What would we do in a world without energy? Of course this is a rhetorical question, but it’s one that’s been with human beings forever. Every great step forward in the world has been propelled by energy. Almost a million years ago Man harnessed fire and realized that this “magic” gave him the independence to prosper. Energy is just that: progress, evolution.
The document discusses energy auditing and provides definitions and concepts related to energy auditing. It describes that the goal of an energy audit is to characterize and quantify energy use within an organization to identify opportunities for reduced consumption. There are two main types of energy audits: preliminary audits which involve basic data collection and analysis to identify low-cost savings opportunities, and detailed audits which use instruments to comprehensively analyze each energy consuming system and determine specific savings recommendations along with cost analyses. The overall purpose is to establish a baseline understanding of energy usage to inform conservation efforts.
A var analysis of the relationship between energyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. It finds that:
1) Nigeria has significant energy potential from various renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, but much of this potential remains untapped.
2) Previous studies on the relationship between energy and GDP in Nigeria and other countries have shown evidence of both uni-directional and bi-directional relationships.
3) The current study uses econometric analysis to explore the impact of energy consumption on economic growth in Nigeria, finding that energy consumption has a bi-directional relationship with GDP growth and directly contributes to economic development.
Anthropogenic emissions of GHG need to fall to zero by 2100 and be stabilized at 550 ppm by 2030 to prevent the global mean temperature rising from current levels to over 3oC by the end of this century. This will require collaborative action among developed, developing and emerging markets to reduce annual global emissions from 60 GtCO2e to less than 30 GtCO2e in the coming decades. In the light of these events, the most accepted way to deal with the threat of climate change posed by increased CO2 and other greenhouse gasses emissions in the atmosphere is to move over time to a Low-Carbon Economy; This essay aims to shed some light on what is really a very complicated subject. The use of different instruments and capabilities for adaptation and mitigation and how best to adapt and remain resilient to changes. Approaches that promote the use of market instruments may offer valuable ways to induce feasible climate change management at the same time that such mechanisms may avoid stifling economic activities and ensure sustainability over time.
This document discusses promoting innovative industries and technologies for a sustainable future in the Europe and NIS region. It finds that current production and consumption patterns in the region are incompatible with sustainability objectives and fail to capitalize on growing sustainable goods and services markets. There is an urgent need for the region to transition to a new industrial growth model that is resource efficient, low carbon, low pollution and improves living standards. However, significant investment and policy support is needed to overcome barriers inhibiting sustainable technologies and enable countries in the region to transition to green economies and industries.
EUROPA 2020 | Comunicação do Professor Iain Beggpedroribeiro1973
No contexto da participação da sociedade civil na preparação do Programa Nacional de Reformas (PNR) da Estratégia Europa 2020, realizou-se no dia 16 de Fevereiro, no Centro Cultural de Belém, em Lisboa, um workshop que contou com a presença de mais de 220 peritos nacionais.
Partilho vconvosco a comunicação "Oportunidades para o desenvolvimento e prosperidade europeia" de
Iain Begg, Professor e investigador do "European Institut" da London School of Economics
Microeconomics examines how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources. It focuses on supply and demand forces that determine prices. Key concepts in microeconomics like scarcity, supply and demand, elasticity, and barriers to entry have real-world applications. Scarcity in Africa causes shortage of fresh water and food despite economic development. The demand for the iPhone 5 was high but supply was low, allowing Apple to maintain a high price at launch. Gasoline has few substitutes so demand is inelastic and prices do not decrease much in response to price increases.
This document discusses the ethics of government regulation of the renewable energy industry. It begins by introducing the topic and outlining the perspectives that will be examined, such as justice in the free market, the relationship between politics and business, and economic and environmental rights. It then provides a theoretical discussion of these perspectives, using the example of Talisman Oil to argue that companies prioritize profits over social welfare. The document goes on to discuss three case studies that will be used to analyze the ethics of government intervention in the energy industry. It concludes by proposing solutions aimed at transitioning to renewable energy in a fair way that avoids unfairly favoring some businesses over others.
Economics is the study of how a society uses its limited resources to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. It focuses on the four factors of production - land, labor, capital, and enterprise. There are two branches of economics: macroeconomics, which examines issues affecting the whole economy like unemployment and GDP, and microeconomics, which analyzes issues influencing individuals and businesses such as supply and demand or the effects of regulations.
The document discusses energy auditing and provides definitions and concepts related to energy auditing. It describes that the goal of an energy audit is to characterize and quantify energy use within an organization to identify opportunities for reduced consumption. There are two main types of energy audits: preliminary audits which involve basic data collection and analysis to identify low-cost savings opportunities, and detailed audits which use instruments to comprehensively analyze each energy consuming system and determine specific savings recommendations along with cost analyses. The overall purpose is to establish a baseline understanding of energy usage to inform conservation efforts.
A var analysis of the relationship between energyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. It finds that:
1) Nigeria has significant energy potential from various renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, but much of this potential remains untapped.
2) Previous studies on the relationship between energy and GDP in Nigeria and other countries have shown evidence of both uni-directional and bi-directional relationships.
3) The current study uses econometric analysis to explore the impact of energy consumption on economic growth in Nigeria, finding that energy consumption has a bi-directional relationship with GDP growth and directly contributes to economic development.
Anthropogenic emissions of GHG need to fall to zero by 2100 and be stabilized at 550 ppm by 2030 to prevent the global mean temperature rising from current levels to over 3oC by the end of this century. This will require collaborative action among developed, developing and emerging markets to reduce annual global emissions from 60 GtCO2e to less than 30 GtCO2e in the coming decades. In the light of these events, the most accepted way to deal with the threat of climate change posed by increased CO2 and other greenhouse gasses emissions in the atmosphere is to move over time to a Low-Carbon Economy; This essay aims to shed some light on what is really a very complicated subject. The use of different instruments and capabilities for adaptation and mitigation and how best to adapt and remain resilient to changes. Approaches that promote the use of market instruments may offer valuable ways to induce feasible climate change management at the same time that such mechanisms may avoid stifling economic activities and ensure sustainability over time.
