The document outlines the historical patterns and policies of immigration in various European countries, highlighting shifts from liberal to restrictive policies since the 1950s. It details the changing demographics of immigrants, pointing out significant flows from regions such as Southern Europe, Turkey, and North Africa, while analyzing the implications of these migrations on social dynamics and policy reforms. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and changes in immigration status for countries like Italy, Spain, and Poland, alongside the impact of global inequalities and economic crises on migratory trends.

2. Immigration
Movement of people into another country or region to which they are not native in order to settle there
Immigrant
A person who comes to another country for the purpose of living there

3. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
For centuries, European migration patterns consisted mainly of movement around the continent, or away from it. Millions fled religious persecution. Others were driven by hunger and poverty, including impoverished southern Europeans.

4. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1950-60 Workers arrived in their millions to fill gaps in European labour markets. National policies were fairly liberal .
•People from West-indies and India to UK
•Migration from southern-european countries to northern-europe
•Contacts with Turkey and Maghreb.

5. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1950-60
The numbers peaked in the early 1960s, creating a net European migration figure which is far higher than today's. These immigrants, mostly non-white, were not expected to stay

6. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1950-60
The numbers peaked in the early 1960s, creating a net European migration figure which is far higher than today's. These immigrants, mostly non-white, were not expected to stay

7. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1970’s
Policies became restrictive from the 1970s on. Satiation of labour market.
1973: Migration stop

8. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1980’s
Recession.
Some possibilities remained: family reunification, studies, seasonal work, …. This left the asylum system to carry the weight of the migration wave
Some scholars, like sociolinguists (Hayley Johnson and Katlyn Archer), have said that the increase in immigration flows from the 1980s, are an expression of the growing of global inequalities between poor and rich countries

9. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
1990’s
Germany (unification and close to Eastern-Europe) had the largest flows of migrants followed by the United Kingdom

10. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
2000’s
A number of governments have been revising their policies to take better account of employment and demographic needs.
Some country investing in return programmes.

11. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Now
Convergent policies
Arab Spring
Humanitarian crisis

12. 1. Group of immigrants for citizenship

13. 2.Total foreign resident population by group of citizenship

14. 3.Countries of origin

15. Italy for large part of his story has been a country of emigration
IMMIGRATION IN ITALY

16. The phenomenon of immigration has reached a significant size in the early 1970’s, and has become an important phenomenon for the demographics of the country in the XXI°century
IMMIGRATION IN ITALY

17. ITALY = DOOR OF EUROPE
IMMIGRATION IN ITALY

18. IMMIGRATION IN ITALY
4.Immigrants living in italy by country of origin

19. IMMIGRATION IN ITALY
5. Percentage of the regional immigrant population 2011

20. IMMIGRATION IN ITALY
Country
2011
Romania
968.576
Marocco
482.627
Albania
452.424
China
209.934
Fonte: ISTAT 2011
6. Immigrants in the national territory

21. IMMIGRATION IN TURKEY
Throughout history, Turkey has been affected by diverse forms of migratory movements and refugee flows. Traditionally, Turkey has been a country of emigration with large numbers of its citizens migrating to Western Europe, particularly Germany since the 1970s

22. IMMIGRATION IN TURKEY
Since the early 1990s, the country has been positioned on the transit route
for irregular migrants from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, and Pakistan.
Turkey remains a destination for human trafficking in the Black Sea region, with
victims usually coming from Moldova, Ukraine, Russian Federation, Kyrgyzstan,
and Uzbekistan.

23. IMMIGRATION IN TURKEY
The country maintains a geographical limitation to its obligations under the 1951 Geneva Convention
on the Status of Refugees in which it grants refugee status only to European
asylum seekers. It has until recently ranked in the top three countries globally for
resettlement of non-European refugees, with the main countries of destination for
resettlement being the United States, Canada, and Australia.

24. IMMIGRATION IN TURKEY
Migration issues in Turkey are shaped by its efforts to become a member
of the European Union (EU), which are creating pressures for an overhaul of
its immigration and asylum policies. This is because the alignment of Turkey’s
migration policy and practice with the EU migration acquis and policies is one
of the conditions for the country’s accession to the EU. An issue of concern in
Europe at present relates to the possible negative consequence of Turkey’s potential
membership in the EU, that is, the probability of a massive wave of migration
from Turkey to EU’s more prosperous members.

25. IMMIGRATION IN TURKEY
7.Migration flow that passes from turkey

26. IMMIGRATION IN TURKEY
According to figures provided by Ankaraoffice of the UNHCR, as of 2005 total of 32,832 people are recorded as having made a valid asylum application in Turkey since 1998. As of 2005, 3900 Iranians and 2200 Iraqis, 400 Somalians and 300 Afghans are still in the country, while an additional 1400 Chechens, who are in a "refugee- like situation", are deemed of concern.
These refugees are spread out to satellite cities with notable populations.
These numbers greatly increased in the following years especially in regards to Afghans and Iraqis. As of January 2010, 25, 580 refugees and asylum seekers remain in the country. Of these, 5090 Iranians, 8940 Iraqis, 3850 Afghans and 2700 "other" (including Somalians, Sri Lankans, Pakistanis, Chinese, Uzbeks, Palestinians and others) are still in the country. with the number expected to rise to 8710 Iranians, 9560 Afghans, 7860 other while the Iraqis are expected to decrease to 7890 by December 2011.
Notable here is that Afghans are expected to make up the largest refugee population in Turkey in the near future.

27. IMMIGRATION IN POLAND
Poland for large part of his story has been a country of emigration
Until the fall of communism and the transformation of Poland, West Germany was a special place for Polish refugees

28. IMMIGRATION IN POLAND
Today the roles are reversed
Poland has become one of the most attractive countries in which to live and make a career.
Nearly six thousand German companies , mostly small and medium-sized enterprises , have moved to Poland. The value of the German investments is estimated at € 22 billion , amount that last year represented 21 percent of all foreign investments in Poland.

29. IMMIGRATION IN POLAND
8.Number of persons having acquired the citizenship of an EU Member State, 2010

30. IMMIGRATION IN SPAIN
Since the mid-'80s Spain was a country of net immigration.
Confronted by this "new phenomenon" Spanish governments that will succeed for all the '90s and early 2000 adopt restrictive immigration policies markedly inspired by those of the countries of northern Europe

31. IMMIGRATION IN SPAIN
In 2004, the new socialist government, compared the severity of the problem and the growing criticism at home and abroad, put in place a comprehensive reform of immigration policies.

32. IMMIGRATION IN SPAIN
A comprehensive assessment of the effects of the crisis on the irregularity is still difficult.
It would seem that at first its effect is to reduce it, mainly because it reduces the flow, but in the medium term could increase it.
A more accurate assessment can be done, when, and if, the economy will recover recovery migratory flows

33. IMMIGRATION IN SPAIN
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Regolari
Irregolari

34. With the support of the
Lifelong Learning programme — Grundtvig of the European Union
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This communication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein