Essay On Mountaintop Mining And Environmental And Energy...

Essay on Mountaintop Mining and Environmental and Energy...
Mountaintop mining has been practiced in the United States since the 1960s, primarily in the
Appalachian Mountains. The process involves removing all tress from the site, then the topsoil, and
then using explosives to remove the remaining soil and rock to reveal coal. The coal is removed and
processed, and then the mountaintop is "reclaimed" with soil or an appropriate substitute, and
sometimes replanted.6 While mountaintop mining in the Appalachians is only a small percentage of
coal produced by the United States, the issues surrounding it are complex and wide–ranging. Some
of the many issues raised with mountaintop mining are: high unemployment (due to the lessened
man power needed to operate the mining machinery), deforestation, ... Show more content on
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They conduct impact studies, recommend legislation, evaluate regulations and standards, and work
with other branches of the federal government on lawsuits. Recently, they have rejected permits that
would contaminate or destroy water sources, and enacted fines against pollution violators.8,16
Directly in opposition to the EPA's regulation are the coal companies mining in the Appalachians.
Some of the biggest players in the industry are Alpha Natural Resources (formerly known as Massey
Energy), and Consol Energy. Some coal mining companies are more open to higher environmental
standards than others. In West Virginia the non–profit Coal River Mountain Watch is a community
advocate group that work to expose the injustices and hazards of mountaintop mining.6 Also in West
Virginia is the Mountain Party, a political party affiliated with the national Green Party, whose main
platform is to end mountaintop mining.12 A major regulatory player is the West Virginia Department
of Environmental Protection, who issues many of the permits that allow for mountaintop mining and
waste removal practices. The people who live in the Appalachians are a majorly invested group.
They on one hand rely on mining companies for jobs and financial assistance and support (many
bring in medical professionals and other services to communities that otherwise couldn't afford
them), but on the other their very livelihoods are
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The Need to Redress German Dependence on Russia for its...
How would energy diversification away from Russia change the behaviour of Germany to its
Eastern European Partners?
Germany is by a long distance the largest consumer of energy in Europe it is especially reliant on
foreign sources of energy in the form of fossil fuels. 'Germany is the seventh largest consumer of
energy in the world,' (EIA 2013) and because Germany has an insufficient amount of local oil and
gas reserves to fuel its economy it imports most if not all of its gas and oil needs. Germany's central
position and size on the European continent ensures that Germany's relationship with its neighbours
is affected to a large degree by this dependence as 'Oil remains the most significant although
declining energy source in Germany, accounting for 32% in 2010.' (IEA 2012 p.6) Oil is imported to
the country through its pipeline infrastructure and ports. Imports mainly come from Russia, Norway,
the United Kingdom and Holland. Germany is also a huge consumer of Natural Gas imported from
Russia, and Norway through various gas pipeline infrastructures. Because, of Germany's European
Membership and thus its European Energy Community membership its Energy system is deeply
interwoven with its European Allies and from outside this framework also with Russia. Germany's
reliance on the latter for a significant portion of its energy needs is a worrying situation for its
European allies, most specifically in the Eastern European Countries of Poland and Lithuania. The
newly built Nord

The Future of Renewable Energy and RE Policy Mechanisms
Albert Einstein, the famed physicist, once noted that "We can't solve our problems with the same
kind of thinking we used when we created them." Today's world is faced with the dual threats of
climate problems brought on by the use of fossil fuels and the economic challenge caused by the
increasing scarcity and demand for those fossil fuels. It is time for society to look beyond the limited
and dirty fossil fuels as the energy of choice and promote the use of the abundant renewable energy
sources we are endowed with. Because the subsidies to wind and other alternative energies
ultimately generate more income than their initial costs and because we continue to subsidize fossil
fuels, we should modify governmental tax policy to incentivize ... Show more content on
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manufacturing jobs, even in the depths of the recession, ... with over 400 American manufacturing
plants now producing ... all the major turbine components, towers, and blades" (awea.org).
Investments, stimulated by the PTC, have catalyzed advancements in wind technology, lowering the
cost of wind energy installations by 90% since 1990 (Passero 132). With the use of PTC, wind has
proven its competitive position relative to traditional fossil fuels and "provided 26% of all new U.S.
electric capacity in 2010 ... and over the past four years ... more than 35% of all new U.S. electric
capacity" (awea.org). With such dramatic growth, is the PTC still necessary? In order for renewable
energies to compete with the established fossil fuels, the playing field must be level. "The
Congressional Research Service notes that fossil fuel subsidies are ... as old as fossil fuels ... and for
more than 90 years have taken subsidies via generous tax breaks" (awea.org). One recent attempt to
analyze subsidies on all levels pegged "2006 federal fiscal subsidies for energy at nearly $75 billion,
with over 85% of those subsidies going to fossil fuels ($49 billion), nuclear energy ($9 billion), and
ethanol ($6 billion). The remaining $10 billion in federal subsidies were split between the broad
array of renewable energies with wind receiving 3.4%, solar 2.8%, and hydroelectric 2.2%." The
massive subsidies to fossil fuels originate primarily from

India 's Energy Policy Of India
The price of energy is increasing yearly. It is crucial for people to comprehend how every is very
useful to them and how they can prevent it from getting wasted. Energy at home accounting in
Calabasas will grow habitual practice of solutions to conserve the energy efficiency of their homes
at the topmost level. Energy in India defines energy and electricity manufacture, depletion and
importation in India. Energy policy of India designates the politics of India associated with energy.
Electricity segment in India is the central article of electricity in India. At India, The Ministry of
New and Renewable Energy offers data in the form of a yearly report concerning advancement in
the energy area. India is a remaining energy distributor. India was 3rd highest coal producer in 2009.
India carries importations of oil and coal. Energy conservation has arisen as the main policy goal,
and the Energy Conservation Act in 2001, was approved by the Indian Parliament in September of
2001, 35.5% percent of the populace still live deprived of the right to use electricity. This Act
necessitates great energy consumers to stick to energy consumption standards; new constructions to
follow the Energy Conservation Building cipher, and purposes to encounter energy performance
principles and to demonstrate energy depletion labels. The Act also produced the Bureau of Energy
Efficiency to apply the provisions of the Act. In 2015, The Prime Minister, Mr. Modi launched a
plan called Prakash Path

Evolution Of The Uk Energy Policy
Name: Egbo, Kingsley O. Student No: 150432009 SPG8009 Assessment. The Evolution of the UK
Energy Policy The UK government had made concerted efforts over the years in developing a
definite course of action for the Renewable energy industry in the UK in light of changing
conditions of the industry. This was done in order to guide and determine the conditions of
engagement while proposing future directions and decisions. The intentions of these high level
overall plans were to provide clear goals for the relevant stakeholders including, regulators,
generators, suppliers and consumers. The stage for a deeper integration of Renewable Energies in
the UK was set by a number of these policies which has evolved over the years. These policies
however were not delivering maximum efficiency when compared to other policies in other
European countries. For instance, the inefficiency of some of the policy mechanisms when
compared to those obtainable in Germany had been severally argued. The Energy White Paper 2003
was largely a response to the future of the UK Energy industry drawing from the failures of these
past policy implementations. Firstly, I think it was apparent that the previous UK energy policies did
not pay sufficient attention to environmental problems which was quite an unethical standpoint. It
was therefore necessary that a major policy direction of the EWP 2003 was a commitment by the
UK government to invest resources towards meeting national milestone of reducing