This document discusses promoting innovative industries and technologies for a sustainable future in the Europe and NIS region. It finds that current production and consumption patterns in the region are incompatible with sustainability objectives and fail to capitalize on growing sustainable goods and services markets. There is an urgent need for the region to transition to a new industrial growth model that is resource efficient, low carbon, low pollution and improves living standards. However, significant investment and policy support is needed to overcome barriers inhibiting sustainable technologies and enable countries in the region to transition to green economies and industries.
EUROPA 2020 | Comunicação do Professor Iain Beggpedroribeiro1973
No contexto da participação da sociedade civil na preparação do Programa Nacional de Reformas (PNR) da Estratégia Europa 2020, realizou-se no dia 16 de Fevereiro, no Centro Cultural de Belém, em Lisboa, um workshop que contou com a presença de mais de 220 peritos nacionais.
Partilho vconvosco a comunicação "Oportunidades para o desenvolvimento e prosperidade europeia" de
Iain Begg, Professor e investigador do "European Institut" da London School of Economics
Microeconomics examines how individuals, households, and firms make decisions to allocate limited resources. It focuses on supply and demand forces that determine prices. Key concepts in microeconomics like scarcity, supply and demand, elasticity, and barriers to entry have real-world applications. Scarcity in Africa causes shortage of fresh water and food despite economic development. The demand for the iPhone 5 was high but supply was low, allowing Apple to maintain a high price at launch. Gasoline has few substitutes so demand is inelastic and prices do not decrease much in response to price increases.
This document discusses the ethics of government regulation of the renewable energy industry. It begins by introducing the topic and outlining the perspectives that will be examined, such as justice in the free market, the relationship between politics and business, and economic and environmental rights. It then provides a theoretical discussion of these perspectives, using the example of Talisman Oil to argue that companies prioritize profits over social welfare. The document goes on to discuss three case studies that will be used to analyze the ethics of government intervention in the energy industry. It concludes by proposing solutions aimed at transitioning to renewable energy in a fair way that avoids unfairly favoring some businesses over others.
Economics is the study of how a society uses its limited resources to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services. It focuses on the four factors of production - land, labor, capital, and enterprise. There are two branches of economics: macroeconomics, which examines issues affecting the whole economy like unemployment and GDP, and microeconomics, which analyzes issues influencing individuals and businesses such as supply and demand or the effects of regulations.
AS Economics Revision - Microeconomics (F581)Tom Simms
Revision for key topics for the OCR A Level/AS Level Economics module F581. May also be useful for other exam boards (WJEC/AQA). Covers basic issues relating to microeconomics.
Growth linkage between oil and gas and construction industry of malaysia (199...Alexander Decker
This study examines the causal linkage between the oil and gas (O&G) sector and construction industry in Malaysia from 1991-2010. It finds that the average output and growth of the O&G sector exceeded the construction industry over this period. Using Granger causality tests and unit root tests on annual time series data, the study determines there is no causal relationship between the sectors - i.e. growth in O&G does not lead to growth in construction or vice versa. The sectors are found to be independent over the study period.
Low Carbon China - Innovation Beyond Efficiencypolicysolutions
Radical innovation is essential to achieve green growth. This paper presents three case studies of business model innovation: fertilizer, lighting services and end-of-life treatment of tires. It makes the case that a culture of innovation is the basis for a low-carbon economy, which demands that we individually and collectively:
• Aspire to transformational, not incremental change;
• Adopt new behaviors and think differently.
English translation of Mandarin original (in press with the Chinese journal Plant Engineering Consultants)
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Keywords: Causality, Economic Growth, Energy consumption, Energy Conservation Policy, Error correction Model, Per Capita GDP.
Il World Energy Focus, nuovo mensile online della WEC's community, una e-publication gratuita per essere sempre aggiornato sugli sviluppi del settore energetico. Il World Energy Focus contiene news, interviste esclusive e uno spazio dedicato agli eventi promossi dai singoli Comitati Nazionali.
The document discusses the scale of changes needed to limit global warming to 450 parts per million of CO2, including improving energy efficiency, increasing renewable energy sources, deploying carbon capture and storage technologies, and increasing nuclear power. It emphasizes that a coordinated global policy approach is required, including government policies to support low-carbon technologies through all stages from research to large-scale demonstration and deployment. Cap-and-trade systems and international cooperation on projects are presented as important policy mechanisms.
Exxon 2012 Outlook for Energy: A View To 2040Econ Matters
This document provides an overview and outlook of global energy demand and supply from 2010 to 2040. Some key points:
1) Global energy demand is expected to increase by around 30% over this period as the world population grows to nearly 9 billion and economic output more than doubles. Energy demand growth will slow as economies mature and efficiency increases.
2) In OECD countries, energy use is expected to remain flat despite economic growth, while non-OECD demand will increase around 60%. China's energy demand growth will flatten after 2030 as its economy and population mature.
3) Electricity generation will account for over 40% of energy consumption and be the main driver of overall demand growth. Oil, gas
This document summarizes the key concepts of a circular economy. It discusses how a circular economy is focused on optimizing existing stock through reuse, repair and life extension rather than continuous throughput. This allows decoupling economic growth from resource use while creating more jobs. A circular economy relies on business models like performance-based services that keep ownership of goods and materials. It argues that public policy should incentivize renewable resources like labor to accelerate the transition to a circular economy.
This document summarizes a study on how energy conversion drives economic growth in ways that contradict neoclassical economic theory. The study examines Germany, Japan, and the US from the mid-20th century. It finds that energy has a much larger impact on economic output than its small share of total costs would predict, while labor has a smaller impact than predicted. This challenges the neoclassical view that economies operate at an equilibrium where output is directly tied to factor costs. When technological constraints are considered, a new equilibrium emerges where output elasticities and cost shares are not equal. This helps explain recessions caused by energy crises that neoclassical theory cannot account for.
Bringing energy bact to the economy - AlamZeus Guevara
1) The document discusses an energy-based economic (EBE) framework for analyzing the economy as an energy system and the role of energy in economic growth and development.
2) In an EBE framework, labor and capital are defined by their roles in converting and managing energy flows to produce goods and services.
