This document provides a commentary on the paper "The role of embodiment in the perception of music" by Leman and Maes. The commentary discusses two main aspects: 1) the relationship between the embodied music cognition theory proposed and its experimental evidence, arguing that the experiments cited do not fully support an embodied framework. 2) The shift towards a more dynamic framework in Leman and Maes' work, but notes their arguments for this shift seem inconsistent with their presented framework. The commentary suggests a truly embodied account of music cognition would need to abandon some assumptions and seek further empirical evidence from interactive musical sense-making.
El documento proporciona instrucciones en 3 pasos para descargar archivos como imágenes, videos y música desde Google. Primero se debe ingresar a Google y buscar el archivo deseado. Luego, para imágenes se debe hacer clic derecho y guardar la imagen, mientras que para videos y música se busca el nombre en Google y se ingresa a un sitio mp3 para hacer clic en descargar.
Things to remember while buying new homeDSMaxbuilders
Be certain about your lifestyle requirements and needs for a home before beginning your search. Consult a real estate agent who can provide market insights and feedback on potential properties. Determine your price limit and only consider homes within your budget. Speak to a real estate lawyer to fully understand the legal documents and processes involved in purchasing a new home. Enjoy the experience of owning your new home as a great achievement.
EmComm Battery box presentation 07182016 at SOARAAnthony Gawel
This document provides information about a battery box project for CERT, EmComm, and amateur radio organizations. It discusses using a repurposed ammo box with a 7-12 Ah AGM battery to power devices like cell phones, radios, and LED lights. Safety tips are provided for working with batteries. A basic design uses a battery, fuse, and 12V outlet, while a "Cadillac" version adds a USB charger and voltmeter. Parts lists and schematics are included. The goal is a simple, inexpensive, and expandable design to get people involved in emergency communications projects.
Laura Ahearn - Interior Design Cert 2016Laura Ahearn
Laura Ahearn has completed the necessary training and assessment to earn an Interior Design Diploma from the Centre of Excellence on June 13, 2016. She has also earned Silver Member status from the International Alliance of Holistic Therapists and the International Association of NLP and Coaching in recognition of her knowledge and qualifications in interior design. Both memberships expire on September 30, 2016.
Luis Alirio Pulga Arévalo works with metals and follows a daily routine. He wakes up at 5:30 AM, takes a shower, gets dressed, eats breakfast, and drops off his brother at school before arriving at work at 7:30 AM. At work, he inspects welding equipment and tools. He leaves for lunch at noon and returns at 2 PM, inspecting his workplace before having a snack at 5 PM. He leaves work at 6 PM. In the evenings, he returns home, showers, helps his brother with homework, eats dinner, and goes to bed at 8 PM.
El documento proporciona instrucciones en 3 pasos para descargar archivos como imágenes, videos y música desde Google. Primero se debe ingresar a Google y buscar el archivo deseado. Luego, para imágenes se debe hacer clic derecho y guardar la imagen, mientras que para videos y música se busca el nombre en Google y se ingresa a un sitio mp3 para hacer clic en descargar.
Things to remember while buying new homeDSMaxbuilders
Be certain about your lifestyle requirements and needs for a home before beginning your search. Consult a real estate agent who can provide market insights and feedback on potential properties. Determine your price limit and only consider homes within your budget. Speak to a real estate lawyer to fully understand the legal documents and processes involved in purchasing a new home. Enjoy the experience of owning your new home as a great achievement.
EmComm Battery box presentation 07182016 at SOARAAnthony Gawel
This document provides information about a battery box project for CERT, EmComm, and amateur radio organizations. It discusses using a repurposed ammo box with a 7-12 Ah AGM battery to power devices like cell phones, radios, and LED lights. Safety tips are provided for working with batteries. A basic design uses a battery, fuse, and 12V outlet, while a "Cadillac" version adds a USB charger and voltmeter. Parts lists and schematics are included. The goal is a simple, inexpensive, and expandable design to get people involved in emergency communications projects.
Laura Ahearn - Interior Design Cert 2016Laura Ahearn
Laura Ahearn has completed the necessary training and assessment to earn an Interior Design Diploma from the Centre of Excellence on June 13, 2016. She has also earned Silver Member status from the International Alliance of Holistic Therapists and the International Association of NLP and Coaching in recognition of her knowledge and qualifications in interior design. Both memberships expire on September 30, 2016.
Luis Alirio Pulga Arévalo works with metals and follows a daily routine. He wakes up at 5:30 AM, takes a shower, gets dressed, eats breakfast, and drops off his brother at school before arriving at work at 7:30 AM. At work, he inspects welding equipment and tools. He leaves for lunch at noon and returns at 2 PM, inspecting his workplace before having a snack at 5 PM. He leaves work at 6 PM. In the evenings, he returns home, showers, helps his brother with homework, eats dinner, and goes to bed at 8 PM.
Zameer Ahmed is seeking a challenging career opportunity utilizing his skills in safety, instrumentation, electricity, construction, and materials management. He has over 9 years of experience in site supervision, safety management, and electrical work. His most recent role was as a site supervisor and safety manager from 2011 to 2014 in Saudi Arabia. He is proficient in English, Hindi, Urdu, Kannada, and has basic Arabic skills.
The document describes an app called PHIR B LIFE+ that helps users find and call nearby ambulances during emergencies. The app shows available ambulances with their locations and details. It also provides the shortest routes to nearby hospitals and tracks ambulance locations in real-time to help regulate traffic. Additional features include locating nearby doctors and pharmacies. The app aims to solve the problem of delayed ambulances by facilitating quick access to emergency services. It targets all age groups and seeks to capitalize on the large number of road accidents globally each year.
Este documento presenta una discusión sobre las relaciones humanas desde varias perspectivas. En primer lugar, define las relaciones humanas y su importancia para crear vínculos entre las personas basados en el respeto mutuo. Luego, analiza las relaciones humanas en contextos como la familia, la educación y el trabajo, señalando la importancia de la comunicación y la tolerancia. Por último, identifica elementos clave como el concepto de sí mismo y las habilidades interpersonales para establecer buenas relaciones.