Nanosolar Case
Nanosolar, Inc. – Case Solution
Case Problem
Martin Roscheisen, CEO of Nanosolar must decide on the market they are going to focus, whether
it's Europe which has feed–in tariff plans with long term commitment (20 yrs) or jump–start into the
nascent but high potential US market. The other problem plaguing him is the pricing and sales
strategy to be employed. A low–pricing strategy is imperative for the US market as there are many
players in it, as for Europe having a reliable pricing schedule– it's all about pricing vis–a–vis its
major competitor First Solar.
Sales Strategy
The major markets for Nanosolar is going to be Europe and US, and in the long–run they have to go
for the emerging economies which promises immense potential. ... Show more content on
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default market to be targeted by Nanosolar
France
* France is committed to renewable energy source, with the government setting a target of 20% of
all energy source to be renewable by 2020 * There is also a stable feed–in tariff (being backed by
the government for 20 yrs) of $0.42/kWh * Taking into account a 1% (CPI in year 2008) decline
year–on–year, we have an average tariff of $0.38/kWh * But the market size remains small, with a
meagre potential of 300MW by 2011
Italy
* It also has feed–in tariff (modelled on Germany's) of $0.59 for 20 yrs and declining annually at
2% * This makes an average tariff of $0.49/kWh which is higher than the others * Moreover the
market potential is said to reach 3GW by 2016, this market is very lucrative and should definitely be
a potential target
United States Market * The major issue with the US market was the lack of a national framework
for feed–in tariff, but many states has recently come up with their own policy * Florida came up
with a feed–in tariff plan of $0.32/kWh for 20 yrs, but the most significant incentive for the
manufacturers is the 30% tax credit given by the government * This along with other federal support
(such as loans and rebates) provides the much needed push in the high potential market * With the
effect of carbon tax set to increase the cost of other energy sources, solar power will become a more
viable option in the future * Thus even though the short–term

Uncertainties in Energy Policies Essay
Energy policy and plans are laid out with two kinds of objectives viz. Means objectives and Final
objectives. The final objectives are ultimate goals of reducing the negative impacts of climate
change and creating a sustainable human environment that is progressive. The means objectives are
intermediate steps laid out to achieve the final objective. There are three means objectives laid out
by MacKay that are commonly accepted viz. Environment/Safety (human dimension), Energy
security and Economic development. The Environment/Safety involves factors such as Green House
Gases (GHG's), NOx, SOx, ash, Hg, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), Particulate matter
(PM2.5, PM10), Thermal shock, radioactive waste, land use, etc. Energy security ... Show more
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Any such modeling in whole or part requires caution and humility, and the results are specific to the
model and its assumptions. They should not be endowed with a precision and certainty that is
simply impossible to achieve. The chief uncertainties with the impacts of climate change are
ignorance of time factor, technological advances, economics, policy, planning and society. These
include the difficulties of estimating the costs of technologies several decades into the future, as well
as the way in which fossil–fuel prices evolve in the future. It is also hard to know how people will
respond to price changes.
Majority of current data uses time factors of different definitions that make such data hard to relate
from a reference line. For example is it possible to define the pre industrial era levels for health and
longevity of human life compared to current with respect to air pollution levels. Most data uses
probabilistic models to speculate for the variation in time. However, such models involve many
assumptions that inherently have uncertainties.
Technological advancements are hard to predict. The potential for, and costs of, technologies and
measures to cut emissions across different sectors is studied to weigh the impacts. Consider the case
nuclear fusion which is being researched extensively since past 30 years or so but is still elusive at

A Comprehensive Energy Policy Platform For A Candidate...
The following paper is a comprehensive energy policy platform for a candidate running the 2020
presidential election. This candidate is considered to be a centrist when it comes to energy policy.
They have liberal and conservative ideas depending on the issues. Overall, the candidate would like
to instate a plan that preserve American energy independence while also becoming a leader in the
international green energy market. Cutting taxes for green energy companies, instituting a carbon
tax, revitalizing the nuclear energy market and raising CAFE standards for the automotive industry
are the cornerstone pieces of this policy. Long term goals include phasing out all coal plants,
reducing dependence on natural gas, developing affordable ... Show more content on
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To combat this, the candidate would expand nuclear power. The funding for this would come from
cutting fossil energy programs and the revenue generated from the carbon tax. In addition to
creating nuclear reactors, the increased funding will also pay for the uranium to be shipped to
France for regeneration. Creating a nuclear infrastructure is important in regaining public trust in
nuclear power. Without public backing, it is unlikely that the new nuclear plant can get the necessary
permits to be built The new nuclear power plants will all be federally run by the Department of
Energy. The price of the energy will be exactly the breakeven point because there is no incentive for
the government to make a profit because they are funded through taxes. This will keep the prices of
electricity low to satisfy the customers. Regulations will be extremely high to prevent against
disasters and to calm citizens about the dangers of nuclear energy. Based on 2016 estimates from the
EIA, to completely replace coal energy with nuclear alone, 1.24 trillion killowatthours of nuclear
energy will have to be generated. This would equate to roughly 13 new nuclear reactors the size of
the Palo Verde nuclear power plant in Arizona. In reality, more than 13 plants will be needed to save
on

America's Green Revolution Research Paper
America's Green Revolution Bill Nye stated, "Climate change is happening, humans are causing it,
and I think this is perhaps the most serious environmental issue facing us." Humans are not only
causing the climate change that Nye mentioned, but are also destroying the environment by wasting
resources. The world has a serious problem that, if not dealt with right away, will lead to
environmental catastrophe. However some people may ignore this warning from Nye and use the
argument that the United States doesn't need to worry about the environment because more pressing
matters exist. In today's world everyone uses energy and resources to meet their daily needs, but
some of it is wasted unintentionally. The American government and its citizens have the
responsibility to reduce this waste. The American government should adopt and create energy
preserving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As more natural resources are being used, the earth takes longer to rejuvenate itself. Friedman
indicates, "The world also has a problem; It is getting hot, flat, and crowded" (Source C). A world
that is becoming hotter, flatter, and more crowded is hardly a description of a healthy, comfortable
environment for future generations. A national and international movement towards a greener future
would bring people together and provide a powerful basis for offsetting a hotter, flatter, and more
crowded world. Friedman confirms, "America is always at its most powerful and most influential
when it is combing innovation and inspiration, wealth–building and dignity–building, the quest for
big profits and the tackling of big problems" (Source C). Americans as a people must all work
together to create a greener future for the generations to come. The earth's climate and it's
environment is becoming worse, and without the participation of the American people, these two
issues will only increase in

The New Energy Policy Will Focus On The Sun
The new energy policy will focus on the sun, which is a clean unlimited source of energy. The
policy focuses on solar energy, more specifically, utilizing, implementing, and lowering the cost of
photovoltaic panels, solar concentration systems, and wind turbines. Producing electricity through
solar and wind has a positive effect on the environment and the only hurdle for both is cost.
Currently, only 1% of all renewable energy comes from solar energy and 9% comes from wind,
which is a fraction of what is possible considering the abundant amount of energy we receive from
the sun daily. 60% of the budget will be dedicated to solar and the remaining 40% dedicated to
wind. Money will go subsidies, programs, and research and development to ... Show more content
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For wind, its kinetic energy turns rotor blades of the windmill and the rotor turns and shaft
connected to a generator. DC output can be stored in battery or converted to AC and fed into a grid.
Minimum wind speeds are required to produce electricity and the Midwest and offshore areas
provide such conditions (Hinrichs 398). Like most forms of energy, efficient storage is key. Wind is
not constant and money would be put towards research and development to find the most efficient
way to store wind energy. For solar, photovoltaic cells convert the suns energy directly into
electricity. (Hinrchs 375). Photovoltaic cells are made of silicon, which is plentiful. When radiation
hits a cell, electrons are knocked free and this photoelectric effect creates a direct current, which is
converted to an alternating current ("Solar Energy"). For solar concentration systems, mirrors are
manipulated to redirect the sun's rays to heat water. The flashing water creates steam and like other
energy producing plants, the steam is used to turn a turbine. The mechanical energy is then turned
into electrical energy ("How It Works").
Solar and wind production are not subject to the drastic price swings as you would see with fossil
fuels since the source is abundant unlike fossil fuels obtained from foreign sources ("Benefits of
Renewable"). While wind cost 0.04–0.06 cents per kWH, solar cost .25 per kWh to produce