3) The paper argues that introducing fossil fuels as an abundant, low-cost energy source stimulated technological innovation and capital accumulation, driving accelerated economic growth in modern economies.
The document provides a critical review of an article that argues economic growth leads to increased prosperity but can negatively impact the environment. It summarizes that while growth initially harms the environment, over the long run developed countries have reduced this impact through regulations and consumer awareness. However, growth continues to damage the environment, so governments must pursue sustainable growth models and strengthen international environmental laws.
This document discusses theoretical approaches to estimating the efficiency of natural monopolies. It outlines the development of these approaches from the 19th century onward. Key concepts discussed include William Baumol's cost subadditivity concept, which provides a precise mathematical definition of natural monopolies. The document also discusses optimality criteria for evaluating natural monopoly efficiency, including maximizing total surplus for consumers and firms. Government regulation is introduced as a method for enhancing natural monopoly efficiency according to established criteria.
Trajnostni razvoj in Lizbonska strategijaŽiga Turk
The document discusses the convergence of the EU's Lisbon Strategy and Sustainable Development Strategy. It argues that climate change presents both risks and opportunities for economic growth. Specifically, addressing climate change through innovation in green technologies and industries could create new businesses and jobs. However, transitioning to a low-carbon economy will require substantial investment. The document advocates making sustainable development a central pillar and priority within the EU's Lisbon Strategy to spur green economic growth.
Porter's five forces model is a framework for analyzing industry competition and profitability. It examines the competitive forces that determine industry attractiveness: threat of new entrants, power of suppliers/buyers, threat of substitutes, and rivalry among existing competitors. While still valuable, critics argue it may overlook industry dynamics and convergence. Later research emphasizes incorporating technological changes, multi-level industry analysis, and potential for complementary products when applying the five forces model.
This white paper highlights current strategy, organization and leadership challenges for the Solar and Cleantech industries. It is based on conversations with industry leaders mostly in San Francisco Bay Area. The study was conceived and conducted by Mariposa Leadership, Inc and Emergent Solutions Inc. Conversations were held in the winter and Spring of 2009.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Business Economics course. It includes required texts, grading criteria, and an overview of key economic concepts to be covered throughout the semester. Specifically, it will cover microeconomics and macroeconomics topics, including scarcity, production possibility frontiers, demand and supply analysis, and the role of economics in managerial decision making. Students will be evaluated based on class participation, assignments, presentations, exams and a final exam.
Kevin Trzcinski - Forbes Mongolia - June 2014kevintrz
Mongolia faces significant challenges in meeting its growing energy demands. Reliance on coal has led to high emissions and air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. While the Ministry of Energy explores solutions like infrastructure improvements, increased capacity, and developing natural gas, renewable technologies could also make an impact. Mongolian National University is researching high-temperature solar thermal technology to help address these issues. Overall, Mongolia's energy problems will require a combination of technologies, projects, and initiatives from both public and private sectors to make meaningful progress.
El documento describe los principales componentes y propiedades del suelo, incluyendo las partículas, horizontes, perfil, fases físicas, textura, color, estructura, reacción del pH y su aplicación en la agricultura.
EL AYUNTAMIENTO ADJUDICA LAS MEJORAS PARA LA PLAZA DE CAMAS CON UNA INVERSIÓN...Ayuntamiento de Málaga
Recoge las líneas de actuación presentadas y consensuadas con asociaciones y colectivos de la zona con el fin de atender planteamientos ciudadanos realizados y potenciar el confort, la seguridad y la versatilidad de este enclave urbano
Multi-Touch Medical Display Solutions with a variety of interactive touch solutions including PCAP (projected Capacitive), Sound Acoustic Wave (SAW) and Infra Red (IR).
For more information please visit http://crystal-display.com/product-categories/touch-sensors/ for more info
AS Economics Revision - Microeconomics (F581)Tom Simms
Revision for key topics for the OCR A Level/AS Level Economics module F581. May also be useful for other exam boards (WJEC/AQA). Covers basic issues relating to microeconomics.
Growth linkage between oil and gas and construction industry of malaysia (199...Alexander Decker
This study examines the causal linkage between the oil and gas (O&G) sector and construction industry in Malaysia from 1991-2010. It finds that the average output and growth of the O&G sector exceeded the construction industry over this period. Using Granger causality tests and unit root tests on annual time series data, the study determines there is no causal relationship between the sectors - i.e. growth in O&G does not lead to growth in construction or vice versa. The sectors are found to be independent over the study period.
Low Carbon China - Innovation Beyond Efficiencypolicysolutions
Radical innovation is essential to achieve green growth. This paper presents three case studies of business model innovation: fertilizer, lighting services and end-of-life treatment of tires. It makes the case that a culture of innovation is the basis for a low-carbon economy, which demands that we individually and collectively:
• Aspire to transformational, not incremental change;
• Adopt new behaviors and think differently.
English translation of Mandarin original (in press with the Chinese journal Plant Engineering Consultants)
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Keywords: Causality, Economic Growth, Energy consumption, Energy Conservation Policy, Error correction Model, Per Capita GDP.
Il World Energy Focus, nuovo mensile online della WEC's community, una e-publication gratuita per essere sempre aggiornato sugli sviluppi del settore energetico. Il World Energy Focus contiene news, interviste esclusive e uno spazio dedicato agli eventi promossi dai singoli Comitati Nazionali.
The document discusses the scale of changes needed to limit global warming to 450 parts per million of CO2, including improving energy efficiency, increasing renewable energy sources, deploying carbon capture and storage technologies, and increasing nuclear power. It emphasizes that a coordinated global policy approach is required, including government policies to support low-carbon technologies through all stages from research to large-scale demonstration and deployment. Cap-and-trade systems and international cooperation on projects are presented as important policy mechanisms.
Exxon 2012 Outlook for Energy: A View To 2040Econ Matters
This document provides an overview and outlook of global energy demand and supply from 2010 to 2040. Some key points:
1) Global energy demand is expected to increase by around 30% over this period as the world population grows to nearly 9 billion and economic output more than doubles. Energy demand growth will slow as economies mature and efficiency increases.
2) In OECD countries, energy use is expected to remain flat despite economic growth, while non-OECD demand will increase around 60%. China's energy demand growth will flatten after 2030 as its economy and population mature.