El documento presenta una introducción al software libre, definiendo sus características principales como dar libertad al usuario para examinar, usar, distribuir y modificar el código. También compara el software libre con el propietario, resaltando que el libre ofrece más seguridad y libertad mientras que el propietario suele tener interfaces más avanzadas. Finalmente, concluye que el software libre se ha integrado en la sociedad y es utilizado diariamente, por lo que es importante educar a las nuevas generaciones sobre sus ventajas.
Cómo controlar la ansiedad por comer presentación.Damián Cáceres
El documento ofrece consejos para controlar la ansiedad por comer, incluyendo reducir o eliminar el azúcar de la dieta, comer varias veces al día en porciones pequeñas, consumir alimentos ricos en fibra como la avena y las frutas, evitar tentaciones como hamburguesas y papas fritas, y practicar meditación diariamente para eliminar la ansiedad y mantener el control.
Este documento describe los pasos para descargar e instalar LibreOffice en Windows. Explica que LibreOffice es un paquete de software libre que incluye un procesador de texto, hoja de cálculo, presentaciones, base de datos y otros. Luego detalla cada paso del proceso de descarga e instalación, que incluye buscar el software en Google, descargar el archivo, ejecutar el instalador y completar el proceso de instalación.
Este documento ofrece una variedad de modelos de carros desde 1998 hasta 2016, incluyendo carros usados y nuevos, a precios accesibles pagaderos en cuotas mensuales. El negocio también tiene disponible carros de carrera para aquellos clientes interesados en ese estilo.
Cyprian Chinedu Nwuba is seeking a position that utilizes his 3 years of business development experience and 1 year in asset management. He has a Masters in Management from Cranfield University and is fluent in English and French with basic Spanish skills. His career highlights include helping launch a leading soap brand in Nigeria and organizing a charity event that raised £20K. He is an effective communicator skilled in identifying opportunities and engaging clients.
The document discusses testing requirements for a new wellness tracking system being developed by Health Self-Insurance and Consulting Group (SICG). It outlines the testing approach, items that will be tested including user data and various system processes, items that will not be tested, and test cases for business units and IT systems. Integration points that will be tested include receiving data from enrollment, medical tracking systems, external vendors, and a patient engagement system. The requirements traceability matrix and issues log are also included.
El documento proporciona una introducción breve a MATLAB, explicando su sintaxis básica, operaciones aritméticas, variables, vectores, matrices y funciones. Se define MATLAB como un laboratorio de matrices y se explican comandos para crear y manipular vectores, matrices, variables y realizar cálculos numéricos. También se describen funciones matemáticas incorporadas y comandos de ayuda.
RIM established software technology in the 1980s and its most notable product was the BlackBerry. The BlackBerry saw extraordinary success from 1999-2007 as it became the favored choice in the mobile market and gained over 40 million users by 2007. However, from 2008-2012, BlackBerry failed to keep up with the iPhone and Android as it stuck to its outdated system, witnessing a drastic drop in market share. To regain success, RIM needs to improve its PlayBook tablet, deliver a great QNX BlackBerry, repair its app store, manage data caps, ally with Google, and get back to its roots as a business tool.
Este documento trata sobre la higiene y seguridad laboral. Define la higiene laboral como el conjunto de normas y procedimientos para proteger la salud física y mental de los trabajadores mediante la prevención de riesgos laborales y el control del ambiente de trabajo. También define la seguridad laboral como medidas para prevenir accidentes mediante la eliminación de condiciones inseguras y la educación sobre prácticas preventivas. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia del análisis de riesgos y la prevención de accidentes en el lugar de trabajo
La naturaleza se refiere al mundo físico y a la vida en general, excluyendo los objetos artificiales y la intervención humana. Incluye desde el mundo subatómico hasta el galáctico. El concepto moderno de naturaleza como un todo, el universo físico, se ha desarrollado con el método científico en los últimos siglos.
A Neuroscientific Perspective On Music TherapyTracy Hill
Music therapy can positively impact psychological and physiological health through several factors. It can modulate attention by distracting from negative stimuli, regulate emotions by activating brain regions involved in emotion processing, influence cognition through effects on memory and music comprehension, shape behaviors by conditioning motor patterns to music, and facilitate communication via active music making. Neuroscientific studies demonstrate how music engages brain networks related to emotion, perception-action, and social cognition in ways that support its therapeutic applications.
This document discusses research on the relationship between music and language processing. It summarizes findings that musical expertise or training can improve behavioral performance in other cognitive domains like language. Neuroimaging research shows that music can modify the brain both functionally and structurally in areas related to language processing. Studies have found evidence that music training enhances auditory processing as reflected in ERP components among musicians compared to non-musicians. This suggests music has the potential to positively influence language skills.
Embodied arts therapies provide a new perspective that integrates findings from phenomenology, neuroscience, and cognitive psychology on the relationship between the body and mind. The document discusses four main principles of embodiment: 1) the bidirectionality between cognitive/affective systems and motor systems, 2) three levels of embodiment - individual, interpersonal, and environmental, 3) different types of embodiment effects, and 4) how movement qualities and shaping can influence cognition, emotion, and perception. The embodied approach has promising opportunities for developing empirical research and elaborating fields in art therapy.
In this paper, a method is proposed to detect the emotion of a song based on its lyrical and audio features. Lyrical features are generated by segmentation of lyrics during the process of data extraction. ANEW and WordNet knowledge is then incorporated to compute Valence and Arousal values. In addition to this, linguistic association rules are applied to ensure that the issue of ambiguity is properly addressed. Audio features are used to supplement the lyrical ones and include attributes like energy, tempo, and danceability. These features are extracted from The Echo Nest, a widely used music intelligence platform. Construction of training and test sets is done on the basis of social tags extracted from the last.fm website. The classification is done by applying feature weighting and stepwise threshold reduction on the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm to provide fuzziness in the classification.
Music Promotes Gross National Happiness Using Neutrosophic fuzzyCognitive Map...ijdmtaiir
This paper provides an investigation to promote
gross national happiness from music using fuzzy logic model.
