Know the details of lobar pneumonia starting from its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment along with its preventive measures. Assignment help on such topics is helpful
Acute respiratory infection in children, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment. Common infections in children including common cold, tonsillitis, LTB, Croup, Epiglottitis etc.
Know the details of lobar pneumonia starting from its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment along with its preventive measures. Assignment help on such topics is helpful
Acute respiratory infection in children, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment. Common infections in children including common cold, tonsillitis, LTB, Croup, Epiglottitis etc.
Pulmonary aspiration complicates between 1 in
900 to 1 in 10 000 general anaesthetics,1 dependent
on risk factors. All novice anaesthetists
in the UK are taught to consider the risk of aspiration
and to modify their anaesthetic technique
accordingly. The prevention of aspiration
remains a cornerstone of anaesthetic practice.
The recent Royal College of Anaesthetists
4th National Audit Project2 (NAP4) collected
data on the incidence and causes of major
airway complications in the UK. Over 50%
of airway-related deaths in anaesthesia were
as a consequence of aspiration, outweighing
the much feared can’t intubate can’t ventilate
(CICV) scenario. In addition, 23% of all cases
reported to NAP4 involved aspiration as either
the primary or secondary event. Cases not resulting
in death commonly resulted in significant
morbidity and prolonged stay on intensive care.
Despite the awareness among anaesthetists of
the need to minimize the risks of aspiration and
advances in anaesthetic practices, NAP4 provided
evidence that aspiration often occurred as
a consequence of incomplete assessment of aspiration
risk or a failure to modify anaesthetic
technique. This review aims to highlight the key
findings from NAP4 with regard to aspiration
and evaluates the literature on aspiration risk assessment
and decision-making.
Definition
Pulmonary aspiration is defined by the inhalation
of oro-pharyngeal or gastric contents into the
larynx and the respiratory tract. Mendelson3
described the potential consequences of abolished
airway reflexes under anaesthesia and
the subsequent aspiration of gastric contents,
which became synonymous with Mendelson’s
syndrome.
Aspiration of solid matter can cause hypoxia
by physical obstruction, whereas aspiration of
acidic gastric fluid can cause a pneumonitis with
the syndrome of progressive dyspnoea, hypoxia,
bronchial wheeze and patchy collapse, consolidation
on chest X-ray or all. The risk of mortality
and serious morbidity increases with bronchial
exposure to greater volumes and acidity of aspirated
material.
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are classified as upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs). The upper respiratory tract consists of the airways from the nostrils to the vocal cords in the larynx, including the paranasal sinuses and the middle ear.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. WHAT IS ACUTE
BRONCHIOLITIS?
Bronchiolitis is an acute
inflammatory injury of the
bronchioles that is usually caused by
a viral infection (most commonly
respiratory syncytial virus and
human metapneumovirus).
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
4. EPIDEMIOLOGY:
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
Bronchiolitis is a significant cause of respiratory
disease worldwide.
According to WHO bulletin, an estimated 150
million new cases occur annually.
About 75% of cases of bronchiolitis occur in
children younger than 1 year and 95% in children
younger than 2 years.
Incidence peaks in those aged 2-8 months.
Bronchiolitis as 1.25 times more common in
males than in females.
Death is 1.5 times more likely in males.
Lower socioeconomic status may increase the
likelihood of hospitalization.
5. WHAT CAUSES
BRONCHIOLITIS?
Typically caused by viruses
1. RSV-most common(64%).
2. Para influenza.
3. Human Metapneumovirus(9-30%).
4. Influenza(6%).
5. Rhinovirus(16%).
6. Adenovirus.
Occasionally associated with
Mycoplasma pneumonia infection
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
6. RSV:
RSV causes 20-40% of all cases and 44% of
cases that involve children younger than 2
years.
Two RSV subtypes, A and B, have been
identified on the basis of structural
variations in the G protein.
Subtype A causes the most severe
infections.
One subtype or the other usually
predominates during a given season; thus,
RSV disease has “good” and “bad” years.
Viral shedding in nasal secretions continues
for 6-21 days after symptoms develop. The
incubation period is 2-5 days.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
9. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
Bronchiolar injury and the consequent
interplay between inflammatory and
mesenchymal cells can lead to diverse
pathologic and clinical features:
Increased mucus secretion.
Bronchial obstruction and constriction.
Alveolar cell death, mucus debris, viral
invasion.
Air trapping.
Atelectasis.
Reduced ventilation that leads to ventilation-
perfusion mismatch.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
10. RISK FACTORS :
for the development of bronchiolitis include the
following :
Low birth weight, particularly premature infants.
Lower socioeconomic group.
Crowded living conditions, daycare, or both.
Parental smoking.
Chronic lung disease, particularly bronchopulmonary
dysplasia.
Severe congenital or acquired neurologic disease.
Congenital heart disease (CHD) with pulmonary
hypertension.
Congenital or acquired immune deficiency diseases.
Age less than 3 months.
Airway anomalies.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
11. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:
Begin with upper respiratory tract
symptoms:
nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, mild cough,
low-grade fever.
Progress in 3-6 days to rapid respirations,
chest retractions, wheezing.
Tachypnea.
Prolonged expiratory phase, rhonchi,
wheezes and crackles.
Possible dehydration.
Possible conjunctivitis or otitis media.
Possible cyanosis or apnea.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
12. DIAGNOSIS:
diagnosis is based on history and
physical exam on other words it is
clinical diagnosis.