3) Electricity generation will account for over 40% of energy consumption and be the main driver of overall demand growth. Oil, gas
This document summarizes the key concepts of a circular economy. It discusses how a circular economy is focused on optimizing existing stock through reuse, repair and life extension rather than continuous throughput. This allows decoupling economic growth from resource use while creating more jobs. A circular economy relies on business models like performance-based services that keep ownership of goods and materials. It argues that public policy should incentivize renewable resources like labor to accelerate the transition to a circular economy.
This document summarizes a study on how energy conversion drives economic growth in ways that contradict neoclassical economic theory. The study examines Germany, Japan, and the US from the mid-20th century. It finds that energy has a much larger impact on economic output than its small share of total costs would predict, while labor has a smaller impact than predicted. This challenges the neoclassical view that economies operate at an equilibrium where output is directly tied to factor costs. When technological constraints are considered, a new equilibrium emerges where output elasticities and cost shares are not equal. This helps explain recessions caused by energy crises that neoclassical theory cannot account for.
Bringing energy bact to the economy - AlamZeus Guevara
1) The document discusses an energy-based economic (EBE) framework for analyzing the economy as an energy system and the role of energy in economic growth and development.
2) In an EBE framework, labor and capital are defined by their roles in converting and managing energy flows to produce goods and services.
3) The paper argues that introducing fossil fuels as an abundant, low-cost energy source stimulated technological innovation and capital accumulation, driving accelerated economic growth in modern economies.
The document provides a critical review of an article that argues economic growth leads to increased prosperity but can negatively impact the environment. It summarizes that while growth initially harms the environment, over the long run developed countries have reduced this impact through regulations and consumer awareness. However, growth continues to damage the environment, so governments must pursue sustainable growth models and strengthen international environmental laws.
This document discusses theoretical approaches to estimating the efficiency of natural monopolies. It outlines the development of these approaches from the 19th century onward. Key concepts discussed include William Baumol's cost subadditivity concept, which provides a precise mathematical definition of natural monopolies. The document also discusses optimality criteria for evaluating natural monopoly efficiency, including maximizing total surplus for consumers and firms. Government regulation is introduced as a method for enhancing natural monopoly efficiency according to established criteria.
Trajnostni razvoj in Lizbonska strategijaŽiga Turk
The document discusses the convergence of the EU's Lisbon Strategy and Sustainable Development Strategy. It argues that climate change presents both risks and opportunities for economic growth. Specifically, addressing climate change through innovation in green technologies and industries could create new businesses and jobs. However, transitioning to a low-carbon economy will require substantial investment. The document advocates making sustainable development a central pillar and priority within the EU's Lisbon Strategy to spur green economic growth.
Porter's five forces model is a framework for analyzing industry competition and profitability. It examines the competitive forces that determine industry attractiveness: threat of new entrants, power of suppliers/buyers, threat of substitutes, and rivalry among existing competitors. While still valuable, critics argue it may overlook industry dynamics and convergence. Later research emphasizes incorporating technological changes, multi-level industry analysis, and potential for complementary products when applying the five forces model.
This white paper highlights current strategy, organization and leadership challenges for the Solar and Cleantech industries. It is based on conversations with industry leaders mostly in San Francisco Bay Area. The study was conceived and conducted by Mariposa Leadership, Inc and Emergent Solutions Inc. Conversations were held in the winter and Spring of 2009.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Business Economics course. It includes required texts, grading criteria, and an overview of key economic concepts to be covered throughout the semester. Specifically, it will cover microeconomics and macroeconomics topics, including scarcity, production possibility frontiers, demand and supply analysis, and the role of economics in managerial decision making. Students will be evaluated based on class participation, assignments, presentations, exams and a final exam.
Kevin Trzcinski - Forbes Mongolia - June 2014kevintrz
Mongolia faces significant challenges in meeting its growing energy demands. Reliance on coal has led to high emissions and air pollution in Ulaanbaatar. While the Ministry of Energy explores solutions like infrastructure improvements, increased capacity, and developing natural gas, renewable technologies could also make an impact. Mongolian National University is researching high-temperature solar thermal technology to help address these issues. Overall, Mongolia's energy problems will require a combination of technologies, projects, and initiatives from both public and private sectors to make meaningful progress.
El documento describe los principales componentes y propiedades del suelo, incluyendo las partículas, horizontes, perfil, fases físicas, textura, color, estructura, reacción del pH y su aplicación en la agricultura.
EL AYUNTAMIENTO ADJUDICA LAS MEJORAS PARA LA PLAZA DE CAMAS CON UNA INVERSIÓN...Ayuntamiento de Málaga
Recoge las líneas de actuación presentadas y consensuadas con asociaciones y colectivos de la zona con el fin de atender planteamientos ciudadanos realizados y potenciar el confort, la seguridad y la versatilidad de este enclave urbano
Multi-Touch Medical Display Solutions with a variety of interactive touch solutions including PCAP (projected Capacitive), Sound Acoustic Wave (SAW) and Infra Red (IR).
For more information please visit http://crystal-display.com/product-categories/touch-sensors/ for more info
Language of Film-Painters_Influence_Film-Film_Influences_Paintersglennhirsch
The document discusses 10 techniques used in film to manipulate composition, light, and motion including: 1) using close-ups versus long shots, high versus low camera angles, and cropped versus staged framing to control composition; 2) adjusting depth of field and lighting techniques like backlighting, chiaroscuro, and single versus multiple light sources to impact scenes; and 3) incorporating techniques like blurred motion and action sequences to manipulate what the audience sees and feels.
This document summarizes a case study analyzing and visualizing large collections of trees representing relationships within Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). The study used sequences from 525 terminals and 2992 characters to generate 30,000 trees across 5 analyses. Tree sets were compared using operations like union and intersection in TreeZip. MrsRF was used to calculate Robinson-Foulds distances between trees and consensus trees, visualized with heatmaps. While inconsistencies emerged, the consensus tree agreed across analyses and recognized taxonomic groups were recovered.