Music influences rate of learning. It has been the subject of
study for many years. Researchers have confirmed that loud
background noise impedes learning, concentration, and
information acquisition. An interesting phenomenon that
occurs frequently in listening new music among the students
creates sense of anxiety even without having
properunderstandingofmusic.Happiness is the emotion that
expresses various degrees of positive and negativefeelings
ranging from satisfaction to extreme joy. The happiness is
thegoal most people strive to achieve. Happypeople are
satisfied with their lives. The goal of this work is to find the
particular component of music which will ultimately promote
the happiness of people because of indeterminacy situation in
components of music
Analyst vs Performer. The Importance of Studying The Music Analysis Disciplin...Jackie Gold
This document discusses the relationship between musical analysis and musical performance. It argues that studying musical analysis is important for developing critical thinking in performer students. While musical analysis and performance were seen as incompatible by some in the past, most modern scholars agree they can inform each other. The document outlines skills that musical analysis can help develop in performers, such as understanding musical structure, phrasing, harmony, and developing a personal interpretive concept. It suggests focusing on developing "musical awareness" to make analysis more accessible to performers. Overall, the document argues musical analysis should be an important part of musical training to help performers more fully understand and communicate the music.
This document discusses research on the neurological basis for how music elicits emotional responses. It describes how music recognition activates brain regions involved in emotional processing like the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Studies using fMRI and ERP technologies found that processing musical syntax activates similar brain regions as language like Broca's area. This suggests music shares integrative properties with language and both tap into our innate capacity for emotional expression and communication.
Zameer Ahmed is seeking a challenging career opportunity utilizing his skills in safety, instrumentation, electricity, construction, and materials management. He has over 9 years of experience in site supervision, safety management, and electrical work. His most recent role was as a site supervisor and safety manager from 2011 to 2014 in Saudi Arabia. He is proficient in English, Hindi, Urdu, Kannada, and has basic Arabic skills.
The document describes an app called PHIR B LIFE+ that helps users find and call nearby ambulances during emergencies. The app shows available ambulances with their locations and details. It also provides the shortest routes to nearby hospitals and tracks ambulance locations in real-time to help regulate traffic. Additional features include locating nearby doctors and pharmacies. The app aims to solve the problem of delayed ambulances by facilitating quick access to emergency services. It targets all age groups and seeks to capitalize on the large number of road accidents globally each year.
Este documento presenta una discusión sobre las relaciones humanas desde varias perspectivas. En primer lugar, define las relaciones humanas y su importancia para crear vínculos entre las personas basados en el respeto mutuo. Luego, analiza las relaciones humanas en contextos como la familia, la educación y el trabajo, señalando la importancia de la comunicación y la tolerancia. Por último, identifica elementos clave como el concepto de sí mismo y las habilidades interpersonales para establecer buenas relaciones.
El documento presenta una introducción al software libre, definiendo sus características principales como dar libertad al usuario para examinar, usar, distribuir y modificar el código. También compara el software libre con el propietario, resaltando que el libre ofrece más seguridad y libertad mientras que el propietario suele tener interfaces más avanzadas. Finalmente, concluye que el software libre se ha integrado en la sociedad y es utilizado diariamente, por lo que es importante educar a las nuevas generaciones sobre sus ventajas.
Cómo controlar la ansiedad por comer presentación.Damián Cáceres
El documento ofrece consejos para controlar la ansiedad por comer, incluyendo reducir o eliminar el azúcar de la dieta, comer varias veces al día en porciones pequeñas, consumir alimentos ricos en fibra como la avena y las frutas, evitar tentaciones como hamburguesas y papas fritas, y practicar meditación diariamente para eliminar la ansiedad y mantener el control.
Este documento describe los pasos para descargar e instalar LibreOffice en Windows. Explica que LibreOffice es un paquete de software libre que incluye un procesador de texto, hoja de cálculo, presentaciones, base de datos y otros. Luego detalla cada paso del proceso de descarga e instalación, que incluye buscar el software en Google, descargar el archivo, ejecutar el instalador y completar el proceso de instalación.
Este documento ofrece una variedad de modelos de carros desde 1998 hasta 2016, incluyendo carros usados y nuevos, a precios accesibles pagaderos en cuotas mensuales. El negocio también tiene disponible carros de carrera para aquellos clientes interesados en ese estilo.
Cyprian Chinedu Nwuba is seeking a position that utilizes his 3 years of business development experience and 1 year in asset management. He has a Masters in Management from Cranfield University and is fluent in English and French with basic Spanish skills. His career highlights include helping launch a leading soap brand in Nigeria and organizing a charity event that raised £20K. He is an effective communicator skilled in identifying opportunities and engaging clients.
The document discusses testing requirements for a new wellness tracking system being developed by Health Self-Insurance and Consulting Group (SICG). It outlines the testing approach, items that will be tested including user data and various system processes, items that will not be tested, and test cases for business units and IT systems. Integration points that will be tested include receiving data from enrollment, medical tracking systems, external vendors, and a patient engagement system. The requirements traceability matrix and issues log are also included.
El documento proporciona una introducción breve a MATLAB, explicando su sintaxis básica, operaciones aritméticas, variables, vectores, matrices y funciones. Se define MATLAB como un laboratorio de matrices y se explican comandos para crear y manipular vectores, matrices, variables y realizar cálculos numéricos. También se describen funciones matemáticas incorporadas y comandos de ayuda.
RIM established software technology in the 1980s and its most notable product was the BlackBerry. The BlackBerry saw extraordinary success from 1999-2007 as it became the favored choice in the mobile market and gained over 40 million users by 2007. However, from 2008-2012, BlackBerry failed to keep up with the iPhone and Android as it stuck to its outdated system, witnessing a drastic drop in market share. To regain success, RIM needs to improve its PlayBook tablet, deliver a great QNX BlackBerry, repair its app store, manage data caps, ally with Google, and get back to its roots as a business tool.
Este documento trata sobre la higiene y seguridad laboral. Define la higiene laboral como el conjunto de normas y procedimientos para proteger la salud física y mental de los trabajadores mediante la prevención de riesgos laborales y el control del ambiente de trabajo. También define la seguridad laboral como medidas para prevenir accidentes mediante la eliminación de condiciones inseguras y la educación sobre prácticas preventivas. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia del análisis de riesgos y la prevención de accidentes en el lugar de trabajo
La naturaleza se refiere al mundo físico y a la vida en general, excluyendo los objetos artificiales y la intervención humana. Incluye desde el mundo subatómico hasta el galáctico. El concepto moderno de naturaleza como un todo, el universo físico, se ha desarrollado con el método científico en los últimos siglos.
