhea through dietary recommendations, symptomatic therapy such as loperamide, and potentially empiric antibiotics. Chronic diarrhea has different causes that must be investigated such as infections, IBD, lactose intolerance or malabsorption
Diarrhea is caused by disruption of absorption or increased secretion of fluids in the intestines. The main causes are infections, medications, and dietary issues. Infectious diarrhea can be caused by viruses like rotavirus or bacteria like E. coli. Diarrhea is classified as acute if lasting less than 2 weeks and chronic if more than 2 weeks. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and management of dehydration and malnutrition. Zinc supplementation is also recommended. Antibiotics may be given for specific infections like cholera or shigellosis. Diarrhea prevention relies on adequate sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition.
This document discusses the approach to chronic diarrhea in children. It defines chronic diarrhea and outlines its pathophysiology and types. A wide range of potential causes are described. The clinical approach involves a detailed history, laboratory evaluation including celiac serology, and consideration of functional diarrhea in young children. Management focuses on hydration, nutrition, and treating any underlying disease. Probiotics may help in some cases while antidiarrheal medications can improve symptoms but have side effects.
Tina, a 6-month old infant, presented with diarrhea, vomiting, fever and signs of dehydration including sunken eyes and decreased skin elasticity. Based on her symptoms and history of her brother recently having gastroenteritis, the most likely diagnosis is acute viral gastroenteritis and dehydration. Proper treatment involves oral rehydration with solutions like ORS to replace lost fluids and prevent further dehydration. Drugs are generally not needed to treat viral gastroenteritis and can sometimes do more harm.
This document provides information on acute pediatric gastroenteritis. It defines gastroenteritis and discusses its main causes such as rotavirus, norovirus, and various bacteria. Signs and symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, fever and dehydration. Management involves oral rehydration with WHO oral rehydration solution. For severe dehydration, intravenous fluids are used. Antibiotics generally are not needed unless for specific infections. Probiotics and zinc supplementation may shorten the duration of diarrhea.
Diarrheal disease is one of the most common illnesses among children in developing countries, causing millions of deaths annually. It is usually transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Common causes include rotavirus, E. coli, cryptosporidium, and campylobacter. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, dysentery, and persistent diarrhea. Complications can include dehydration, malnutrition, and even death. Treatment involves oral rehydration, continued feeding, and zinc supplementation. Dehydration is classified as none, some, or severe. Rehydration management differs based on the dehydration classification and involves oral rehydration solution or intravenous fluids. Prevention emphasizes nutrition, immunization, hygiene,
Management of complications of undernutrition in insurgency prone regiomGeorge Mukoro
The presentation is for training of recruited staff in ICRC workshop to empower them to manage complications arising from Undernourished children in an insurgency prone region.
10. ac. diarrhoea, vomiting & rec abd painWhiteraven68
Diarrhea is defined as 3 or more loose stools per day. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. There are different types of diarrhea including acute and chronic. Common causes of acute diarrhea include gastroenteritis, food poisoning, and antibiotics. Chronic diarrhea has causes such as lactose intolerance and inflammatory bowel disease. Assessment of diarrhea involves history, physical exam, and testing to identify dehydration and the underlying cause. Management depends on the degree of dehydration and may include oral rehydration, IV fluids, and antibiotics for severe cases.
This document provides information on diarrhoea and constipation. It defines diarrhoea as having 3 or more loose stools per day. The causes of diarrhoea include infection, inflammation, malabsorption and disorders of gut motility. Management involves treatment of dehydration with oral rehydration solutions and intravenous fluids, followed by treatment of the underlying cause. Laxatives are used to treat constipation and are classified based on their mechanism of action into bulk forming, stool softeners, stimulant and osmotic types.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing a patient presenting with diarrhea. It defines diarrhea and outlines the main pathophysiological causes. It emphasizes taking a thorough history, examining the patient, considering differential diagnoses, and appropriate use of laboratory tests and imaging. Mild to moderate dehydration is typically managed with oral rehydration, while more severe cases may require IV fluids. Antibiotics are only recommended for specific invasive bacterial infections. Overall treatment focuses on rehydration with oral or IV fluids as the mainstay.
This document summarizes hyperemesis gravidarum, a condition characterized by severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It discusses potential causes like hormonal changes, gastrointestinal dysmotility, and genetic factors. Symptoms include dehydration, ketosis, and electrolyte imbalances. Diagnosis involves confirming pregnancy and examining for complications. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV fluids, electrolyte replacement, antiemetics, and nutritional supplementation. The goals are rehydration and managing symptoms until the patient can tolerate oral intake again. With treatment, the fetus is usually unaffected once the mother's condition is resolved.
A 39-year-old male with a history of diabetes presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, lethargy, and dehydration. On examination, he had diffuse abdominal tenderness but no guarding or rigidity, and normal bowel sounds. He had been non-compliant with his insulin regimen. The most likely diagnosis is diabetic ketoacidosis.
A 62-year-old male diabetic presented with fever, right upper quadrant pain, and tachycardia. CT showed findings consistent with emphysematous cholecystitis.
A 42-year-old male diabetic with poor glucose control presented with facial asymmetry and was found to have right facial nerve palsy, suggesting an
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2. Introduction and Epidemiology
Aetiology
Pathophysiology
Signs and symptoms
Complications
Work-up including Classification
Management
Fluid and Electrolytes
Feeding and Nutrition
Prevention
3. Define Acute diarrhea and Dysentery
What causes diarrhea and how?
Complications of Diarrhea
Differential Diagnosis
Develop an approach to management of acute diarrhea
Complications
4. Definitions and Terms:
Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE): diarrheal disease of
rapid onset, with or without accompanying
symptoms, signs, such as nausea, vomiting,
fever, or abdominal pain
Diarrhea: the frequent passage of unformed
liquid stools (3 or more loose, watery stool per
day)
Dysentery: blood or mucus in stools
5. Acute: short in duration of < 7 days
Persistent diarrhea: starts acutely and lasts longer than 1 week
6. One of the most common illness of infancy
Second to respiratory illness as a cause of childhood deaths WW
It represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality
3-10 episodes of diarrhea/year/subject in children <5 yrs and
decreases to < 1 for children >5
Deaths are usually a result of dehydration but malnutrition
plays an important role as it increases the incidence and severity
of diarrhea
By 3 years, virtually all children become infected by the most
common agent
7. AGE is a clinical syndrome produced by a variety of Viral,
Bacterial and Parasitic enteropathogens.
AGE is almost entirely caused by infections acquired through
fecal-oral route, but ingestion of contaminated food or water also
plays a role
We have: Non-enteric, Non-infectious and Infectious causes of
the Gastro-intestinal tract
Episodes usually last 5-10 days
8. Non-enteric causes:
otitis media. Meningitis, sepsis generally
Non-infectious causes:
milk/food allergies, drug side effects, malabsorption
Infections of the gastrointestinal tract
Viral
Bacterial
Protozoal
11. Rotavirus is known to be the most common pathogen in children
It is more severe than other causes and more often results in
dehydration, Hospitalization, Shock, Metabolic disturbances and
Death
Bacterial pathogens are more common where poor sanitation,
hygiene and water supply play a role causing dysenterey
12. Pathophysiology
The 2 primary mechanisms
(1) Damage to the villous brush border of the
intestinemalabsorption of intestinal contents an
osmotic diarrhea
(2) Release of toxins that bind to specific enterocyte
receptorsrelease of chloride ions into the intestinal
lumensecretory diarrhea
13. Rotavirus attach and enter mature enterocytes at the tip of the small
intestinal villi
Cause structural changes to the bowel mucosa, including villous
shortening and mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates in the lamina
propria
This virus induce maldigestion of carbohydrates and their
accumulation in the intestinal lumen (in the absence of lactase)
Malabsorption of nutrients and concomitant inhibition of water
reabsorption can lead to a malabsorption component of diarrhea
Rotavirus secretes an enterotoxin, NSP4 which leads to a calcium-
dependent chloride secretory mechanism
15. Vomiting is largely attributed to local factors and poor gastric
emptying, and should not be treated with antiemetic drugs
Abdominal pains are usually spasmodic due to disordered
motility or is associated with colitis in dysentery
Diarrhea is the manifestation of secretion or absorption
disturbance and disordered motility, a symptom of damage
already done in the infected gut.
