Acids are sour substances that turn litmus paper red, while bases are bitter substances that turn litmus paper blue. Examples of common acids include citric acid found in citrus fruits and hydrochloric acid. Common bases include sodium hydroxide found in soap and calcium hydroxide in limewater. Indicators like litmus paper, china rose, and turmeric can test whether a substance is acidic or basic by changing color in their presence. The reaction between an acid and base is called neutralization, which produces salt and water with the evolution of heat. Neutralization can be used to treat insect stings, indigestion, soil acidity, and neutralize acidic factory waste.