A Neuroscientific Perspective On Music TherapyTracy Hill
Music therapy can positively impact psychological and physiological health through several factors. It can modulate attention by distracting from negative stimuli, regulate emotions by activating brain regions involved in emotion processing, influence cognition through effects on memory and music comprehension, shape behaviors by conditioning motor patterns to music, and facilitate communication via active music making. Neuroscientific studies demonstrate how music engages brain networks related to emotion, perception-action, and social cognition in ways that support its therapeutic applications.
This document discusses research on the relationship between music and language processing. It summarizes findings that musical expertise or training can improve behavioral performance in other cognitive domains like language. Neuroimaging research shows that music can modify the brain both functionally and structurally in areas related to language processing. Studies have found evidence that music training enhances auditory processing as reflected in ERP components among musicians compared to non-musicians. This suggests music has the potential to positively influence language skills.
Embodied arts therapies provide a new perspective that integrates findings from phenomenology, neuroscience, and cognitive psychology on the relationship between the body and mind. The document discusses four main principles of embodiment: 1) the bidirectionality between cognitive/affective systems and motor systems, 2) three levels of embodiment - individual, interpersonal, and environmental, 3) different types of embodiment effects, and 4) how movement qualities and shaping can influence cognition, emotion, and perception. The embodied approach has promising opportunities for developing empirical research and elaborating fields in art therapy.
In this paper, a method is proposed to detect the emotion of a song based on its lyrical and audio features. Lyrical features are generated by segmentation of lyrics during the process of data extraction. ANEW and WordNet knowledge is then incorporated to compute Valence and Arousal values. In addition to this, linguistic association rules are applied to ensure that the issue of ambiguity is properly addressed. Audio features are used to supplement the lyrical ones and include attributes like energy, tempo, and danceability. These features are extracted from The Echo Nest, a widely used music intelligence platform. Construction of training and test sets is done on the basis of social tags extracted from the last.fm website. The classification is done by applying feature weighting and stepwise threshold reduction on the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm to provide fuzziness in the classification.
Music Promotes Gross National Happiness Using Neutrosophic fuzzyCognitive Map...ijdmtaiir
This paper provides an investigation to promote
gross national happiness from music using fuzzy logic model.
Music influences rate of learning. It has been the subject of
study for many years. Researchers have confirmed that loud
background noise impedes learning, concentration, and
information acquisition. An interesting phenomenon that
occurs frequently in listening new music among the students
creates sense of anxiety even without having
properunderstandingofmusic.Happiness is the emotion that
expresses various degrees of positive and negativefeelings
ranging from satisfaction to extreme joy. The happiness is
thegoal most people strive to achieve. Happypeople are
satisfied with their lives. The goal of this work is to find the
particular component of music which will ultimately promote
the happiness of people because of indeterminacy situation in
components of music
Analyst vs Performer. The Importance of Studying The Music Analysis Disciplin...Jackie Gold
This document discusses the relationship between musical analysis and musical performance. It argues that studying musical analysis is important for developing critical thinking in performer students. While musical analysis and performance were seen as incompatible by some in the past, most modern scholars agree they can inform each other. The document outlines skills that musical analysis can help develop in performers, such as understanding musical structure, phrasing, harmony, and developing a personal interpretive concept. It suggests focusing on developing "musical awareness" to make analysis more accessible to performers. Overall, the document argues musical analysis should be an important part of musical training to help performers more fully understand and communicate the music.
This document discusses research on the neurological basis for how music elicits emotional responses. It describes how music recognition activates brain regions involved in emotional processing like the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. Studies using fMRI and ERP technologies found that processing musical syntax activates similar brain regions as language like Broca's area. This suggests music shares integrative properties with language and both tap into our innate capacity for emotional expression and communication.
The effect of music listening on work performance.PeacefulNature
We use music to set the tone of our environment and our mood, whether we’re unwinding after work or throwing a party. But in an age when many of us spend our time staring at a computer screen, music has also become a mode of escape from outside distractions or dull tasks.
youtube.com/@peacefulnature9037
A Theory Of Music Analysis On Segmentation And Associative Organization By D...Emily Smith
This document provides a review of Dora A. Hanninen's book "A Theory of Music Analysis: On Segmentation and Associative Organization". The review summarizes that Hanninen provides a comprehensive metatheory of music analysis that aims to formalize segmentation protocols and provide flexibility to encompass different musical traditions and analytical approaches. Key aspects of Hanninen's theory include criteria for segmenting music, the relationship between general and specific analytical theories, and the interaction between segmentation, associative sets, and musical structure. The review evaluates Hanninen's distinction between perceived and potential segments and their relationship to musical analysis versus perception.
This work is based on the subjective nature of music, so any living being is sensitive to the fundamental and natural musical elements. The aim of the article is to show that music is a natural language that not difference of our mother tongue, because both are undergoing an evolutionary ontogenetic process parallel to the development and evolution of the nervous system. Its main contribution is the proposal of stage of ontogenetic development of musical language, which are addressed by Transcursive Logic; a tool and a method suitable for analysis of subjective phenomena. The detailed knowledge of the basic and natural musical elements and its relationship with life, affection and coexistence has, on the one hand, educational implications, since the operation on each of these elements allows an education that favors the psycho-bio-sociocultural aspects that characterize the subjective reality of the human being. On the other hand, it has therapeutic implications; has been shown that listening to music, the patients with various neurological and psychical disorders, emphasizing each of the basic elements, can influence on various aspects of their disease. (It represents my own translation of the article: "Bases neurológicas y psíquicas del lenguaje musical")
Assignment 3 The Mozart EffectIn this assignment, you.docxtidwellerin392
Assignment 3: The Mozart Effect
In this assignment, you will read an article about the Mozart effect and identify various parts of the research process. This exercise will help you learn how to read a research article and to understand the research process.
Read the following article:
•Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365. 6447: 611. (October 14, 1993). (ProQuest Document ID 76004658).
In your article summary, respond to the following questions:
•State the research hypothesis in your own words. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
•What were some variables the researchers controlled in their study? Why was this necessary?
•What evidence do the researchers offer as a test of their hypothesis? Is this evidence empirical (observable)? Is it valid?
•What explanation do the researchers offer for their findings? Does the evidence justify this explanation?
Read the following article:
Jenkins, J.S. (2001). The Mozart effect. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94, 170-172.
