This document discusses acritarchs, which are microscopic fossilized organic-walled cysts of unicellular protists. It provides an overview of acritarchs including their origins, morphology, classification schemes, stratigraphic distribution, paleoenvironmental indications, and applications in biostratigraphy. Acritarchs show diversity in the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic and can be used to interpret age and depositional environment in Proterozoic-early Paleozoic sediments where other fossils are scarce. Their distributions reflect environmental conditions like depth, salinity, and nutrient levels.
Graptolites is an important index fossil for Paleozoic rocks and common throughout the world. As in Pakistan the sequences from the Ordovician to carboniferous age missing but these strata are exist in Noshehra and Chitral, so thats why its more valuable as regional fossil of sub-continent.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Graptolites is an important index fossil for Paleozoic rocks and common throughout the world. As in Pakistan the sequences from the Ordovician to carboniferous age missing but these strata are exist in Noshehra and Chitral, so thats why its more valuable as regional fossil of sub-continent.
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Sedimentary texture can be useful in interpreting the mechanisms and environment of deposition. It also has major control over the porosity and permeability of sediment.
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Palynomorphs are acid resistant organic walled microfossils, ranging in size from 1micron to 1mm. They preserved in unoxidized, fine-grained sediments, primarily dark-colored. Palynomorphs rich rocks may contain millions of species per gram.
Sedimentary texture can be useful in interpreting the mechanisms and environment of deposition. It also has major control over the porosity and permeability of sediment.
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Palynomorphs are acid resistant organic walled microfossils, ranging in size from 1micron to 1mm. They preserved in unoxidized, fine-grained sediments, primarily dark-colored. Palynomorphs rich rocks may contain millions of species per gram.
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
Economically :
Massive Sulphide
It founded within pillow lava most of massive Sulphide associated in ophiolites have well developed Gossans (bright colored iron oxide, hydroxides, and sulfides) which is very rich in gold.
Chromite
Stratiform (be tabular or pencil shape) or podiform (irregular shape) within ultra-mafic rocks
These deposits are developed on serpentinite peridotite
Laterites (nickel and iron)
Asbestos
Talc
Magenesite
ophiolite sequence :
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
The name ophiolite derived from Greek root which means
Ophio : snake or serpent Litho : Stone
The green colour, structure and texture of sheared ultramafic rocks is similar to some serpents
The term ophiolite was initially given to dark green shiny outcrops which composed of serpentines (serpentinite rocks)
later on become used not only to a single rock , but also to an association of related rock types which are found as a consistent of upper mantle rocks and oceanic crust.
ophiolite sequence
Sediments
Pillow Lavas
Dykes
Gabbros
Layered Gabbro
Layered Peridotite
Upper mantle
Marine Fossils, In this PowerPointmarine, we will talk about fossils underwater and how it is related to all science subjects which are biology, and chemistry. physics, and computer science.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Acritarchs and its application in Proterozoic-
early Paleozoic sedimentary basins of India
India’s Energy Enchor
Geology Group
KDMIPE, ONGC, Dehradun
Asher Ramson, GM (Palynology)
3. Introduction
Acritarchs are microscopic & fossilized organic-
walled cysts of unicellular protist (one-celled organism) that
can not be assigned to the known groups of
organisms
It is the resting cysts of marine phytoplankton and
is found from Proterozoic to Recent
But, most common in Neoproterozoic & Paleozoic
sediments
4. “Acritarchs” was coined by Evitt in 1963, which means "of
uncertain origin”
It includes any small (04-350µm ), organic-walled microfossils
of algal affinity which cannot be assigned to a natural group.
Characterised by varied sculptures, some are spiny and others
smooth.
Good biostratigraphic tool for Mesoproterozoic,
Neoproterozoic & early Paleozoic where other fossils are not
available
Introduction
5. Introduction
Acritarchs are marine, so they are useful for palaeo-environment
interpretation.
Known from Paleoproterozoic & achieved considerable diversity in early
Mesoproterozoic (ca1600Ma).
Diversity crashed during the Sturtian-Varanger glacial event around 700Ma.
Again, increased during Ediacaran (ca 630Ma).
Diversity declined at the end of Proterozoic (ca 542Ma).
Shows greatest diversity during Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian & Devonian
(ca 542 to 359.2Ma: Paleozoic)
98% taxa become extinct during late Devonian
Helps in assessing TOM and maturity
6. 6
Classification
a. Purpose of biological classification is to follow natural order & facilitate
phyllogenic communication
b. Most widely accepted acritarch classification is the Artificial Scheme
introduced by Downie, Evitt and Serjeant in 1963.
c. They established 9 subgroups upon vesicle shape & process topography.
d. However, Peat & Diver (1979) erected Nematomorphs and
Synaplomorhs in addition
e. The following is the summary of acritarch subgroups based on the
Downie et. al. scheme.