Vinnie worked various hours between 7.5 and 8.5 hours per day Monday through Friday, and 4 hours on Saturday at his regular pay rate of $8.50 per hour. He earns time-and-a-half for hours worked over 7.5 in a day and double time for weekend hours. The summary asks to calculate Vinnie's gross earnings for the week.
Lane worked 52 hours last week at her regular rate of $8.35 per hour with time-and-a-half for overtime. She has union dues and dental deductions and the summary asks to use deduction tables to determine her net pay.
Mary Rose is paid $500 semi-monthly and estimates
Today's math goals include squaring binomials, dividing polynomials by binomials, and reviewing the last Khan Academy topic. The document provides examples and steps for squaring binomials like (2x + 3)2 and dividing polynomials by binomials using long division. It also lists the topics that will be covered on the upcoming three polynomial unit tests, including polynomial operations, special products and factoring, and solving equations and advanced factoring.
The document assigns various artists for students to explore in their portraits/self-portraits project. It lists the students' names and the artists they chose to focus on, including Kazimir Malevich, Diego Rivera, Andrew Wyeth, Lucian Freud, Degas, Berthe Morisot, Max Beckmann, Egon Schiele, Toulouse-Lautrec, Jose Clemente Orozco, Jenny Saville, Chaim Soutine, Ferdinand Hodler, and Paul Gauguin. One student notes she had previously started looking at Toulouse-Lautrec and is continuing that work.
Lina Janusas UC Berkeley Extension Post-Bac Show 2012glennhirsch
This document appears to be a post-baccalaureate exhibit created by Lina Janusas in December 2012 for UC Berkeley Extension. It provides information about an exhibit or project completed as part of a post-baccalaureate program at UC Berkeley Extension.
Good wh ii.17wwi washington's farewell adrress openerStacey Eliz
Washington warns future Americans against forming permanent alliances with foreign nations and becoming entangled in European affairs, instead advocating for a policy of neutrality. While honoring existing commitments, he advises against extending alliances, saying it is unnecessary and unwise. Washington believes temporary defensive alliances during extraordinary emergencies are acceptable as long as America maintains a respectable defensive posture through its own establishments.
Lizwe Engineers CC is an engineering firm based in South Africa that provides maintenance and reliability services. They employ 5 condition monitoring specialists and 5 maintenance and reliability engineers. Their mission is to be the top choice for reliability services, be the best employer, and be the preferred investment. Their core business includes condition monitoring, reliability engineering, operational excellence, and training. They aim to achieve operational excellence through integrating people, processes, and technology.
El documento ofrece clases de matemáticas para prepararse para la Prueba de Selección Universitaria (PSU) que se realizará a finales de año. Las clases se llevarán a cabo de marzo a abril del próximo año para ayudar a los estudiantes a sentirse más confiados y no asustados al rendir la prueba de matemáticas de la PSU.
Monkey Busineksen® - referenssicase muutosagenttien valmennuksesta suuressa suomalaisessa eläkevakuuttajayrityksessä.
Monkey Business - http://www.banana.fi
The document discusses the challenges facing the European Union from its dependence on fossil fuels, including threats from climate change, geopolitics, and resource competition. In response, the EU agreed to binding targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase renewable energy, and improve energy efficiency by 2020. Meeting these targets will improve energy security, create jobs, and save billions in reduced fuel imports. However, achieving over a third of electricity from renewable sources and shifting heating and transport to renewable fuels will require huge initiatives across society. The investments needed for a low-carbon economy will pay off in cheaper, more secure energy and new business opportunities.
Paper_InterestGroupsEnergyLobbies_04:2015Edoardo Costa
The document discusses the climate and energy debate at the EU level and the interest groups involved. It provides an overview of 38 interest groups identified from the EU transparency register that are active on renewable energy issues, including 17 associations, 10 companies/groups, and 7 NGOs. It then analyzes the positions and strategies of EWEA, the European Wind Energy Association, and EURELECTRIC, a conventional energy association. While EWEA lobbies for renewable energy targets, EURELECTRIC likely opposes them given its representation of fossil fuel interests. The strategies of these two groups are examined in light of literature on how business associations advocate for their specific interests.
From the Loire to the Vistula River. Three steps in planning the energy trans...Forum Energii
Polish-French relations have become a bit difficult lately. When President Macron said in an interview that the Paris climate protesters should move to Warsaw because it is Poland that is blocking European climate ambitions, Poland was in turmoil. Leaving aside the emotions, it is worth looking at how the French are coping with the energy transformation. This is what the new analysis of the Forum Energii is about.
100 Renewable Electricity A Roadmap To 2050 For Europe And North AfricaJasmine Dixon
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***
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2. 2
PRESENTATION
The search for competitive and sustainable energy from guaranteed supplies is
doubtless a basic demand of any modern, competitive economy. The economic growth
of a country, the development of its companies and the wellbeing of its citizens are
intimately linked to the way this important matter is resolved.
Here at the Círculo de Empresarios –whose proposals have always clearly
reflected a marked concern for the interests of society as a whole– we have often
reflected on this subject, in both specific documents and others of a more general
nature. In our Barometer of the Círculos, we recently noted the need for “a regulatory
framework for infrastructures that is transparent, predictable and stable so as to
create prices, especially for energy, that do not cause a competitive disadvantage in
the international setting.”
There are many factors –technological, geopolitical and environmental– that
affect this highly complex subject. And there are many consequences, both positive
and negative, from the way it is approached. The future of energy is something that
must be dealt with in a combined, coordinated way and on a global scale. Regarding
Spain, for example, there is a clear need for not only its own energy policy but for a
European policy. This is one of those areas where private initiative must be perfectly
coordinated with what the public powers are doing, on both the national and
international levels.
In Spain, and at the Círculo de Empresarios, we have companies that are in the
international forefront. Thanks to this, a first-class team directed by Josu Jon Imaz –
and including representatives of energy producers, distributors, important consumers
and consultancy firms– has taken several months to produce a thoroughly
documented, rigorous study that contains important conclusions and
recommendations. My thanks everyone for their dedication and effort. And, above all,
for what I consider most important: future guidance in a subject that is essential for
our economy and our society. All of us – citizens, companies and public
administrations– should take it very much into account.
Mónica de Oriol
President of the Círculo de Empresarios
3. 3
PROLOGUE
What would we do in a world without energy? Of course this is a rhetorical question,
but it’s one that’s been with human beings forever. Every great step forward in the
world has been propelled by energy. Almost a million years ago Man harnessed fire
and realized that this “magic” gave him the independence to prosper. Energy is just
that: progress, evolution.
We are in a tremendously changing global context on all levels, and this too is
related to energy. We’re seeing highly variable prices, and as emerging powers awaken
from their lethargy to pursue development and progress, they will concentrate on
consuming energy in the coming decades. There are geopolitical conflicts caused by
energy, or where energy is used as a bargaining chip; there is a disproportionate
distribution of energy that should make us react and think rapidly.
This is a challenging time when energy companies, working with political decision
makers, must rise to the occasion and give society what it demands of us. We should
provide the energy that the world needs –and do so in the most sustainable manner.
In this new setting of increasing demand by countries outside the OECD –countries
with very different patterns of growth– all the different energy sources should be
present, making optimal contributions to the different sectors. To achieve a more
developed and balanced world, the answer is not just one source of energy. There is
no single correct answer, no silver bullet. The solution is to use all sources, with each
one fulfilling its potential wherever necessary.
For this reason, and because we share responsibility, this publication has enlisted
the help of energy supply firms from different fields, as well as companies that
consume energy. We share a vision of energy and its future, and together we have
reflected on those aims that energy policies should guarantee: a reliable supply,
competition in industry and society, and sustainability. I want to thank all the
companies for the responsible way in which they participated: from the point of view
of the general interest rather than for sectorial gain. This contribution is especially
relevant in the Spanish context, where economic recovery has begun and where
4. 4
energy is an important factor in competitiveness. We have also considered the role of
Spain and our energy challenges within the European context.
The different energy sources are like the pieces in a puzzle, and we should work
together to find all of them, because they are all essential. There’s never been a puzzle
where all the parts are equal; each one is different but complementary. And that must
be our goal: to fit each one of them in the right place and thus achieve the best final
result.
Josu Jon Imaz
President of the Energy Committee and CEO of Repsol
5. 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
INTRODUCTION
The most recent estimates by the International Energy Agency foresee an increase of
33% in world energy demand by the year 2035. During this increase, the center of
gravity will move toward the emerging economies, especially China, India, Southeast
Asia and the Middle East. In addition to this heightened demand there are two
determining factors. First, it will be more difficult to obtain traditional energy sources,
both because it is harder to access some of them (for example, there are more difficult
conditions for exploring and exploiting) and because of uncertainty (i.e., geopolitical
reasons). And second, increasing concern about whether the current global energy
model is environmentally sustainable. These factors have created an enormous
challenge to those organizations that are responsible for energy policy and supply
(governments, agencies, public and private companies) as they try to satisfy the
expected demand.
In this context, the Energy Committee of the Círculo de Empresarios has made
some proposals to meet the challenges to the Spanish and European energy systems.
The proposals seek to advance in a balanced and rational way in three areas: (i)
improving economic competitiveness; (ii) making the supply more reliable, and (iii)
increasing sustainability.
Competitiveness in the cost of energy is essential for developing any energy
policy because it directly impacts Spain’s GDP and trade balance. In Spain, the energy-
intensive industries (metallurgy, chemicals, paper) represent 2.3% of the total GDP.
This figure is low in comparison to other European countries (for example Germany,
with 3.8%, and The Netherlands, with 3.2%) and similar to that in other countries (the
United Kingdom and France). However, the impact on the Spanish economy is very
important, because the industrial sector has a significant knock-on and multiplying
effect on GDP due to the network of its suppliers, as well as an indirect effect through
6. 6
the greater income and socio-economic wellbeing that it brings. In addition, Spain will
have to reinforce its industrial sector so that the economy will grow and be more
diverse and stable in the middle and short term. In this sense, the energy sector and
big industry share important challenges in maintaining economic sustainability and
competitiveness. Both sectors are essential for economic development in Spain and
have complementary challenges. A competitive energy sector –one that is
economically sustainable and adequately integrated with the domestic energy market–
will be able to offer Spanish consumers competitive electricity and gas prices. This will
allow Spanish industry to reach the necessary levels of activity and consumption
without which the sustainability of the energy sector would be at risk.
Gas accounts for an important percentage of the production costs in industries
like ceramics, glass, steel and part of the chemical sector. The drop in the demand for
gas, and the inclusion of new exogenous costs, could mean a change in costs for the
eventual consumer. Thus Spain should develop the necessary means for favoring the
use of indigenous gas at competitive market prices.
Another significant part of energy costs is in electricity, one of the most
important factors when defining Spain’s competitiveness on a global level. In recent
years in Spain the price of electricity has increased because of factors not directly
related to its supply but to environmental, industrial or social policies –or directly
because of higher taxes on electrical consumption or production. In spite of the fact
that the electricity wholesale market is fluid and its prices are competitive when
compared to those in the principal European markets –and that the network costs are
much lower than what’s common in Europe– strong regulatory and fiscal pressures
increase the final price that the consumer must pay for electricity. Following successive
reformation in the sector, the regulated component of the prices of electricity has
been reduced (for example renewable sources, transport and distribution payments,
cogeneration, interruptibility). Nevertheless, in an effort to lower public deficits, taxes
on energy have risen sharply. This increasing fiscal pressure threatens the
competitiveness if industry and the energy sector.
7. 7
Security in supplying energy is currently at the top of the list of geopolitical
concerns, and recent events like the instability in Ukraine have brought this home to
the general public and affected the markets. Spain depends almost 100% on imports
for its two principal sources of primary energy, petroleum and gas, and in the
European Union as a whole dependence on exterior sources is very high (i.e., 86% of
petroleum and 66% of gas in 2012). Although the EU has diversified its sources of oil
and gas in recent years, the considerable dependence on Russia for gas –and on the
OPEP for oil– illustrates Europe’s delicate energy situation. Nevertheless, with regard
to natural gas Spain has some uniquely diverse sources thanks to its six regasification
plants; in 2013 it received natural gas from 11 different places.