Based on your readings, respond to the following:
•Do you think there is any merit in the study (Rauscher, Shaw, & Ky, 1993)? Give three reasons for your position.
•Does the study take individual differences in spatial ability into account? Explain your answer.
•What are two ways in which the experiment could be modified to make the results more generalizable?
Write a 5–6-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M1_A3.doc.
By Wednesday, April 15, 2015, deliver your assignment to the M1: Assignment 3 Dropbox.
Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Accurately identified and described the research hypothesis and variables studied in the research article. Identified any control variables, and explained the necessity of controlling them.
12
Evaluated validity of the evidence presented as a test of the hypothesis in the research article.
12
Evaluated interpretation of results in the research article.
12
Critically assessed the merit of the research study providing at least three reasons.
12
Evaluated whether the test took into account individual differences in spatial ability giving reasons.
12
Suggested at least two ways to modify the experiment to make the results more generalizable.
20
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
20
Total:
100
Go to the Doc Sharing area for a document explaining the important parts of a journal article. This document will help you complete your paper more successfully.
The Mozart Effect
Abstract
The Mozart Effect is a phenomenon that occurs when individuals listen to the two piano sonata.
The stated resul.
This document provides details about Katie Wilkie's PhD research which aims to identify conceptual metaphors used by musicians to understand musical concepts like pitch, melody, and harmony. The research will involve discussions with musicians to elicit these metaphors, which will then be used to evaluate existing music interaction designs and inform the creation of new, more intuitive designs. The contributions will include increased knowledge of how metaphors aid musical understanding and guidelines for designing music interactions based on conceptual metaphors.
The Psychology Of Childhood Social And Emotional DevelopmentKristen Stacey
The document discusses the Laboratory of Neural Systems, Decision Science, Learning and Memory which seeks to understand neural plasticity mechanisms related to memory functions. The lab is led by Dr. Sheri Mizumori, and the author has been shadowing Dr. Phillip Baker on a study examining the role of the lateral habenula in cue-related behavior switching. The initial study focuses on the lateral habenula's involvement in behavior switching when presented with a cue.
Analogical reasoning involves drawing conclusions about one thing based on its similarities to another. It is used in science, law, politics, and everyday problem-solving. While deduction, induction, and abduction rely on general premises or conclusions, analogies focus on relating specific particularities. Theories of analogical reasoning propose that it involves aligning corresponding elements between a source and target domain based on their shared structural relationships. Metaphors are a form of analogical reasoning that involve projecting terms from one domain onto another to structure experience in a new way. Open questions around analogical reasoning include how embodied, emotional, and imaginary processes influence it, and whether competence develops in a domain-general or domain-specific manner.
The Role of Improvisation in Developing Musical CreativitySunnyLahkar
This essay looks into the pedagogy of improvisation in both the instrumental and vocal contexts of teaching, with the main aim seeking to find out what teachers could do within their pedagogic frame so as to thread improvisation effectively
Activity theory as a basis for the study of workJoatã Soares
This document summarizes the key concepts of activity theory and discusses some limitations in how activity theory has been interpreted and applied in Western contexts. It begins by explaining that activity theory views human development and knowledge as arising through mediated activity rather than direct experiences as the naturalistic approach holds. It then discusses some issues with how concepts in activity theory have been confused or misinterpreted by Western scholars, such as confusing actions with tasks. The document aims to clarify these concepts to facilitate a better understanding and application of activity theory.
Activity theory as a basis for the study of workJoatã Soares
This document summarizes key concepts from activity theory as it relates to the study of work. It discusses how activity theory evolved from the works of Russian psychologists in the early 20th century as an alternative to naturalistic approaches that view human behavior as responses to external stimuli. Activity theory posits that human activity is goal-directed and mediated by tools and culture. The document outlines some limitations in how activity theory has been interpreted and applied in Western psychology, and aims to clarify concepts like tasks, actions, and objects to better facilitate its use.
Experts and non-experts approach and interpret artwork differently. Experts rely more on formal elements like style, while non-experts consider personal experiences and emotions. Studies show experts have different brain activations than non-experts during art judgments. It is unclear if one can become an expert in creativity due to its subjective nature, though some research suggests creative expertise may develop from years of practice and feedback. While experts and non-experts differ in skills like photo cropping, these differences may not impact creative interpretations or aesthetic ratings of artwork. More research is needed to understand creative expertise.
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2. Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 9, No. 3-4, 2014
1
Commentary on Leman & Maes, “The role of embodiment in
the perception of music” (2014)
ANDREA SCHIAVIO [1]
Department of Music, University of Sheffield
ABSTRACT: Leman and Maes offer a comprehensive review of the main theoretical
and empirical themes covered by the research on music and embodied cognition. Their
article provides an insight into the work being carried at the Institute for
Psychoacoustic and Electronic Music (IPEM) of Ghent University, Belgium, in which
they work, and presents a theory of the main implications of embodiment for music
perception. The present paper is divided into three parts. In the first, I explore the
conceptual topography of embodied music cognition as maintained by the authors, to
see whether the empirical research proposed fits the aims of this standpoint. In the
second I argue that while Leman and Maes are right to move towards a more
dynamically implemented stance, the arguments used to justify this shift seem to be
inconsistent with the framework they present. In the third and final part of this
commentary I claim that if the authors wish to dedicate their work to develop a truly
embodied, sensorimotor, and dynamic account to music cognition, they would need to
abandon some of the assumptions defended in their work, searching for further
empirical corroboration in the concrete dynamics of interactive, or participatory,
musical sense-making.
Submitted 2014 August 28; accepted 2014 November 3.
KEYWORDS: Embodied Music Cognition, Action, Enactivism, Interaction, Dynamic
Systems
IN these brief comments I want to focus on two aspects of the paper by Leman and Maes, “The role of
embodiment in the perception of music”, namely the relationship between the theory proposed and its
experimental corroboration, and the shift towards a more dynamic framework. In doing so, my comments
are offered in a spirit of constructive questioning, without any intention to criticise the whole embodied
framework for music cognition, which I ultimately endorse unhesitatingly. Before embarking on this,
however, a word on the theoretical background that defines embodied (music) cognition.