(1) Biological & (2) Artificial
7. 7
Classification
1. Acanthomorphs have spherical bodies with
spines which usually open into the body.
2. Polygonomorphs have a body-shape defined
by the number and position of spines, they are
often triangular or square in outline.
3. Netromorphs have a fusiform body with one or
more spines.
4. Diacromorphs have spherical to ellipsoidal
bodies with ornament confined to the poles.
5. Prismatomorphs have prismatic to polygonal
bodies the edges of which form a flange or
crest which may be serrated.
8. 6. Oomorphs have an egg shaped body with
ornament confined to one pole.
7. Herkomorphs have a roughly spherical body
divided into polygonal fields like honey
comb
8. Pteromorphs have a roughly spherical
central zone often compressed, surrounded
by a flange or wing lamella which may be
sustained by radial folds or processes.
9. Sphaeromorphs have simple spherical
morphology.
Classification
16. 16
Steps in Biostratigraphic interpretation
Identification of various taxa
Stratigraphic distribution of key taxa
Recognition of LADS and FADS of
marker taxa
Deliniation of assemblage zones and
their comparisons
Interpretation of age & depositional
environment
Correlation
Identification of Unconformity & span
if any
18. Range of acritarch groups
Geological ranges of Proterozoic acritarchs
1. It has evolutionary history of appearance and extinction
during their widespread distribution in time and space.
2. So they are useful in determining age, zonation,
interpretation of paleoenvironment etc. of Proterozoic
and early Paleozoic sediments.
19. Paleoproterozoic (2500- 1600Ma)
Acritarchs are present in the late Paleoproterozoic; but they
are rare and consist of morphologically simple spheres
(spharomorphic acritarchs) Javaux et al. (2004).
It was reported from shales of 1900-1600Ma old in the
former Soviet Union (Timofeev, 1969).
Latter on Zang (1986) reported large leiosphaerids along
with filamentous and disc-shape acritarch from
Chuanlinggguo Formation (1900-1700 Ma) in China.
Tyler (2007) discovered spinose acritarchs in the Harris
Greenstone Domain in South Australia and dated ~2500 Ma.
Sphaeromorphs
Fillamentus algae
20. Mesoproterozoic
The stratigraphically more significant acritarchs are recorded in the
Mesoproterozoic
• Abundant occurrence of species like,
Tappania plana, T. tubata,
Spiromorpha segmentata,
Shuiyousphaeridium, Satka spp.,
Valeria lophostriata, etc. along with
filamentous sheaths marks the
Mesoproterozoic era.
Tappania
Spiromorpha
(1600 - 1000Ma)
21. Early Neoproterozoic
Melanocyrillium
Trachysphaeridium
(1000 - 635Ma)
Budding leiosphaerids
Vandalosphaeridium
• The significant diversification of
acritarchs begins near the base of
Neoproterozoic.
• Some of the important taxa such as,
budding leiosphaerids,
Trachysphaeridium laminaritum sp.,
Melanocyrilium spp.,
Vandalosphaeridium reticulatum,
Cymatiosphaera kullungi
characterize early Neoproterozoic.
22. Late Neoproterozoic (635 - 542Ma)
• Late Neoproterozoic (Ediacaran)
is marked by the abundant
occurrence of Cavaspina,
Appendisphaera,
Gyalosphaeridium, Obruchevella
valdaica, O. parva, O. delicata,
Bavlinela faveolata,
Germinosphaera unipinosa,
Cristalinium sp. Dictyodidium sp.,
etc.
Obruchevella
Germinosphaera
Cavaspina
Appendisphaera
Gyalosphaeridium
23. Cambrian (542-488.8Ma) PLATE 1
PLATE 2
Striatotheca
• The acritarch biostratigraphy of Paleozoic is
well established.
• The beginning of Cambrian marks the
appearance of species such as Asteridium
tornatum, Comaspharidium velvetum etc.
• Early Cambrian is characterized by Asteridium
tornatum, A. lanatum, Lophosphaeridium
tentativum, Comaspharidium velvetum and
Baltisphaeridium dubium.
• Late Cambrian is characterized by
Striatotheca sp, Dorsidinium sp. etc.
Dorsenidium
Baltisphaeridium Asteridium
Lophosphaeridium Skiagia cilosa
25. Paleoenvironment
• It is generally agreed that acritarchs are marine planktonic algae
(Downie 1973, Tappan 1980).
• Smith & Saunders (1970) stated that acritarch do not occur in fluvial
deposit and it is abundant in open marine facies whereas, marginal
marine facies contain very few or no acritarchs.
• Leiosphaeridia-dominated assemblage indicates nearshore (shallow
water) environment
• Dicommapalla assemblage is deposited in shoal environments and
• Deeper waters are characterized by acanthomorphs and
polygonomorphs
26. • Al-Ameri defined five palynofacies with sphaeromorhs dominated
acritarchs interpreted as near shore, and more diverse assemblage
as offshore.
• While considering the paleoecology of acritachs, it must be
remembered that several factors controlled acritarch distribution,
including nutrient availability, turbidity, temperature, salinity, light,
depth, bioturbation etc.
• The effects of some of these factors are difficult to determine.
Paleoenvironment
27. TOM, MATURATION & SOURCE POTENTIAL
FM DEPTH (m) OM TYPE & NATURE OM FACIES TOM (%) TAI SOURCE POT.
1839-1842 Algal amorphous: fluffy & spongy sapropelic mod.-poor (25)
2.00
1840-1845 Algal amorphous: fluffy & spongy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.00
1902-1905 poor (<20)
1948-1951 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.00
1988-1991.5 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.00
1992-1995 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.00
2001.5-2001.9 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<20) 2.00
2001.9 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<20) 2.00
2129-2135 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic mod. (30) 2.00
2156-2162 poor (<20)
2186-2189 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25
2220-2223 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25
2241-2244 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25
2259-2262 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25
2280-2283 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25
2301-2304 Algal amorphous: FOM & fluffy sapropelic mod. (30) 2.25
2319-2322 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25
2334-2337 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25
2337-2340
Algal amorphous: fluffy, spongy,
filaments
sapropelic rich (50) 2.25+
2385-2388 Algal amorphous: filaments sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25+
2400-2403 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic mod. (30) 2.25+
2430-2435 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.25+
2448-2450 poor (<20)
2453-2456 Algal amorph.: thallus & filaments sapropelic rich (60) 2.25+
2480-2483 Algal amorph.: thallus & filaments sapropelic rich (50) 2.25+
2490-2493.2 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<10) 2.25+
2504-2507 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<10) 2.25+
2528-2530 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic rich (50) 2.25+
2531 Algal amorphous: thallus & fluffy sapropelic rich (50) 2.50
2549-2552 Algal amorph.: thallus & filaments sapropelic rich (65) 2.50
2659-2662 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic rich (50) 2.50
2683.4-2685.6 Algal amorphous: fluffy(rounded) sapropelic rich (55) 2.50
2685.6-2686.1 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic rich (50) 2.50
2686.1-2692.5 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic rich (50) 2.50
2731-2734 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic mod. (40) 2.50
2767-2770 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic mod. (40) 2.50
2803-2806 Algal amorphous: filaments sapropelic mod. (40) 2.50
2839-2842 Algal amorphous: thallus sapropelic poor (<10) 2.50
2887-2890 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<20) 2.50
2932-2938
2971-2974 Algal amorphous: fungal sapropelic poor (<10) 2.50
3011-3013.9
3052-3055 Algal amorphous: FOM sapropelic poor (<5) 2.75
3076-3079
Algal amorphous: fluffy, thallus,
filaments
sapropelic mod. (35) 2.75
3100-3103 Algal amorph.: thallus & filaments sapropelic rich (55) 2.75
3160-3163 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<25) 2.75
3251.5 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<10) 2.75
3291-3294 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<25) 2.75
3312-3315 Algal amorphous: fluffy sapropelic poor (<25) 2.75
FIG. 5: ORGANIC MATTER FACIES, TOTAL ORGANIC MATTER, MATURATION AND SOURCE
POTENTIAL IN SPN-A
KARNAPUR
T
I
L
H
A
R
U
J
H
A
N
I
SPN:Algal amorph. oxidized;
UJN & KDM:Algal amorphous
fluffy
sapropelic
3349-3351.85
A
V
A
D
H
MODERATE
MODERATE
mod.-rich
(30-50)
2.75+
MOD-GOOD
SOURCE POT.
GOOD
SOURCE
POT.