16. Infectious outside the GIT e.g UTI or Meningitis
Surgical problems: Intussusception
Underlying immunodeficiency: HIV
Primary gastrointestinal tract pathology
Inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis
17. Recognize poor perfusion and other signs of shock
Cold peripheries
Depressed LOC
Increase capillary refill time (>3sec)
Poor/weak peripheral pulses
Reduced urine-output
signs of dehydration.docx
18. Altered LOC
Intractable vomiting or ORS failure
Severe dehydration with/without shock
Young age <6 months with dehydration
Dysentery <1 year
Tender abdomen; suspected surgical diagnoses
Persistent diarrhoea
19. After resuscitation, in children with severe dehydration, shock or
other signs of metabolic, nutritional or other co-morbidities
Electrolytes and serum acid base determination
All severely dehydrated patients, mod dehydration with an atypical
presentation, malnourished children
Blood glucose disturbances occur in severely ill patients as a result of
glycogen depletion with lack of intake, or associated with the stress
response of dehydration
20. Acute Long Term
Dehydration: neurological sequelae Susceptibility to reinfection
Electrolyte disturbance Malnutrition
Iatrogenic: complications relating to fluid
administration
Development of food intolerance
Metabolic acidosis Death
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Death
21. Large amounts of Sodium are lost in diarrheal stools
In acidosis, a shift of intracellular potassium to EC compartment
results in a spurious elevation of the serum level despite
intracellular potassium loss
Give K+ to all patients with severe diarrhea until dehydration
and acidosis are corrected
Sodium disturbances occur frequently
Sodium content of the stool water varies from plasma-like in
secretory diarrhea , to very low in pure Osmotic diarrhea
22.
23. Always SHOUT for HELP
A…….B…..
Circulation
Establish vascular access or IO if failed venous access after 2 good attempts
Give 20ml/kg of R/L or Normal Saline rapid infusion or 5ml/kg in aliquots X4
is much safer
Watch for signs of circulatory overload i.e hepatomegaly, gallop rhythm or
basal crackles, puffiness of the eyelids, tachy-pnoea and –cardia.
Repeat R/L 20ml/kg if patient is still shocked. Re-assess and give more if still
shocked
Don’t-Ever-Forget-Glucose
Re-assess ABC and response so far
Give 1st dose Ceftriaxone 80mg/kg stat to cover sepsis
24. ABC still as essential as the normally nourished patients
Give 15ml/kg infusion over 30 minutes
Re-assess and repeat if still shocked
Give up to 4 boluses and thereafter, T/F to HC or ICU
Patient response should guide further fluid therapy
When shock has been treated successfully, proceed to the
management of dehydration.
But remember your patient can go back into shocked if
improperly rehydrated
25. Its NB to use solutions with sufficient Na conc. To prevent Hyponatremia
½ DD is appropriate if IV route is used, or ORS for enteral replacements
Where vomiting is the main source of fluid loss, rehydration fluid
(0.45%NaCl and 5% Dextrose) with added K is appropriate
Dose of ½ DD or ORS for rapid rehydration over 4 hours
Some Dehydration: 50ml/kg over 4 hrs (12.5ml/kg/hour)
Severe Dehydration: 100mls/kg/4hours (25mls/kg./hour)
Rapid rehydration over 4hrs should not be used in severe malnutrition,
cardiac failure, severe pneumonia, encephalopathy etc.
However, rehydrate over 24hours or even 48 hours
APPROPRIATE RESPONSE AT 4.docx
Severely malnourished have a deficient K and elevated Na levels, thus
require a special ORS: ReSolMal
26. Should be given enterally wherever possible but intravenously
where nil per Os is absolute
Fluid restriction to approximately 50-60% of maintenance should
be adhered to, where there is a risk of inadequate secretion e.g in
Renal failure
NORMAL MAINTENANCE FLUID REQUIREMENTS.docx
27. Losses need to be replaced by equal volumes of fluids of similar
composition
For moderate losses, add 30mls/kg to maintenance requirements. But
give more if there’s a need
For those taking enterally:
<2years: 50-100mls AELS
>2years: 100-200mls AELS
Small frequent volumes of home based sugar salt solution as little as
5mls every minute, can be effective in preventing dehydration even in
vomiting cases
Continue Breast feeding and oral feeding once perfusion is restored
28. Zinc: reduces the duration and severity of diarrhea
Antimotility agents like loperamide are C/I due to potentially
serious side effects (malignant hyperpyrexia, lethargy and
dystonia)
Vit A: reduces the severity of diarrhea, but do not give if a dose
was given in the previous month
All children with diarrhea get vit A and Zinc according to age
Other drugs, Any use?