Environmental sustainability is a key, undisputed factor in the EU’s energy
agenda. Proof of this is the launch of its Climate and Energy Package, which seeks to
reduce greenhouse gases, promote renewable sources of energy, and increase overall
energy efficiency in Europe.
Following deliberation by its members, the Energy Committee of the Círculo de
Empresarios proposes a series of measures to advance Spanish and European energy
policy in the three areas mentioned earlier. These proposals, contained in this
document, can be structured along three lines of action:
■ Energy efficiency
■ Renewable energies
■ Natural gas
■ Traditional fuels
■ Non-conventional fossil fuels
■ Interconnections
PROMOTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY
These measures in energy efficiency simultaneously achieve an important reduction in:
(i) Europe’s energy bill (promoting energy competitiveness); (ii) Europe’s energy
8. 8
dependence, and; (iii) the emission of greenhouse gases. It should also be
remembered that in October of 2014 the European Council proposed that energy
efficiency be improved by at least 27% by the year 2030.
Most of the measures considered under the energy efficiency heading achieve
substantial savings. That is, they yield a positive economic balance or “pay for
themselves.” Simultaneously, it is easy to apply most of these energy-efficient
measures, for three reasons: (i) since most can be applied in stages, they require
relatively small investments (unlike many “upstream” measures in economic policy);
(ii) this type of measure is attractive to investors because many of them yield high
returns in the short/medium term, and; (iii) it is easy for users, investors and other
parties to measure their impact.
In this sense, all the characteristics and reasons listed earlier support the thesis
that energy-efficient measure must be chosen based on a cost/investment/profit
analysis of each one of them and how the fit in the system as a whole. For example,
the principal measures will increase energy efficiency in public, private and commercial
buildings (e.g., lighting, air conditioning, insulation), in energy-intensive industrial
processes (for example the repair of engines and stoves and in cogeneration) and
transportation mobility (renewing cars by incorporating new engine technology,
improving collective passenger and merchandise transport by rail). In sum, measures
for energy efficiency not only make costs more competitive (many of them earn
money or “pay for themselves”) but also reduce energy dependence (by at least 10% in
what the European Union imports) and the levels of emissions.
Finally, it should be mentioned that public support for energy efficiency through
adequate regulation (for example, energy regulation in buildings) and incentives (like
tax breaks and favorable financing plans) has been an essential tool in other countries
and has been effective and sustainable in Ireland and Denmark (in residential and
industrial areas) and in Norway and Spain (in mobility and transportation, for example
the PIVE Plans in Spain to stimulate car sales).
9. 9
REVISED STRATEGY FOR RENEWABLES
For years the European Union has been supporting renewable technology, and has
unquestionably become the world’s leading region in promoting this kind of energy, in
line with its ambitious aims to reduce energy dependence and greenhouse gases. At
present in Europe, renewable energy provides a little more than 10% of all primary
energy and 20% of all the electric energy. This commitment was recently reinforced by
the 2030 Climate and Energy Policy Framework and by the new support from the
European Commission for the renewable sector.
In Spain, these new technologies for generating energy are notable, as is their
impact on industry. This is especially true in the case of wind technology: in 2013 it was
the leading source for generating electricity, providing 20.9% per cent of the demand.
On the industrial level, Spain is the world’s third most important exporter of wind
turbines (after Germany and Denmark) and the world’s fifth country in wind generator
patents. In addition, Spain’s high degree of energy dependence makes it even more
necessary to back these local inexhaustible sources like wind, sun and water.
This triple commitment –to reducing energy dependence and CO2 emissions and
supporting a new industrial sector– has benefited from advances in the learning curve
in these technologies. In recent years many of the renewable energy technologies have
reduced their costs. And it is hoped that in coming years they can become more
economically competitive, for several reasons: the technology will improve, supply
chains will be more efficient, and there will be continual improvement in operation
and maintenance and in the internalization of the costs of other technologies. Support
for these sources of energy is thus not only strategic but also increasingly efficient.
In the future, the people responsible for energy policy in Europe and Spain have
to guarantee that this development, along with the increasing price of CO2, results in a
greater development of the most tried and efficient renewable technologies. This will
make it possible to balance the market and boost more competitive entry models of
agents and technologies and the allocation of capacity models (for example,
competitive auctions) depending on the maturity of the technology and its potential
for reducing costs. At the same time, there should be research and development of the
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renewable technologies that seem most promising but which are currently not
technically and economically feasible. And all this should be done within the
framework of R+D.
AN OVERALL VIEW OF NATURAL GAS
In line with recent trends, the demand for natural gas is expected to continue to
increase all over the world, although 80% of this increase will be in countries outside
the OECD. Because of its relatively low CO2 emissions, natural gas is an ideal fuel for
achieving a low-carbon economy. Besides being used in the residential and industrial
sectors, it will continue to play a key role in generating electricity by means of the
combined cycles that are necessary for support in a new model where there is a strong
presence of renewable energies (they represent 25% of this power in Spain).
At present, with the European Union importing two-thirds of the natural gas it
consumes, it is necessary to take steps to reduce this vulnerability. In this sense,
liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be a very important factor in mitigating this uncertain
supply. This gas comes from diverse sources, there are more and more suppliers, and
the supply is flexible. If necessary, or through price arbitrage, it can be diverted to
other markets.
Spain’s unique geographical location, as well as the important role of LNG in its
gas market and network of pipelines, makes the country an important point of entry
for gas from Algeria into Europe. But to make this a reality, it will be necessary to
increase the connection between the Iberian Peninsula and France. At the same time,
the other European countries must increase their capacity to transport and store this
gas if they are to have access to diverse, efficient energy sources.
Besides increasing this interconnection, Spain must create an organized gas
market (hub) like the ones in other countries, where daily and longer-term market gas
prices are published in a transparent way. These price listings will help strengthen the
competitiveness of Spanish companies with regard to their European counterparts.
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OPTIMIZING “TRADITIONAL” FUELS
In a context in which many of the proposed solutions will only be viable over the
middle and long term, it is necessary to reflect on today’s energy sources, which will
continue to dominate the European energy system. According to the International
Energy Agency, in the EU ‘traditional’ fuels will represent almost 61% of the total
primary energy supply in 2030. For this reason it is necessary to analyze in detail the
energy that comes from petroleum (32% of this total primary energy in 2030), coal
(14%) or nuclear power (15%) so as to extract the greatest value from these sources in
the short and middle term.