“Embodiment” is a revolutionary theory to understand and study the mind (Gibbs, 2006). Focusing
on the concrete sensorimotor patterns of action and perception that underlie a cognitive system’s being-in-
the-world, this notion goes beyond the traditional dichotomy between physiology and psychology and
provides an important paradigm shift for the areas of psychology, philosophy and cognitive science (Thelen
& Smith, 1994; Sheets-Johnstone, 1999). Being originally developed in the fields of phenomenology
(Sartre, [1943] 1957; Merleau-Ponty, 1945), ecological psychology (Gibson, 1977; 1979) linguistics
(Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; 1999) and theoretical biology (Maturana & Varela, 1980), the concept of
embodiment soon became very popular among scholars who were dissatisfied with classic models to
investigate cognition. Indeed, broadly speaking, “traditional attempts to study the mind are based on the
idea that whatsoever is true of mental processes - perceiving, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and so on -
they exist in brains” (Rowlands, 2010, p. 2). This assumption led to the development of frameworks based
on a clear distinction between inner and outer, input and output, top-down and bottom-up, which are still
largely dominating cognitive psychology and neuroscience (Thompson, 2007). In contrast, embodied
theories hold that there is no real separation between mental processes and body (Thelen, 2000; Shapiro,
2011). This means that the integrity of the boundaries between the domains of inner and outer (and
consequently between input and output or top-down and bottom-up) may not hold up anymore. For
example, categories like perception and action become - under the embodied eye - mutually dependent,
being constantly implemented by the sensorimotor activity of the animal into the environment in which it is
3. Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 9, No. 3-4, 2014
2
embedded (Chemero, 2009). In other words, the central idea of the so-called embodied approach is that the
body of a living system is a constitutive category of its perceiving, knowing, understanding and doing
(Gallagher, 2005). The traditional categorizations of mind as a brain property (identity theories), mind as a
non-physical phenomenon (substance dualism), or mind as computationally implemented software run by
the brain (functionalism) are therefore substituted with a broader conception where cognition - including
off-line cognition - depends on widely distributed mechanisms that lie beyond the boundaries of the skull
(Hutchins, 2010). This notion encompasses different ideas concerning - among others - the role of a
subject’s actions for sensorimotor representations and intersubjectivity (Sinigaglia, 2008), the offloading of
computational processing into a wider bodily structure outside of the skull (Clark, 2008), and the role of
situated sensorimotor coupling with the environment in order to bring forth a living system’s domain of
meaning (Stewart et al., 2010).
Embodied Music Cognition mirrors the above-mentioned framework, relating it to music, or, more
precisely, to how an agent - considered as a whole embodied organism - experiences music (Schiavio,
2012). This is an exciting new perspective in music psychology and the authors, being well aware of this,
perfectly present its contribution for a paradigm shift in the broad science of music cognition. Rightly,
Leman and Maes’ focus on the body of the perceiver - conceived as an inalienable source for musical
sense-making - makes clear that music cognition cannot avoid a constant confrontation with a series of
different categories impossible to reduce to brain mechanisms: actions, gestures, synchronization,
coordination, meaning attribution and so forth. While the well-known tradition of cognitive psychology
would explain all these processes in terms of stimulus-response duality, in which music provokes a
(behavioural) response in the subject after appropriate neural computations, embodied cognition would
think of these categories as being part of the sensorimotor coupling that enables music perception and
cognition (Overy & Molnar-Szakacs, 2009). In the following part I will analyse these aspects with regard to
Leman and Maes’ paper, hoping to stimulate further the discussion within the embodied perspective(s) of
music cognition.
ACTION
The first point of this commentary concerns the link between the experiments presented in the original
article and the theory proposed. While Leman and Maes aim to highlight the crucial role of embodiment in
music perception, we should ask whether the empirical findings reported are indeed supporting the
embodied standpoint. According to the authors, a way to tackle this issue is to analyse the encoding and
decoding principles underlying music expression, in order to demonstrate that music-driven gesturing may
facilitate musical perception. To provide empirical grounding, the authors cite a series of studies conducted
at IPEM on the listeners’ motor behaviour in relation to music played by a traditional Chinese instrument
(Henbing & Leman, 2007, Penttinen et al., 2006, 2007). In one of these studies, the experimenters asked
the participants to move along with the flow of the music, and they eventually found a “common pattern”
among the subjects. Their gestures, indeed, presented commonalities that according to the authors “may be
due to the fact that they mirror certain aspects of the music, presumably expressive patterns”. While these
gestures do not present similarities with the type of actions required to actually play the instrument (or, as
they put it, “sound producing gestures”), they rather seem to reflect the musician’s shoulders movements
which support her own playing. It is remarkable that different subjects present a correlation of patterns of
actions displayed while moving along with the music.
But, why would the commonalities displayed by the listeners be rooted in embodiment? After all,
it seems that the directions the experiment points to are more in line with classical, computational,
perspectives on music psychology rather than to a truly embodied kind of sense-making. The results
obtained could indeed be explained by positing an input-output mechanism, which the listeners would
employ to detect particular features of the stimuli, process them internally, and finally provide a relevant
output (movement), perhaps in line with their own beliefs about what that particular style of music might
communicate. To put it in another way, if adequately instructed, a computer could respond to the same
stimuli similarly: it is not difficult to imagine a moving device that could mirror some stylistic elements of
the given piece through a series of basic gestures, as the subjects of the experiment did themselves. The
kind of gestures described by the authors seems to disregard an important feature of embodiment-like
theories, that is, the goal-directedness of the actions employed by the agent. It is indeed their being-
directed-towards-a-goal that allows meaning attribution without positing cognitive subordination (e.g.
Rizzolatti et al., 1996; Kohler at al., 2002; Gallese, 2009). While this has been deeply debated in the
4. Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 9, No. 3-4, 2014
3
context of the Mirror Neuron Theory (e.g. Rizzolatti & Sinigaglia, 2008), the very notion of meaningful
actions in their concrete relation with the world is discussed in the phenomenological tradition (Dreyfus,
2014). As Cappuccio states:
when an agent performs a purposeful action, the conscious experience of acting in a goal-
oriented way depends neither on the complex of stimuli that he perceives from his body, nor
on the topological coordinates of his anatomical parts; and also when a subject recognizes the
intentional meaning of an action performed by someone else, the recognition is derived by
the holistic evidence of the meaningful purpose of the action, and not by some neutral
elaboration of the meaningless topological modifications occurring in the agent’s system of
body parts (Cappuccio, 2009, p. 62).
So, if the actions employed by the musician - and mirrored by the listeners - do not have any
meaningful grounding (being “supportive” movements, which thus exhibit no clear goal-directedness) it
would be hard to advocate their importance for a truly embodied phenomenology of music perception.
While I do agree with the authors that having commonalities among the listeners is certainly surprising, this
could be due to some kind of cultural constraint about musical expression rather than to the inalienable
presence of a living body, which would facilitate music perception.
The authors’ view in fact, if I understand it correctly, holds that actions, gestures or, shortly, motor
behaviour, facilitate(s) the perception of music. But the causal process that links action to perception seems
to reflect a rather indirect model, still immersed in the stimulus-response (and input-output) dichotomy,
rather than being dynamically implemented. Something can indeed facilitate perception only if it would be
decoupled from perceptual activity. But embodiment posits a direct coupling between perception and
action, maintaining that perception is possible because of action, and vice versa. Simply put, while the
results show that people move to music similarly, this has little to do with the idea that music perception
relies on decentralized (out-of-the-skull) structures, implemented by meaningful patterns of action that link
the embodied agent to the world. Instead, Leman and Maes seem to define action and perception as
separated categories. If we, however, go beyond this objectification (see Schiavio, 2014), the challenge
would be to develop an empirical research paradigm that would ultimately show that perception is not
possible without the body of the cognizer. Otherwise, the mechanism described - where action and
perception are decoupled - would remind us of the classic “sandwich” model described by Susan Hurley
(1998), in which cognition (the meat) is segregated between perception and action (the slices of bread) and
thus not considered in its circular dynamical interplay with the other two categories.
ENACTION
The second aspect of the paper I want to analyse is the radicalization of the embodied framework. As in
fact the authors rightly suggest that music perception and cognition should be considered as a dynamical
phenomenon, I think enactivism would represent a natural development of their proposal. For “enactivism”
I refer to the approach that recently emerged in the cognitive sciences, which considers the experienced
world as determined by the dynamic coupling between the animal’s physiology, its sensorimotor
organization and the environment in which it is situated (Thompson, 2005), thus addressing perception and
action not as two separate categories, but rather, as a unitary inseparable entity. In this sense, the role of the
body is once again crucial for cognition and perception. The focus on an agent’s embodied situatedness
allows enactivism to avoid any leftover of Cartesian dualism and materialistic reductionism (Gallagher &
Zahavi, 2008). In fact, the embodied perspective does not simply put the mind into the body - implicitly
maintaining a distinction between mind and body as two different categories. Rather, this approach aims to
rethink the ordinary notions of body and mind. My body does not divide my subjectivity from the world.
Rather, it is a transparent tool that allows me to be (and to act) in a world that discloses itself through it,
through my perceptive, bodily-based, experiential properties. By any means, therefore, cognition can be
reduced to brain states or neural implementation, as this position would compromise a unitary view of the
brain-body-world system (see Rockwell, 2005). Moreover, enactivism aims to explore the non-
representational - or “direct” - nature of perception. As Hutto and Myin put it:
Enactivists are concerned to defend the view that our most elementary ways of engaging with
the world and others - including our basic forms of perception and perceptual experience -
5. Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 9, No. 3-4, 2014
4
are mindful in the sense of being phenomenally charged and intentionally directed, despite
being non-representational and content-free (2013, p. 13).
A strong anti-representational account for cognition is indeed offered by the dynamic system theory
(Beer, 1995; 2000; van Gelder, 1998; Smith & Thelen, 2003; Spivey, 2007), which - broadly speaking -
proposes a methodology to describe how a living system experiences the world in terms of embodied
actions and embodied situatedness, being therefore easily employed by enactivists (e.g. Cummins, 2013).
Instead of computational processes underlying the manipulation of meaningless symbols, proponents of this
standpoint assume that multiple systems implement categories such as action and perception “where each
system is capable of residing in one of infinitely many continuous states” (Barsalou, 2008, p. 621). This
framework, therefore, goes beyond the notion of mental representations by focusing on the sensorimotor,
affective, meaningful patterns of action and perception through which the animal and the niche interact. If
cognition and perception are dynamic sensorimotor activities, and the environment is not conceived of as
the result of neural computations, then an agent’s world is a result of the enacted experience of the
organism’s bodily engagement within it and the taken-for-granted division between internal (neural or
mental) states and a pre-given external world therefore should be ruled out. In other words, for enactive
cognition, sense-making is the actual sensorimotor activity of the animal in its circular interplay with the
environment. This process of co-determination is best understood without positing a strict dichotomy
between both sides of the skin and by studying cognition as embodied action.
It is precisely this emphasis on mutual specification that enables us to negotiate a middle path
between the Scylla of cognition as the recovery of a pregiven outer world (realism) and the
Charybdis of cognition as the projection of a pregiven inner world (idealism)[...]. Our
intention is to bypass entirely this logical geography of inner versus outer by studying
cognition not as projection or recovery but as embodied action (Varela et al., 1991; p. 172)
In musical contexts, these tenets have been recently considered by a number of authors (e.g.
Krueger, 2009; 2011b; Reybrouck, 2012; Schiavio, 2014) contributing to develop an Enactive Music
Cognition trend (see Matyja & Schiavio, 2013, for a review), where the focus on the dynamical interplay
between embodied agents and the musical environment is brought forth through a reconsideration of
musical mental representation and through the focus on the meaningful actions employed.
Now we should ask whether the framework just delineated is consistent with the proposal advocated
by Leman and Maes. The latter, as previously stated, holds that embodiment - broadly defined - is a crucial
component of perception, which would facilitate the understanding of specific (e.g. expressive) features of
the music. I think the authors are right, here, in defining music (and therefore music cognition) as a
dynamical phenomenon. As they put it: “[m]usic perception and cognition encompass different systems,
such as the auditory system, motor system, affective system, and cognitive system (e.g., meta-knowledge
about a musical piece, autobiographic memories, etc.) situated within a specific environmental context. The
disposition of each of these systems at a specific moment within the particular context determines the
perception of incoming sensory information, here music”. However, this description seems to consider the
environment only causally, as in classic disembodied traditions. The systems taken into account, in fact, do
not extend beyond the boundaries of the skin, showing that perception is dynamically implemented by a
variety of bodily-based systems. To be fair, in the conclusion the authors do spend a few words on the
“cycle that gets established between music and agents”, stating that music perception is driven by
sensorimotor mechanisms activated during music listening. But if not coherently implemented by an
adequate supporting frame, this claim can be understood in terms of input-output dichotomy, where the
nature of the dynamical loop is focused too much on one side (inside the skin) of the relation.