CBC could show lymphocytosis.
ABG for hypoxia and hypercapnia.
CxR shows hyper inflated chest and
atelectasis.
Rapid antigen detection for RSV,
Para influenza, influenza, adenovirus
(sensitivity 80-90%).
Immunofluorescence for viral
detection and viral culture,PCR.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
14. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
1. Pneumonia viral and
bacterial.
2. Asthma.
3. FB aspiration.
4. Pulmonary edema( a
cyanotic CHD).
5. Gastroesophygeal reflux.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
15. ADMISSION CRITERIA:
Persistent resting oxygen saturation below 92% in
room air.
Markedly elevated respiratory rate (>70-80
breaths/min).
Dyspnea and intercostal retractions, indicating
respiratory distress.
cyanosis.
Chronic lung disease.
Congenital heart disease.
Prematurity.
Age younger than 3 months, when severe disease is
most common.
Inability to maintain oral hydration in patients
younger than 6 months.
Parent unable to care for child at home.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
16. TREATMENT:
Among many medications and
interventions used to treat
bronchiolitis, thus far, only
oxygen appreciably improves the
condition of young children.
Therefore, therapy is directed
toward symptomatic relief and
maintenance of hydration and
oxygenation.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
17. NONPHARMACOTHERAPY:
Supportive care for patients with
bronchiolitis may include the following:
Supplemental humidified oxygen.
Maintenance of hydration.
Mechanical ventilation.
Nasal and oral suctioning.
Apnea and cardiorespiratory
monitoring.
Temperature regulation in small
infants.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
18. PHARMACOTHERAPY:
Medications have a limited role in the
treatment of bronchiolitis.
Healthy children with bronchiolitis usually
have limited disease and usually do well with
supportive care only.
The following medications are used in
selected patients with bronchiolitis:
Alpha/beta agonists (eg, racemic
epinephrine, albuterol).
Monoclonal antibodies (eg, palivizumab).
Antiviral agents (eg, ribavirin).
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
19. GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT:
In 2006, the AAP, in conjunction
with the American Academy of
Family Physicians (AAFP), the
American College of Chest
Physicians (ACCP), and the
American Thoracic Society (ATS),
published the following
recommendations :
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
20. dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
1. Diagnosis and severity should be based on history and
physical findings.
2. Bronchodilators should not be routinely used.
3. Corticosteroids should not routinely be used.
4. Ribavirin should not be used routinely.
5. Antibacterials should be used only upon proven
coexistence of bacterial infection.
6. Hydration and the ability to take oral fluids should be
assessed
7. Supplemental oxygen should be supplied for saturations
below 90% on pulse oximetry.
8. Palivizumab prophylaxis should be administered to
selected children
9. Hand decontamination is indicated to prevent nosocomial
spread.
10. Infants should not be exposed to secondary smoking, and
breastfeeding is recommended.
11. Clinicians should inquire about use of complementary and
alternative medicine therapies.
21. ALPHA/BETA AGONISTS:
studies have reported that their use ranges
from approximately 50% of cases to more than
90%.
They act by decreasing muscle tone in both
small and large airways in the lungs, thus
increasing ventilation.
Most controlled studies have failed to show a
benefit in terms of oxygen saturation, rate of
hospitalization, or length of hospital stay.
Some studies showed salbutamol better than
adrenaline and other studies showed the
opposite.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
22. RIBAVIRIN:
It is a synthetic nucleoside analogue that
resembles guanosine and inosine.
It is believed to act by interfering with
expression of messenger RNA and inhibiting
viral protein synthesis.
Ribavirin appears safe but is expensive.
Its efficiency and effectiveness have not
been clearly demonstrated in large,
randomized, placebo-controlled trials.
At present, routine use of ribavirin cannot
be recommended.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
23. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY:
A 2012 Cochrane review, which included
9 studies of children younger than 2
years with acute bronchiolitis,
confirmed that chest physiotherapy
does not decrease the severity of the
disease, improve respiratory
parameters, shorten the hospital stay,
or reduce oxygen requirements in
nonventilated hospitalized patients.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
24. HYPERTONIC SALINE AS TREATMENT:
A Randomized Trial of Nebulized 3% Hypertonic
Saline With Epinephrine in the Treatment of Acute
Bronchiolitis in the Emergency Department.
Simran Grewal, MD; Samina Ali, MD; Don W. McConnell,
MD; Ben Vandermeer, MSc; Terry P. Klassen, MSc, MD.
Conclusion:
in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis, hypertonic
saline and epinephrine did not improve clinical outcome
any more than normal saline and epinephrine in the
emergency setting.
This differs from previously published results of
outpatient and inpatient populations and merits further
evaluation.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
25. dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014
Nebulized hypertonic saline solution for acute
bronchiolitis in infants.
Zhang L1, Mendoza-Sassi RA, Wainwright C,
Klassen TP- 2013 Jul 31.
Conclusion:
Current evidence suggests nebulized 3% saline
may significantly reduce the length of hospital
stay among infants hospitalized with non-
severe acute viral bronchiolitis and improve the
clinical severity score in both outpatient and
inpatient populations.
26. PREVENTION:
Palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal
antibody directed against the F
(fusion) protein of RSV.
Given monthly through the RSV
season 15 mg/kg IM q1Month ,
it has been demonstrated to decrease
chances of RSV hospitalization in
premature babies who are at increased
risk for severe RSV-related illness.
dr
hisham
alrabty
-
10-4-2014