Examples Of Goals For A National Energy Policy
List the major points of view for what our goals for a national energy policy/approach ought to be
represented in the different videos.
Reduce global warming through saving energy
Eliminate addiction to oil and coal by 2050
Invest more in renewable energy equipment, (2010 Wind and Solar cells received a $151 billion
private investment)
Reduce fossil carbon emissions
Renewable energy has the power to solve climate change, nuclear proliferation, energy insecurity,
and energy poverty.
Reducing energy uses and emissions through Liquid metal battery.
Investing in grid level storage
Reward people who save energy, not use it.
Financial incentives and moral suasion don't do much incentivize us. Instead focus on social ...
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The same concept could be used for energy uses, by implementing a tax if your energy use rises
above a certain number per square feet of your house hold and rewarding those who stay within the
threshold.
The problem we face is big corporations. They have invested million dollars in non–renewable
energy sources, and have continued to fight against the renewable energy movement. Amory Lovins,
in his 40–year plan for energy, stated our non–renewable current energy system would have to be
replaced by 2050, costing a total of $6 trillion. It would cost the same amount of money to replace
coal and power plants with wind farms, solar panels, and other renewable energy sources. While
also, maximizing security, saving $5 trillion throughout their life cycle, 158% bigger economy, and
reducing fossil carbon emissions by 82–86%. The federal government offers tax breaks, grants, and
other refunds for switching to more environmental friendly equipment. For the coal and gas industry
to follow suit, there will need to be more of a demand for cleaner energy through electric cars and
other products that don't rely on non–renewable energy sources.
Next, based on what we have seen of the current administration..... address the likelihood that the
sorts of innovations in the TED talks will occur in the next 4 years.
Considering the videos are 4–5 years old, and neither of these topics have become main stream
under the Obama administration, then the likelihood

Essay on Managing Energy Sources
Managing Energy Sources
Project Proposal
In today's world were the rate of world's possessions is deteriorating quickly. There is far added
pressure on the factory managers to construct merchandise in a technique that supply greatest
management of energy. I would like to choose Motkamills for my module project, which happens to
be a paper mill which specialises in producing laminating paper. I have chosen this particular
industry because of the fact, pulp for making paper is extracted from the trees and this is one of the
industries that need high monitoring to be energy efficient. Moreover they need to be environment
friendly as eco–system needs to be in perfect balance for survival of humans.
The use of energy monitoring and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The energy saving process for 50 GPM of reclaimed water would roughly require about 100 to 200
square feet of common production space. Utility requirements would be compressed air. The
estimate for total connected horsepower for the entire process would range from 15 to 20 HP.
The operating and maintenance costs for this process would consist of electric power costs along
with chemical purchases and maintenance costs. The water recycle process would have to be
connected with and electrical load in the range of 15 to 20 horsepower. Based upon the number of
times water recycled associated power requirements an annual cost of $7,500 would be incurred
according to (O'Connor, October2006).
The chemical consumption rates estimated from the test run of this process were found to be very
repetitive. The annual cost for chemicals is based upon the experimental operation expenses
extrapolated to an annual consumption rate. These costs are based upon the specific coagulant and
flocculants needed for the pilot testing. The annual cost is approximated at $16,000. If the fibre is
recovered or dewatered further for disposal and the chemical treatment costs may be discounted as
they are approximately same as to the chemical requirements for the treatment of the fibre and fillers
needed for the waste treatment plant or the recovery of fibre through alternate technologies.
According to (O'Connor, October2006) the maintenance

The Energy Policy Act Of 2005
The Unites States of America is the single largest power consuming nation on earth.
Since the gasoline and fuel oil shortages of the 1970's, the topic of renewable energy has been high
on the agenda of politicians and environmentalists alike. The search for clean, renewable energy was
deemed to be in the public interest, so the US Government stepped into the fight with research
grants and financial aid for private companies in order to jump start clean energy industries here in
the United States. Companies specializing in clean energy solutions using wind, solar, geothermal,
and even ocean wave energy harvesting technology have sprung up, looking for their share of
Government money offered by the Department of Energy under the ... Show more content on
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Sounds simple, right? What could go wrong? The answer: plenty!
After the company was founded in 2005, Solyndra raised $450 million from private investors by
2008. It then applied for a loan from the US Government in 2008 under the Energy
Policy Act of 2005. The Bush Administration turned them down in January, 2009 just days before
leaving office, citing the fact that there had not been an independent market study on the feasibility
of what they were proposing. In March of 2009 after Obama took office, his
Administration hastily reopened discussions with Solyndra and the chase was on. Obama
Administration officials pushed the Solyndra deal through despite the grave concerns from
Government watchdog agencies and financial advisers. They arranged a political photo op for
President Obama to visit Solyndra in May 2010 to announce Solyndra's partnership with the US
Government in providing clean energy, as promised while he was on the campaign trail.
Unknown to US Taxpayers, the partnership was fatally flawed from the start and was doomed to
fail. All of the usual Government oversight process was circumvented by the Obama
Administration in order to drive the deal through without all of the normal checks and balances.
The President was keen to have his Green Energy policy kicked off, ready or not, for purely political
reasons. There were those in the Administration who knew that Solyndra would not
succeed,

Motives of the Renewable Energy Policies in Resource Rich...
This section will focus on the motivators of oil rich countries in the renewable energy field.
Renewable energy can be defined simply as energy that comes from resources which are continually
replenished by a period of time. From this simple definition it could be expected that use and
introduction of renewable energy projects emerge and are promoted by countries with shortage of
non–renewable sources and/or under a high risk of environmental degradation caused by those
sources. Also it could be said that environmental awareness is higher in democratic countries with
the accountability of the governing bodies, freedom of speech, press and etc. But especially in the
last decade investments in the renewable energy projects significantly increased in oil rich countries.
The need for proliferation of renewable energy projects could be seen as in almost all of the
scholars' ideas in the field of environmental studies. Schindewolf and Böddeker (2010) are
addressed this need by elaborating different aspects of the issue. CO2 avoidance in terms of global
warming threat consists the main reason of renewable energy projects for sure. Although current
scientific facts shows that climate change is far closer than the known fossil fuel reserves are gone,
according to Schindewolf and Böddeker another fundamental reason is the finiteness of fossil fuels.
Which renewable energy projects are being implemented and planned to take part in oil rich
countries could carry a torch for