POOR
SOURCE
POTENTIAL
MAINLY
DUE
TO
IMMATURITY
POOR
SARDA
P o o r o r g a n i c m a t t e r
P o o r o r g a n i c m a t t e r
P o o r o r g a n i c m a t t e r
P o o r o r g a n i c m a t t e r
P o o r o r g a n i c m a t t e r
POOR
2531m
2731m
2839m
3055m
3315m
3103m
3351+m
STAPLIN'S
SCALE
RUSSIAN
SCALE
1
1.5
2.25
2.5
3.0
3.5
5.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
28. Application in Proterozoic-early Paleozoic basins of India
Among these, ONGC/other E&P
companies involves in exploration in
Vindhyan, Ganga & Bikaner-Nagaur
basins
Indian Craton includes 8 Proterozoic
basins,
These are Vindhyan, Ganga,
Bikaner-Nagaur, Bhima, Kaladagi,
Cuddapah, Bastar, Chattisgarh
29. Pre-Tertiary Sequence of Ganga Basin
Age of this sequence remained
disputed since the drilling of 1st well,
the UJN-D-1 in 1962
• Sequence occurring below
Tertiary (Siwaliks) in subsurface
referred as Pre-Tertiary Sequence
30. Ganga Basin: Diverse views on its age
• Mesozoic = Mathur & Evans (1964)
• Palaeozoic = (Metre, 1968)
• Cambrian- Carboniferous = Sastri & Venkatachala (1968)
• Pre-Ordovician = Venkatachala & Rawat (1972)
• Precambrian to = Salujha et al. (1967)
Silurian Salujha (1973)
• Late Riphean to Cambrian = Saxena 1992
• Precambrian to = Fuloria (1996)
Late Cretaceous Raiverman (1998)
31. Late Neoproterozoic –early Paleozoic
(Unmetamorphosed succession)
Unconformity (ca 900Ma)
Mesoproterozoic
(Metamorphosed succession)
Pre-Tertiary
Sequence
Age on the basis of acritarchs
Still, the age of Pre-Tertiary Sequence debatable
• Equated with Vindhyans, considering its northern continuation in Ganga
Basin
• Although, the age of Vindhyans appear different (ca.1600-570Ma)
34. 3
Vindhyan Basin: Diverse views on its age
ACRITARCHS : Early Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1550Ma)
to Ediacaran (ca 545Ma)
MAGAFOSSILS : Riphean – Vendian (Meso-Neoproterozoic)
STROMATOLITES : Early to Late Riphean
(Late Paleoproterozoic – Neoproterozoic)
RADIOMETRIC : ca 1750-550 Ma
(Late Paleoproterozoic - Ediacaran)
C δ13 VALUE : Precambrian-Cambrian Boundary In Sirbu Shale
(Bhander Group)
SS MICROFOSSILS : Late Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic (Cambrian)
35. 3
VINDHYAN BASIN: AVAILABLE DIVERSE RADIOMETRIC AGE DATA
1. Late Paleoproterozoic-
Early Mesoproterozoic
2. Late Mesoproterozoic-
Late Neoproterozoic
3. Late Neoproterozoic
(Ediacaran)-Early
Paleozoic (Cambrian)
36. 36
Acritarch and other
organic-walled
microfossil evidences
suggest that the
Vindhyan Supergroup
spans from late
Paleoproterozoic (ca
1750Ma) to late
Neoproterozoic
(Ediacaran; 542Ma)-?
Early Cambrian
Vindhyans of Son Valley
38. Vindhyans of Chambal Valley
Chambal Valley covers western parts of
Vindhyan Basin
Separated from the Son Valley by
Bundhelkhand Granitic Complex (BGC)
and a Subsurface High
KOTA
39. Vindhyans of Chambal Valley
Chechat-1
In Chambal Valley,
Lower Vindhyans
thin (700-1800m); Up.
Vindhyan very thick
(2500-3000m)
In Son Valley Lower
Vindhyan very thick
(3000-4000m); Upper
Vindhyan very thin
(400-600m)
Correlation problem
due to variation in
lithology and
Biostratigraphy in
corresponding units
40. Vindhyans of Chambal Valley: Biostratigraphy
Acritarchs evidenses suggest Ediacaran (late
Neoproterozoic) age for Lower Vindhyans
Early Cambrian for Upper Vindhyan
Appears representing Infra-Cambrian Sequence
Palaita-1
42. Some acritarchs record from Chambal Valley Vindhyans
9
8
7
4
3
1 2
6
5
1
8 9
10
2
4 7
3
6
1
2
13 14 15
11
5
43. Acritarch based
biostratigraphic studies
suggest Late
Neoproterozoic-
(Ediacaran) to Middle
Cambrian age
Pc/C Boundary marked
within Bilara Limestone on
the basis of acritarchs
which was later
coroborated by Sr/Sr.
isotope incursion
Biostratigraphy: Marwar Supergroup