29. Hypokalemia (<3): even when the serum K conc. Is normal, these
patients have a depletion of the total body potassium
Plasma k level doesn’t always provide an accurate est of total
body deficit. There may be K shift from intracellular space to the
plasma.
<3mmol/l: stat dose oral K <5kg= 250mg. 5-10kg=500mg and
>10kg=1g stat
Ongoing losses: < 5kg: 125mg, 5-10kg:250mg and >10kg: 500mg tds
Re-assess after 4 hours
Stop when abnormal losses stop
30. K<2>1.5
K<1.5: PARALYSIS, MUSCLE
WEAKNESS,APNOEA
Attach ECG: prolonged QT and
Flat T waves
Give stat doses as previous slide
Oral KCl: 100mg/kg 6hrly with
max dose 3g/day
Plus IV correction
Add to iv fluids (200mls): ½ DD=2ms
15%KCl, Saline=4mls 15%KCl
Recheck in 4hrs and manage
accordingly
Admit to HC/ICU
Give stat dose accordingly
Oral K: 100mg/kg 6hrly
Plus IV correction
If ICU: 0.3mml/kg in 50mls N
saline via C.Vein over 1hour
Recheck in 2hours
Manage ongoing losses and
replacement
31. MILD SYMPTOMATIC (120-130) SEVERE SYMPTOMATIC (<120)
Evaluate pt: if euvolemic, manage
underlying illness
Dehydrated: rehydrate over 24-48
hours
Recheck electrolytes 4hourly,
manage ongoing losses
ABC
Stop seizures (iv phenobarb
10mg/kg)
Single dose Hypertonic saline
infusion over 1 hour (formula)
4ml/kg 3% saline
Re-check electrolytes in 1 hour
Manage on-going losses
33. Passage of mucus and blood in stools
Shigella is the most common cause in children SA
Clinical
Sudden onset
Abdominal cramps, peritonitis associated with fever
Meningismus and convulsions may occur
Exclude intussusception (abdominal pain, bile stained vomitus, red
current jelly like mucus in stools)
Investigation: Stool culture confirms the diagnosis of Shigellosis
Treatment…….
34. Diarrheal disease causes a significant burden of disease:
increased morbidity and mortality
Diarrhea is defined as having 3/more watery or loose stools per
day
Acute diarrhea last less than 2 weeks
Primary prevention: water sanitation and hygiene
Rotavirus vaccination
35. Handbook of Paediatrics 7th edition pg 121-129, 461-481
Std Rx guidelines and Essential Medicines List 2013 (Dept
ofHealth) pg 2.9-2.17
Gastroenteritis presentation by Prof T Rogers Dept of Clinical
Microbiology
South African medical journal, vol 102,no.2 2012 (Management
guidelines for Acute infective diarrhea in infants) prof F
Wittenburg
Acute gastroenteritis in children by Dr Alta Terblanche,
Professional Nursing Today 2010
Cyclizine and prochloperazine have not been proven useful and may carry a higher risk of toxic side-effects.
Aniti-diarrheal formulations aim to reduce intestinal motility, reduce secretion of water and electrolytes, and adsorp fluid and toxins, thereby reducing the number of stools seen in the diaper, but none treat the cause of diarrhoe or the actual pathology and their use can be associated with more side effects.
In severe malnutrition, or in the young infant; bacterial co-infection is common therefore do: FBC and C-RP.
Remember that the loss of water and electrolytes is the principal cause of death. Lets prevent this terrific thing called Death.
Treatment therefore focuses on preventing and treating these complications
Restore intravascular space
Hypovolaemic shock is situation where IV fluids cannot be avoided and where inadequate fluid resuscitation will increase mortality in any patient.
Severe dehydration or some dehydration
To restore interstitial compartment
1ml of 15%=2mmol K
Symptoms of Hyponatremia: lerthagic, confusion, seizures, headache, vomiting andcoma