Description Of Microsoft Energy Policy
Description of Microsoft Energy Policy
Microsoft in May 2012 made a commitment to go carbon neutral. The goal is to achieve zero
emissions for their data centres, software development labs, offices, and employee business air
travel in over 100 countries around the world. To achieve this goal, they have implemented an
internal carbon fee policy that places a price on carbon used by the business. This is to drive energy
efficiency, increase the use of renewable energy, thus meeting their goal of reducing their
environmental impact.
Reducing air travel
Key metric: They evaluate a target based on air travel miles per employee.
They are increasing their use of Microsoft collaboration technology as an alternative to travelling for
meetings. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Employees are encouraged to examine low–cost alternatives, such as using Lync.
For a richer and more lifelike virtual meeting experience, Microsoft has also invested in
Telepresence rooms in major business hubs such as Seattle, Reading, Beijing, and Hyderabad. These
rooms can provide the feel of a face–to–face meeting without the cost and time lost due to travel.
There is no cost to the business user to use Telepresence rooms.
Since 2007, increased use of their collaboration products and operational control measures has
helped reduce their carbon footprint from air travel by more than 30,000 metric tons.
Strategic Goal 2
Being green
Microsoft is committed to increasing their purchase of renewable energy and reducing waste and
water use.
Investing in renewable energy and offset projects
Emissions associated with electricity consumption represent a significant portion of their
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Their cloud services will reduce the net energy used as they
absorb computational workloads from less efficient sources. As Microsoft becomes an increasingly
more energy intensive company it is essential that they take measures to reduce the emissions
impact of this energy intensity. They recognise that they will need to look to industry expertise and
research to ensure that they are using the best technology and strategies available.
While the first step is to reduce their consumption through energy conservation and efficiency

Our National Energy Policy
So how much energy did you use today? Probably you have little or no idea. You are not alone.
Unfortunately, this is just one of many resource–related questions that require our attention yet
receive little of it. Others include: Which energy sources did you use?; What was the price of the
energy per kilowatt–hour produced?; Where did this energy originate from both geologically and
geopolitically?; Is the energy source that you used exhaustible?; What social and ecological damage
can result from the use of this energy source and how does this compare with other available ones?
All of these questions require our attention if we are going to contribute to the dialogue concerning
our national energy policy.
You might recognize that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
reserves are relatively small (~3%) compared to the world's total. Our President and his cabinet are
making some very important decisions right now concerning the energy future of our county and it
is essential that the public becomes informed about oil for our representative democracy to operate
effectively.
Let's look at our nation's energy consumption for a moment. Currently we consume nearly
100,000,000,000,000,000 BTUs per year. Wow! In technical terms, a BTU (the abbreviation for
British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat needed to raise one pound of 39? F water to 40? F.
Burning one gallon of gasoline produces roughly 123,000 BTUs. So if we only used oil to provide
the energy that we consume in just one year, we would need 812,000,000,000 gallons. This amount
of oil translates to over 900,000 Olympic sized swimming pools. Actually, the citizens of the U.S.
only get 39% of their energy from oil–equivalent to 350,000 such pools. The rest of our energy
comes from the following sources (in 1998): coal (23%), natural gas (23%), nuclear (8%),
hydroelectric (4%), and biomass (3%). (Hinrichs & Kleinbach) (Notice that we currently get
practically none, percentagewise, from wind, solar, or hydrogen.) Since oil (or petroleum to be more
precise) is the most widely used energy source currently in the U.S. and in the world, a closer
examination of this material will

Energy Policy
Module Handbook – 2013 Programme: University of Plymouth BSc Oil and Gas Management
Module Title: International Energy Policy Level: 5 Credits: 15 Delivery Period: February – May
2013 Total Study Time: 150 hours, comprising 40 classroom hours and 110 hours of personal study.
|Module Leader: |Dr Cassandra Martinez–King | |Module Leader's Contact Hours: |Please refer to
the timetable | |Module Leader's Phone number: | ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive/intellectual skills: ability to synthesise information and analyse issues affecting oil and
gas policies across the world. Key/Transferable skills: demonstrate the ability to manage a range of
information affecting world energy problems and sources of proffered solutions to those issues
elicited. Practical skills: ability to operate in situation of varying complexity which entails the use of
a variety of techniques and methodologies. 4. Teaching and Learning Methods Lectures and tutorials
will provide a solid foundation for learning but you are expected to participate in private study and
reading of your own without being directed explicitly. You should read the required reading material
at your own pace but be aware that extra reading may be issued to you during the semester. You are
also expected to find your own additional reading material, particularly for the purposes of the
assignment. The weekly sessions will provide academic and practice–based information. Tutorial
Questions will be given to the students in the lectures and/or at the end of each lecture. During
tutorials students will be expected to present, discuss and critically evaluate all aspects of the topic
in question. An active, participatory approach is expected. As a general guide, a formal lecture will
present a particular theme each week

The Future Energy Policy Of Denmark
Abstract: This report describes the future energy policy of Denmark and how these future
technologies could also be adopted by India. It also contains the geographical, social, political and
ecological aspects of the future technologies chosen and look at the future potential of the projects
being developed and how these future technologies and projects would prove useful for both the
people and the climate.
Keywords: Wind, Wave, Biomass, future, technologies, energy, projects, fossil fuels.
I. Introduction
Denmark is a stable country economically and has a population of 5.6 million. Denmark is present
in the north of Europe and has large coal and natural gas reserves in the North Sea. The present
energy situation is that the electricity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two of the biggest wind energy companies in the world are in Denmark named Vestas and Siemens
Wind Power and contributed a lot to the energy sector of Denmark. Nearly 33% of the energy
consumption in Denmark is through wind energy[3] and according to the latest energy strategy
Denmark plans to increase this percentage to 50% by 2020[4] which would lead to 40% reduction in
CO2 emissions as compared to 1990.
Onshore wind in Denmark is around 4.9–5.6 m/s at a height of 50m while offshore wind is around
8.5–9.0 m/s at 50m height[5]. Onshore wind technology is almost two times less expensive than
installing offshore wind and is the cheapest form of renewable energy and the most mature
technology in the renewable industry. Denmark are one of the few countries that are exporting wind
energy to their neighboring countries which helps them because whenever there is no wind they can
run on the electricity provided by the neighboring countries(Germany Sweden Norway) and
similarly they can also provide electricity to their neighbors whenever there is more energy
production.
The present installed wind capacity is 4,855MW and provide almost 6.6TWh of energy[6]. The
significant increase in the installed capacity is mainly because of the offshore power plants like
HornsRev 2, Rodsand 2 and Anholt wind farm which shows that despite the offshore technology
being more expensive Denmark is still investing in this technology which shows acceptance from
both

How The Energy Policy Act ( 2005 )
The present midterm exam has as purpose to evaluate, comparing and contrasting how the Energy
Policy Act (2005) got passed and signed, using as a guidance Kingdon (1995) and Smiths &
Larimer's (2013) concepts about agenda setting and decision making in public policy.
According Kingdon (1995) governmental agenda is a "list of subjects to which officials are paying
some serious attention at any given time" (Kingdon, 1995, pg. 196). Smith & Larimer (2013) use a
definition presented by Jones and Baumgartner (2005) that explain agenda setting as "the process by
which information is prioritizes for action, and attention allocated to some problems rather than
others" (Smith & Larimer, 2013, pg.74). Both have similar definitions, however, Kingdon ... Show
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The Energy Policy Act (EPA) of 2005 got pass by the U.S. Congress on July 29, 2005 and was
signed by President George W. Bush on August 8, 2005. This Act addresses energy production in
United States as an effort to overcome energy problems by providing loan guarantees and tax
incentives for entities that develop or use innovative technologies that avoid the production of
greenhouse gases.
How a problem gains government attention and how agenda setting is defined
According Kingdon (1995) agenda setting is determined by a combination of problems, politics and
visible participants.
Problems, is featured by Kingdon (1995) as a condition that needs solution by government to be
changed. He argues that indicators are used to assess the magnitude of the condition and focusing in
events can draw the attention to some conditions more than others cooperating for them to become a
problem. He also contends that recognition that a condition became a problem is critical because it
is necessary to be connected to an important issue.
In Kingdon assessment, politics have an important role, because "independently of problem
recognition or the development of policy proposals, political events flow along according to their
own dynamics and their own rules."(Kingdon, 1995, pg. 197). He affirms that new administration
can change agendas and makes attention to subjects that were not established

Solar Energy Technology And Its Policies
Solar Energy Technology and its Policies
Increased energy consumption in the world today is a growing concern. Most of the energy
consumption today comes from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels mainly consist of oil, coal, and natural gas
as the most commonly used ones. These products are non–renewable sources meaning that one day
it will be all used up. But the issues with fossil fuels extend past its eventual finish, the burning of
them leads to greenhouse gas emissions and in non–producing countries there is a higher
dependency on imports most especially from politically unstable countries who export them. With
all the problems fossil fuels bring, the world is trying to find a cleaner and more efficient way of
generating energy. That has been partially accomplished with the use of renewable sources such as
wind, biofuels, solar, nuclear and the list goes on. In this paper, I am going to concentrate more on
solar energy. Solar is the Latin word for sun therefore, solar energy means energy from the sun.
Amongst the different renewable sources, solar is one the least used sources in energy production.
Figure 1: Solar Panel Array
Solar is the Latin word for sun therefore, solar energy means energy from the sun. The main
equipment used for converting sunlight into electricity is the solar panel. The solar panel is made
from solar cells also called photovoltaic (PV) cells. The name is derived from the process of
converting light (photons) to electricity (voltage) which is known as

Speed Control of Linear Induction Motor Essay
Executive Summary
VVVF drives used to control the speed of LIM, many industrial automation worldwide such as
Trains drives, Automatic Screen Door, Moving Walkway, Lift and Escalator, etc., varying the speed
of the drive may save energy compared with other techniques for flow control.
This mid–term report prepared for detailing how to design and build the structure of LabVIEW
simulation for speed control of Linear induction motor and explaining the characteristic of V/F
Speed control for Induction motor obtain the data by LabVIEW.
The design and build of simulation has two parts, part one is simulation of LED indicator for motor
speed recognize and part 2 is simulation of V/F speed control of Linear induction motor. Firstly,
design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the relevant equipment for interior of MTR Station to dredge the passengers crowd was
important. Wherein the many equipment of Industrial Automation worldwide were used the V/F
Speed Control of Linear Induction Motor which the Trains themselves, Automatic Screen Door,
Moving Walkway, Lift and Escalator etc. Moreover, the MTR would also produce energy in a much
cleaner, more energy saving, and more sustainable manner. The neglect of this energy source is
restricting the MTR from increasing its sustainability and accessibility.
Literature search
Methods of Achieving Sustainability In this project suggests several ways to make the system more
sustainable. (Variable speed appliance for energy saving included curtain pullers, trains themselves,
automatic screen door, moving walkway, lift and escalator, compressors and pumps, catapults and
launchers.) There are many discussed with respect to their "Efficiency of use and Conservation".
These are defined as follows:
 Conservation: Changing policy and/or processes of the MTR system so that it requires less energy
to operate.
 Efficiency of Use: Changing the nature of technologies within the MTR so that they require less
energy to operate. While both these approaches are valid ways of increasing sustainability, it is
important to tackle the problem of sustainability from numerous angles. It can be assumed that
developments will be made to achieve both conservation and high

Renewable And Alternative Energy Policies
When discussing renewable or alternative energy policies, common ideas such as more solar and
wind come to mind foremost without or with little thought when you hear renewable or alternative
energies. However, policies for these can be quite alarming to someone who does not work or study
the field. With Pennsylvania deregulating their the electricity sector in late 1996, alternative energies
were certainly not the first thing when it came to their minds when trying to reduce their ever
increasing electricity bills. Deregulation brought many ways for Pennsylvania to reduce costs, with
still many more questions to be answered and in 2004, when the Alternative Energy Portfolio
Standards Act was passed, it was not just up to the Pennsylvania ... Show more content on
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However it is not until 2007 where AEPS's timetable for the next fifteen years for a progression to
hit their desired targets for renewable energies (State Impact). As it stands, PUC's standards involve
roughly an eighteen percent alternative energy resources by the year 2020–2021 (DSIRE). In that
eighteen percent, eight percent should be comprised of tier one energies, which includes "solar,
wind, biomass, anaerobic decomposition, geothermal, ocean, fuel cells powered through renewables,
small hydro, poultry–litter incineration facilities, waste–to–energy facilities" (Energy.Gov) and ten
percent to be tier two energy usually, "black liquor, blast furnace gas, distribution generation, hydro,
municipal solid waste, other caste, waste coal, waste heat, wood/wood wastes solids" (PUC 2013
Annual Report). Now standards and compliance are just numbers, and not truly indicative of
Pennsylvania's utility companies can keep up with them. In PUC's 2013 annual report, all standards
are in compliance to their requirements for the 2013 year (PUC 4). That means of the seventeen
qualified generating facilities, each are in compliance to their quarterly adjustments towards the goal
of 18% alternative energies. For those adjustments, PUC uses the formula:
"Non–solar PV Tier I % = New Tier I MWh generation/Electric Distribution Companies (EDC) and
Electric Generation

Economic Significance Of Renewable Energy Policy
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY
OF GUJARAT'S SOLAR POLICY
I. Introduction
The transition to a greener energy regime in India is driven by both external factors, like energy
prices, market developments, political culture and the emphasis on climate change, as well as by
internal factors like the goal to achieve long term energy security and the need for enhancing access
to energy. The early emphasis on renewable energy in India was primarily on the wake of energy
security concerns mooted during the global oil crisis around 1970s. Commission of Additional
Sources of Energy (CASE) in 1981 was set up by Government of India (GoI) as one of the early
response to such a crisis. CASE was transformed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is argued that policy reforms initiated during the past two decades have transformed India's energy
sector from a predominantly government owned system to a system largely driven by market
elements. This is also evident in the case of renewable energy where the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) identifies the development of renewable energy in India across various
phases: 1970s as research phase, 1980s as demonstration phase and 1990s onwards as
commercialization phase with greater participation of private sector entities.
The renewable sources of power in India still constitute a small portion of the entire power
production of the country, with the total installed capacity of 32,000 MW (which is about 12% of the
total installed capacity). Out of the total installed capacity, solar energy constitutes about 10 %
(3200 MW). The solar potential of the country is huge. It is estimated that about 12.5 % of India's
landmass, which is about 413,000 square kilometers, can be exploited to harness solar energy. The
country on an average enjoys 300 sunny days with an average hourly solar radiation of about 200
MW/square kilometer. The major recent initiative in the solar space is the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission (JNNSM) launched in 2010 by the Central

Europe 's Dependence On Russia
Europe faces a number of challenges when addressing its future energy needs. Increasing global
demand and competition for energy resources, instability in energy producing regions such as the
Middle East, and a population increasingly concerned with climate change are all challenges facing
Europe. As a result, energy security has become a critical issue for the European Union (EU).
To address some of these issues, Europe has turned to natural gas. Collectively, Europe is a major
importer of natural gas, and Russia is one of Europe's most important natural gas suppliers. Natural
gas consumption in Europe is going to continue to grow, especially as climate change issues become
more prominent. Yet, domestic natural gas production is likely ... Show more content on
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to export LNG the European Union, specifically Germany, as a way to replace Russian natural gas
in a time of crisis? If so, would either party need to build out infrastructure to accommodate U.S.
LNG exports? What effect would U.S. LNG exports have on global natural gas supplies and prices?
The remainder of this paper will be structured as follows. The first section will outline Europe's, and
more specifically Germany's, natural gas needs and how much U.S. LNG would need to be exported
to replace German imports of Russian natural gas. Following that, a review of the current European
capacity and infrastructure will show that the E.U. could receive U.S. LNG in a crisis. After that, I
will examine the U.S.' LNG infrastructure and export policy. I will argue that the problem with U.S.
LNG exports to Europe is not due to a lack of capacity or infrastructure, but rather dated export
policy. To be effective in providing energy security to the E.U. in a crisis, the U.S. will need to make
policy changes. Finally, given that the U.S. will soon begin exporting LNG, the last section will
analyze what effect U.S. exports will have on the global natural gas supply and the effect of non–
crisis European demand for Russian natural gas.
European Natural Gas Needs
First, how much natural gas does Europe import from Russia? European dependence on gas varies
by country. In 2013, roughly 33 percent of Italy's energy needs are met with imported natural gas,
and Germany was

Renewable Energy Policies Operating At The Level Of The...
The world today, as we know it, acknowledges the impact of the carbon emission on the surrounding
environment with devastating effects such as global warming, rise of the ocean levels and
destruction of animal and vegetal life. Therefore, it started shifting towards more green sources of
energy such as renewable energy, ones that are more sustainable and more friendly to the
environment. European Union, one of the most advanced democratic models of our time, is one of
the key players at the global level which understands the need for this change in perspective and
constantly advocates for more elaborate policies and joined plans of action. The aim of this essay is
to analyse the three main renewable energy policies operating at the level ... Show more content on
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The feed–in tariffs could be explained simply by taking the cost of a particular system, dividing that
figure by the number of kilowatt/hours that the system can reasonably be expected to generate over
its service life (generally 20 years), and the result is the cost of that system per kilowatt–hour. Now,
tack on whatever return on investment (ROI) is desired, and a feed–in tariff had been obtained. This
approach allows a distinction to be made not only between different renewables technologies (solar,
wind, etc), but also between different system sizes. As an example a big wind farm will undoubtedly
produce more energy than the power collected from a certain amount of solar rooftops. With
offering different feed–in tariffs for various system sizes, one can ensure the economic viability of
the various applications, thereby preventing windfall profits for large projects.
1.2. Secondly, in the coming decades, the trend of liberalising energy markets will have to be
combined with ambitious environmental goals within the European Union (EU). Currently
prevailing incentive schemes (such as trade in tariffs) for renewable energy might not be in line with
liberalisation of international energy markets. A good example might be the disadvantage that an
operator which is situated near a greater renewable energy potential area, having to accept all the
renewable

RIN Paper
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 established what is the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS). The RFS
was later modified by means of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and is now as we
know it today. The purpose of the RFS is to form the requirement of specified volumes of renewable
fuel to be used for certain means each year. Those means include transportation fuel, home heating
oil, and jet fuel. The creation of the RFS allows for fuel to be distributed and used properly without
there being any issues. Having this standard establishes a system that creates fair allocation and
dispersal for fuel in all facets. Requirements are also put in place to enable a secure process for
managing the fuel. A major component for the RFS ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second value proposition for a RIN would be if the obligation exceeds the ability to place the
product in the market. This is not the case today as 90% of the fuel in the US continues to be
gasoline which could be blended with ethanol. The problem is that the petroleum industry simply
chooses not to blend above 10% ethanol volume in gasoline. A 15% ethanol blend, or E15, is a legal
fuel approved by EPA for approximately 75% of the cars on the road today and could easily be
offered to consumers. In addition, there are 14 million flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) on the road today
that can use up to 85% ethanol. Even a modest increase in market penetration of E85 would absorb
more ethanol than is required under the entire RFS program, thus relegating RINs to worthless
status." Due to the large profit the petroleum industry was making and the effect it had on the
credibility of RFS, the oil industry decided not to blend ethanol in volumes above 10 percent. As a
result, the price of RINs was increased significantly.
The RIN crisis was controversy and displeasure gear towards the petroleum industry, but it was also
self–inflicted. The requirement for renewable fuel was passed quickly and overwhelmingly to ensure
the petroleum industry had no way of benefiting in such a negative manner again. The oil industry
now has complete and total control of the market and there hasn't been any major issues with RINs
since

Energy Policy Act
In this final assignment for Environmental Policy, Regulation, and Law, I will discuss the Energy
Policy Act. This discussion will be geared toward the current usage of renewable energy with
reference to the incentives created in the Energy Policy Act. The introduction into this topic will
include a brief synopsis of the act's history. Following the history of the Energy Policy Act, there
will be a discussion and argument for the act and its present incentives for the use of renewable
energy sources. In conclusion, the expected future of the Energy Policy Act and the closing
argument for its regulation will be covered. Introduction and History of Energy Policy Act
The Energy Policy Act of 1992 was amended in 2005 and 2009. In general, the act addresses
production associated with energy with in the United States which include, renewable energy,
energy efficiency, oil and gas, coal, Tribal energy, vehicles and motor fuels, hydrogen, nuclear
matters and security (Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). In addition, the act also covers
electricity, energy tax incentives, climate technology, hydropower and geothermal energy
(Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). In regards to the Act, a renewable energy system is
defined in the as a connection with a residence that transmits or uses solar energy or energy derived
from geothermal deposits, biomass or any other form of renewable energy which the secretary
stipulates within regulation (Environmental Protection

The At The Arena Of Energy Policy
Introduction: Building off observations of political structure and derived stability in the previous
paper I will, in this paper, apply lessons learned to the arena of energy policy in both Sweden and
South Korea. South Korea and Sweden present the interesting similarity of both being net importers
of energy resources and for that reason both having the real incentive of formulating some system of
energy self–sufficiency to protect them from the dangers inherent to having an economy dependent
on the imports from another country. I will begin with outlining the energy issues and subsequent
policies being addressed in each country, followed by an in–depth examination on how the political
structure of each country has affected the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sweden: Sweden 's push for energy self–sufficiency began with a public demand for
environmentally friendly sources of energy post–World War II. Environmental issues such as acid
rain and hydroelectric ecological destruction resulted in a slew of renewable energy subsidies and
public investments in the 60 's and 70 's (Silveria, 2002). As seen in the prior study of the countries
unicameral legislative reform, it was also this time when Sweden dissolved its formally bicameral
legislature in favor of a less rigid unicameral system. During this time, post–1973, Sweden saw a
large uptick in the number of bills being passed, included in this was transitory legislation for the
promotion of energy self–sufficiency in Sweden (Congelton, 2003). As seen in Fig 1.1, this 1970 's
push for environmental protection greatly increased the countries reliance on the development of
nuclear energy for a replacement baseline source of energy production in the country. In recent years
the energy focus has shifted from nuclear towards the development of solar and wind infrastructure,
development which ,due to the high cost of primary investment, requires government subsidies to
sustain. In modern days Sweden 's focus on the development of renewable energy can be traced to
both ideological and economic roots, its current minority coalition government is comprised in large
part of the green party and it 's

National Subnational Integration On Energy And Climate...
LITERATURE REVIEW
National–Subnational Integration on Energy and Climate Change Policies
Case: Rajasthan
Guide
Dr. Minal Pathak
SONALI VYAS
PP0009713
M.Plan II yr.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 2
1.1 Background of the study 2
1.2 Rationale and Justification 3
1.3 Objectives 5
1.4 Research Questions 5
1.5 Scope 5
1.6 Methodology 5
2 Literature Review 6
2.1 Defining policy integration 6
2.2 Governance in India 7
2.3 Policy Instruments in India 8
2.4 Stakeholders in Energy Sector 11
2.5 Global Practices 11
3 Energy Sector in India 14
Reference 16
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
India like all the developing countries is faced with sustaining its rapid economic growth while

dealing with global threat of climate change. A warming trend is projected for all the four regions
under focus by INCCA. It is indicated that the annual mean surface air temperature may rise from
1.7°C to 2°C by 2030's. To counter that reducing emissions and increasing energy efficiency are
recurring themes in India's development philosophy which reflects in our policies, missions/
programmes at national, state and local level.
Rapidly increasing energy demand and growing concern about economic and environmental
consequences call for effective and thorough energy governance in India. (Ahn & Gracyzk, 2012)
To understand the dynamics of the energy policy framework governing India's energy sector, it is
essential to comprehend the policy objectives and context in

Canada 's Energy Policy Should Be Beneficial
Canada is one of the biggest energy producer in the world. Currently Canada is ranked 5th in
regards to its production of energy in the world. Canada's energy policy, should revolve around the
natural resources and their optimum use to produce cheap and clean energy, which should be
environmental friendly. Our policy should be beneficial for all the Canadians living in different parts
of the country and that the policy should not discriminate among the provinces. Canada is also the
biggest consumer of the energy in the world, as it consume most of energy per capita because of the
extreme weather conditions that it face. We need to keep ourselves warm and need to transport
goods and people from one place to another. Canada 's energy policy should be sound and
aggressive and be comprehensive. Generally world energy is produced using the fossil fuel, whereas
in Canada we have adequate alternative energy resources such as wind power, tidal power, solar
energy, hydro power and nuclear energy. Our energy policy should be developed to explore these
resources.
Our current state of energy resources are reliable, we use natural gas oil hydro, coal and nuclear
power to produce energy. Canada 's current energy resources can be divided into renewable and
non–renewable resources. The renewable resources includes hydro, wind, solar, biomass, tidal
power. Whereas non–renewable resources include oil, gas, coal and other fossil fuels. Canada 's
unique geographic location and its harsh

Policy Brief On Sustainable Energy And Green Industry...
Policy brief on sustainable energy/green industry Puerto Rico
Purpose section
According to United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) the term green
industry is defined as an industry that ensures sustainable and viable future with no harm on our
environment (UNIDO 2016). In Puerto Rico, manufacturing industry accounts for about 46.3
percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This indicates that Puerto Rico is highly dependent on
different manufacturing industries for its revenue. Similarly, according to Puerto Rico 2015 profile,
about four–fifth of the energy comes from petroleum products which fuels largely transportation,
electricity generation and manufacturing industries. In 2015, it was found that 51 percent of the ...
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Peurto Rico still rely heavily on petroleum products for energy and spends millions of dollar to
import refined petroleum products. In order to reduce import of petroleum products and increase
internal revenue, the government need to implement a policy which not only supports innovation but
also look for energy source which is green and sustainable.
Background
As population and industrial development grow in Puerto Rico island, the demand for energy
increases leading to proportionate increase in import of fossil fuel such as petroleum products. In
Puerto Rico, the use of petroleum products started after agriculture became minor sector in 1940.
From 1940s, manufacturing industries grew gradually and the use of different kind energy sources
started. Although use of other energy sources such as natural gas, coal, electricity, renewable energy
has picked up in last decade, there is still heavy reliance on petroleum products. On the other hand,
generation of energy from renewable energy sources are comparatively at low in Puerto Rico which
accounts only 2 percent of total energy use. Therefore, Puerto Rico need to invest more on
renewable energy sources such as wind, solar.
Current situation
Although the Island state initiated strong incentives for the manufacture of renewable energy
equipment in 2008 and passed legislation to cut back dependence on fossil fuels, the Island state was
unable to implement because of lack the funds and capacity to

Types Of Re Policies On The Growth Of Renewable Energy...
Chapter 3– Comparison of RE policies
This chapter will examine the available literature on policies used to encourage the growth of
renewable energy sources and technologies. A wide variety of policies have been introduced around
the world with differing levels of success. This chapter will look at some of them and discuss
whether Scotland should adopt, intensify or even abandon each one.
Research and Development support
Although the majority of research and development funding is generally supplied by the private
sector, many countries do employ programs that help to support it.
There are several reasons why such programs may be necessary in order to encourage research and
innovation. It may simply be that private investors may have ... Show more content on
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This highlights the need for government support especially among the less mature technologies. Due
to the unpredictable returns from each project the literature suggests that the government should
diversify support for research. "In a situation where failure is more likely than success, but the
successes will have great social value, government can bear the costs of a diversified R&D portfolio
more easily than any one private firm."(Popp, 2010)
The Scottish government offers various schemes to encourage renewable R&D. Firstly there is the
Energy Technology Partnership, which is an alliance between 12 Scottish universities who are
engaged in energy research. It is the largest partnership of its kind in Europe and is funded to carry
out research, exchange knowledge, offer discounted courses on areas of the energy sector and to
improve links within the industry.
Scottish Enterprise through its Renewable Energy Investment Fund also offers various loans and
grants to eligible projects. In addition the Saltire prize was introduced to Scotland in 2008 in an
attempt to encourage wave and tidal energy research and development. It is a ten million pound
prize that is open to any individual or team from across the world. To win you must generate the
most electricity (a minimum of 100 GWh) over a continuous two year period using only

Policies Governing Renewable Energy Technology Case Study
Policy The Policies governing Renewable Energy technology projects are governed by a number of
acts: BC Provincial Permitting The Geothermal act and it's three sections: Regulations, tenures and
General Regulations, Govern the various aspects of this projects operations such as: Land Tenures,
permits, Leases, Licensing, exploration and environmental impact. [1] An Environmental
assessment process is required for projects that produce more the 50 MWatts of power. Forest,
Range, Road Authorizations and Permits/Tenures: for cutting down of trees for use or space.
Archaeology Assessment: Permits required under Heritage Conservation act to alter a heritage site
or object. Water Management and Licensing Water licenses are needed for power ... Show more
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Interest of Individual First Nations Members: "Under the Indian Act, individual members of a First
Nation may be given the right to use and occupy a parcel of reserve land..... Once approved, the
individual allotment holder has "lawful possession" of a parcel of land and may be issued a
Certificate of Possession as evidence of their right. An individual ....... may lease the allotment to a
third party, ..... All these transfers of individual allotments must be approved by the Minister. Non–
members of a First Nation cannot hold "lawful possession" of reserve lands. Under the Indian Act,
non–members can obtain rights to use or occupy reserve land by entering into leases or acquiring
permits or licenses. Leases, permits, and licences must be approved by the Band Council and the
Minister and are issued by AANDC. Leases The Minister issues leases to non–band members.
Leases are issued on behalf of the First Nation or individuals holding Certificates of Possession, and
must comply with all federal laws and First Nation by–laws. First Nations Land Management The
First Nation Land Management regime provides certain First Nations with powers to manage their
reserve land and resources under their own land codes. The sections of the Indian Act dealing with
land, resources and