While the adoption of dynamic system represents an important achievement for embodied theories
of musical understanding, I believe the next challenge would be to consider also the second part of the
enactive equation, that is, the fundamental role of the environment as a constitutive category for sense-
making. As Maturana reminds us
Living systems are units of interactions; they exist in an ambience. From a purely biological
point of view they cannot be understood independently of that part of the ambience with
which they interact: the niche; nor can the niche be defined independently of the living
system that specifies it (1970, p. 5)
6. Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 9, No. 3-4, 2014
5
It is not only a matter of situatedness, where the embodied historicity of the subject contributes by
imposing a meaning onto the world. This scenario can be in fact be described as a solipsistic event, deeply
rooted in the inner/outer dichotomy described above. Rather, it is also a matter of co-specification, as the
environment is an actual part of the circular interplay’s dynamicity that co-constitutes music and musical
cognition. This “dynamic co-emergence of interiority and exteriority” (Thompson 2007, p. 79) makes clear
that music cognition is always ecologically embedded, thus not reducible to structures inside the skin. In
other words, the system that the authors propose should be an integrated set of embodied actions and
musical environment, without positing an explicit division between inner and outer. Only then will we have
a model able to account for the circular dynamism that (musical) cognition ultimately is.
INTER(EN)ACTION
In the previous section, in league with Leman and Maes, I have endorsed the importance of dynamic
system theory for providing a biologically plausible model to study music cognition. However, differently
from the authors, I argued for a more enactive perspective, which more strongly incorporates the (musical)
environment in the dynamics of musical sense-making. In this part I will provide an example of how this
type of mutual specification between cognitive systems and musical environment - when coherently
implemented with dynamic system theory - can be fruitful for research in music cognition. What follows is
a theoretical analysis of the issue, which I hope could stimulate further discussion.
Consider joint musical experience. Recently, a large number of publications have shown growing
interest in the neural and behavioural mechanisms underlying joint musical performance (Davidson &
Good, 2002; Ford & Davidson, 2003; Keller, 2008; Luck & Sloboda, 2009). However, very little is known
about their phenomenology (Schiavio & Høffding, in prep.) and - as far as I am aware - no attempt has
been made to provide a truly enactive, sensorimotor, account of this phenomenon. Without positing any
explicit mindreading, I think that the ideal way to tackle the issue is to consider the whole system
(musicians and music) as one based on the clarity and fluidity of the actions involved. In an intersubjective
context, what a musician is playing is a constitutive part of what someone else is playing. A sudden
“crescendo” or “accelerando” played by one musician will perturb the stability of the system, showing that
the circular "perception/action loop" (PAL) reaches out beyond the individual perceptual system. Better, it
is co-constituted by not only one musician's PAL but also by the others' PAL. This system may be named
"Musical Object" (MO). Musical Object is thus dynamically modulated by the embodied interactions of the
musicians and the music itself (being part of the loop). Therefore the ability to play, constitute and interact
within the complex system MO cannot be reduced to isolated categories without being ecologically
embedded (see Clarke, 2005; Menin & Schiavio, 2012).
This discussion is consistent with the arguments provided in the last section and aims to provide a
new methodological framework for research in embodied music cognition, by means of employment of a
dynamic system theory. Empirically, it is in my agenda to corroborate these speculations with adequate
experimental frameworks (Schiavio & Cummins, in prep.). The idea is to go beyond mindreading
perspectives in musical understanding within intersubjective contexts (Schober & Spiro, 2014), focusing on
the concrete patterns of sensorimotor activity that constitute the system in order to make musical perception
and sense-making more intelligible categories. Consider the recent development of the notion of
“participatory sense-making” [2], which is defined as “coordination of intentional activity in interaction,
whereby individual sense-making processes are affected and new domains of social sense-making can be
generated that were not available to each individual on her own” (De Jaegher & Di Paolo, 2007, p. 497). Its
application to a musical context will - I believe - push further the thesis that co-subjectivity is promoted in
musical contexts through entrainment and motor gestures (McGuiness & Overy, 2011), showing that
musicality itself is intrinsically rooted in the sensorimotor activity that links agents with others and with the
sonic environment.
CONCLUSION
Leman and Maes present a rich overview of the empirical work going on at their research centre (IPEM)
and, like any fruitful agenda, bring new issues into focus. However, in this commentary I pointed out two
7. Empirical Musicology Review Vol. 9, No. 3-4, 2014
6
problematic aspects that are to be faced in order to develop a psychology of music that fully takes into
account the body’s feedback for cognition.
Firstly, if the authors wish to account for an embodied standpoint in music cognition, they should
consider specific (goal-directed) actions, rather than a broader set of movement and gestures. This shift
would allow them to be more consistent with research in action understanding and mirror neurons,
ultimately strengthening the basis of their whole framework and thus re-calibrating the relevant empirical
agenda. Ultimately, the challenge would be identifying what kind of goal-directed actions are in play while
experiencing music. Secondly, if the authors’ aim is to explore the radicalisation of the embodied
paradigm, as in enactivism, then the embodied dynamism considered should also fully comprehend the
(musical) environment. This would allow the individualistic constraint implicit in their stance to be
overcome, extending the system considered to the sonic world, or to other individuals (other players, for
example, or the audience). I suggested this last point could be implemented by integrating existing research
emerging from the notion of participatory sense-making.
NOTES
[1] Correspondence can be addressed to: Andrea Schiavio, The University of Sheffield, 34 Leavygreave
Road, Sheffield, S3 7RD, the United Kingdom, a.schiavio@sheffield.ac.uk
[2] Great insights into this framework might come from research in cognitive science and evolutionary
robotics. In this context, Froese and Di Paolo (2010) used a perceptual crossing paradigm (see Auvray et
al., 2009) to investigate the dynamics of interactive processes in social cognition. Their idea is to go
beyond the traditional methodological solipsism by intending interaction as the primary mechanism to
make sense of the others - in contrast to explicit mindreading.
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