In this context, it is of great importance to exploit the conventional local
resources in Europe and Spain so as to improve trade balances. To accomplish this,
public administrations and private companies need to increase joint efforts to locate
and assess these resources and strictly enforce environmental requirements so as to
sustainably access and extract their energy.
For its part, energy based on coal will be facing a problematic situation in coming
years. At the present market prices, which are expected to continue in coming years,
the economic margins of the technologies that permit the integration of renewables
are considerably reduced or negative. In order for these technologies to survive and to
attract investment, including the environmental investment required by the Industrial
Emissions Directive (IED), there is the possibility of offering some kind of incentives (for
example: environmental, increase of capacity payment), measures which naturally
should be coordinated with the European Commission. But if the necessary
investments to adapt the coal-fired power plants to the IED emission levels are not
carried out, all the coal production will cease between 2018 and 2023, with a loss in
power that has not been taken into account in current predictions about energy
demand in Spain. If this were to happen, it would be necessary to invest in new power
sources, and the mix of different energy sources would be less robust and diverse,
based almost exclusively on gas and nuclear power.
In the case of nuclear energy, we must consider extending the active life of the
existing plants. Spain’s nuclear plants were built to last some 40 years. But they have
turned out to be very reliable, and there has been continual investment, updating and
improvement. As a result, extending their life would be very efficient economically for
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the system (because the greatest cost was in the initial investment). For this reason,
Spain is considering following the examples of other countries, and extending the life
of these nuclear plants to the age of 60. Naturally, any such extensions are subject to
the approval and terms of the pertinent safety agencies.
DEVELOPING NON-CONVENTIONAL FOSSIL FUELS
By using local non-conventional fuels, it would be possible to do away with imports
and thus reduce energy dependence. While this possibility seems initially attractive, it
would be necessary to overcome a series of barriers with regard to cost
competitiveness. It would also be necessary to inform the general public about the
measures to protect the environment that are involved with these new energy
sources.
The most feasible of these options is shale gas, which has revolutionized the
energy scene in North America. In Europe, it appears that shale gas has considerable
potential, principally in Poland and France, and possibly in Spain. The experts make
widely varying estimates of this potential: it could satisfy anything from 5% to 13% of
the total gas demand in Europe in 2013. In any case, and even while recognizing that
there are doubts about its sustainability over the middle and long term, shale gas could
significantly affect costs, and so it’s an energy source that Europe and Spain should try
to develop.
As might be expected, developing non-conventional fossil fuels at freely
competing market prices demands the right energy policies. In the case of shale gas, it
would be necessary to draft specific regulations (perhaps based on the successful
system in the United States). This would make it possible to develop this energy source
while at the same time assuring that the projects are sustainable and that they provide
adequate environmental protection.
DEVELOPING INTERCONNECTIONS IN EUROPE
Spain is considered an “energy island” –our electrical interconnection is around 3% of
the installed power– and this increases our costs when it comes to receiving a reliable
and sustainable energy supply. At the same time, it prevents Europe from benefitting
from Spain’s unique geographical location (to make use of gas imported from Algeria
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and LNG, or Spain’s renewable sources) and impedes Spain from using more efficiently
that capacity.
In the case of electricity, the interconnection capacity (1.4%) has not increased
in the last 30 years –although by 2015 the new interconnection with France should be
functioning– and is far from achieving the targets recently set by the European Union
(i.e., 10% by 2020 and 15% by 2030). This situation increases costs and volatility in the
Spanish market because we are unable to access nuclear energy from France. At the
same time, it prevents us from exporting our surplus renewable energy at certain
times, which is economically inefficient for the European Union as a whole because
that energy has a marginal cost that is close to zero. In this sense it will be important to
again promote electrical interconnection projects with Europe and seek the protection
of the EU in overcoming opposition to their development.
In the gas sector, the situation seems to be more positive. There are effective
plans to increase the interconnection with France from the current 5.4 bcm to 7.1 bcm
in 2015 by means of the planned enlargement scheduled for Irún; and up to 14.3 bcm
if the Midcat project materializes. (The EU has included it as a Project of Common
Interest). This interconnection, along with development of the hub, could turn the
Iberian Peninsula into an important gateway for gas into Europe, and achieve a more
efficient, transparent and fluid gas market in southern Europe. The development of
these markets, along with more interconnections, would make supply more reliable. In
addition, market exchanges and integration would improve, thus achieving more
unified prices and finally developing an internal gas market that is efficient and
competitive.
These proposals should be executed in a regulatory framework that favors:
1. Stability. In this way, when making decisions all the consumers and companies in
the energy sector would benefit from stability in the legal and regulatory
framework, and from a transparent and predictable process for the future. It would
be possible to avoid the abrupt changes that upset the smooth flow of the market
and discourage investors. To achieve this stability, there should be a pact between
the political parties about energy policy and climate change. This would protect
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structural policies, which require long-term investments, from the recurring
changes caused by political developments.
2. A pro-market, pro-competition vision. In this sense, it is necessary to identify all the
different kinds of subsidies to the sector and to technologies so as to limit their
impact as much as possible, especially those subsidies that distort the markets. If
the government or regulators decide to grant subsidies for different reasons –
whether social, industrial, managerial or environmental– they should do so in a
clear way and minimizing their size, duration and market impact. Likewise, the
general rule for choosing these supports should be based on competitive
procedures, so as to guarantee that they have a minimal impact on energy costs
3. Transparency in Spain and the countries in the European Union. (For example, with
regard to energy costs, taxes and charges, and exemptions from their payment.)
This will be the best way to promote loyal competition, innovation and
competitiveness in global markets.
4. Lower taxes and regulatory burden for all consumers. To achieve this, it is
necessary to consider transferring some of these burdens to the national budget
or reducing or eliminating charges and taxes for all consumers and agents.
We hope these recommendations will be useful for regulators, public
administrations and the public in general when it is time to promote or support
different measures on energy policy.