Personal Intellectual Interests Within Academic Majors
Specific personal intellectual interests within their academic majors.
I chose to major in nuclear engineering here at the Naval Academy. I'm really excited to pursue a
career in the field of nuclear engineering and hopefully make advances in the multifaceted field of
nuclear engineering and power. Specifically, if given the opportunity, I would like to pursue
questions concerning radiation shielding possibly for space applications or materials that could be
used to better safeguard against nuclear fallout after an explosion for application in the construction
of military vehicles to protect the occupants of the vehicle. I am confident that I will be able to
narrow my research to a clearly defined research topic that has real–world application use as I
continue studying nuclear engineering.
Exceptional perseverance, tenacity or "grit" in pursuit of excellence.
*Not sure what to right here other than talking about trying to maintain good grades
Broad interests and natural curiosity.
While my major at the Academy is nuclear engineering, I would like to broaden my education in
such a way that would allow me to focus on more than nuclear engineering and research. I desire to
be able to have the opportunity to induce change in nuclear policy. Nuclear policy goes beyond
military capabilities and research funding. I believe that it is crucial for better implementation of
systems of safety for the civilian sector producing nuclear power in order to

International Energy Policy ( Iea )
International Energy Policy (IEA) The International Energy Agency (IEA) was created in 1974, its
command is to endorse energy security between 28 member countries. The aim is to ensure
sufficient, secure and sustainable energy among the countries, each country is oblige to hold oil
stock equivalent to 90 days. The IEA targets include some of the following objectives: To promote
sustainable energy policies for economic growth and environment protection, reduce greenhouse gas
emission that contributes to climate change. To support renewable energy to secure future energy
supplies and to alleviate environmental impact, through low carbon technology and improved
energy efficiency. To find solutions for the global energy challenges ... Show more content on
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The World Energy Resources (WEC) confirms that the main fossil fuels coal, oil and natural gas are
plentiful and will last for decades to come. According to BP's latest energy outlook that was
published, the growth in unconventional energy resources including US shale oil and gas, Canadian
oil sands and the Brazilian deepwater, this would lead the western hemisphere become totally
energy self sufficient in two decades. The report states that the volume of oil and gas imports in the
US would fall dramatically compared to the 1990s level of imports. This is due to a large rising in
domestic shale oil production and ethanol replacing crude. It also states that the USA would also
become a net exporter of natural gas, BP's chief executive Bob Dudley stated that "US oil imports
are likely to be half of today's level in 2030" (Bob Dudley, 2013). Global energy demand would rush
forward in the next 20 years, fuelled by economic and population growth especially in China and
India but at a slowing rate, due to advances in energy efficiency and growth of renewable resources.
China has jumped the US in to becoming the largest energy importer in the world. OPEC reported
they have a large oil reserve and still assure the oil industry that they have sufficient amount of oil
for many more years. However according to the group of researchers called geologists, who

Canada 's Energy Policy Should Be Beneficial
Canada is one of the biggest energy producers in the world. Currently Canada is ranked fifth in
regards to the production of energy. Canada 's energy policy should revolve around the natural
resources and their optimum use to create cheap and clean energy, which should be environmentally
friendly. Our policy should be beneficial for all the Canadians living in different parts of the country
and that the policy should not discriminate among the provinces. Canada is also the biggest
consumer of the energy in the world, as it consumes most of energy per capita because of the
extreme weather conditions that it faces. We need to keep ourselves warm through the winter and
have to transport goods and people from one place to another. Canada 's ... Show more content on
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Canada 's unique geographical location and its harsh weather conditions, requires extra use of
energy to keep the houses warm."[Moreover we have to transport goods, to far of places including
territories, therefore as a result we use extensive amount of fuel for the transportation purposes]"
(Energy, Statistic Canada). "[Per capita consumption of electric power in Canada was 16,473.16
kWh in 2011. In 2010 Canada's average energy consumption was, 41% from petroleum, 31% from
natural gas and 1% consumption from coal]" (Energy, Statistic Canada). We produce about 65
million metric tons of coal each year but, consume 50 percent of it and the remaining is exported to
many countries of Asia, including Japan and South Korea (ILC 2007, CGW4UA, U2, L10, P 24). As
per Statistic Canada our total consumption of energy was divided as: "34% of the energy was
consumed by transportation. Residential and Agricultural sector consumed 20%. Manufacturing
19%, whereas mining, oil and gas extractions consumed 10% of the energy. Moreover 74% of the
total energy consumed was in the provinces of Ontario, Alberta and Quebec. Canada produces 3
million barrels of oil, and consumes 2.2 million of it" (Energy, Statistic Canada). The rest is
exported to the United States for sale. Furthermore Canada has cross border trade of electricity with
the US and it exports "30 billion kWh of electricity" (ILC 2007, CGW4UA, U2, L10, P 25).

Government Of Indonesia Has Issued A New National Energy...
3 3.4 National Energy Policy
Government of Indonesia has issued a new National Energy Policy (NEP) as stipulated in
Government Regulation No. 79/2014. This NEP replaced the old NEP 2006, regulated in
Presidential Regulation No. 5/2006. Apart from the mechanism of policy formulation, basically this
NEP continues the implementation of Old NEP 2006 with additional some focus and more detail of
policy. This following diagram describe the evolution of NEP in Indonesia. Figure....(Source
Bappenas, 2012 Keselarasan KEN ...)
NEP 2014 mandated minimum of 23 percent of new and renewable energy (NRE) utilization in
national energy mix in 2025 and 31% in 2050. This ambitious target is expected to boost the
development of NRE as well as reducing greenhouse gases emission and promoting local NRE
utilization in remote and isolated area.
NEP 2014 also targets the electrification ratio to reach 100% in 2025. This means electricity can be
accessed by all population nationwide. Electricity generation capacity is planned to reach about 115
GW by 2025 and 430 GW by 2050. The NEP mandated also Indonesia energy consumption per
capita in 2025 to reach about 1.4 TOE/capita (10.07 BOE/capita) in 2025 and 3.2 TOE/capita (23.02
BOE/capita) in 2050. This following diagram summarized the target on NEP 2014. In short term
period, Bappenas has internalized the policy in Mid–Term National Development Planning 2014 –
2019 (RPJMN). The plan consider energy as one of the most prioritized sector in term of

S. 3110-American Energy Policy Analysis
As we have moved further beyond the Event Horizon, a sense of short–sightedness is occurring. Sen
Bill Cassidy (R–LA), for example, sponsored the failed S. 3110 – American Energy and
Conservation Act of 2016, which called for increased drilling and increasing the revenue cap to Gulf
States from $500 million to $750 million. The details of the distribution of the funds were detailed
through numerous state and federal programs, seemingly ignoring the people that suffer the most
during these events. Even with the proposed increase in revenue with this program, Sen Cassidy
included additional Atlantic States in the equation. This would naturally decrease the revenue stream
to the original four states. Following President Trumps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are some opponents to these changes, where any amount of money is not a concern, these
would be U.S. military and environmental groups. The U.S. military is fully behind continuing the
moratorium on drilling in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. These areas have been utilized for years to
develop, test and train a variety of combat systems. In May 2017, Anthony M. Kurta, the acting
Under Secretary of Defense, sent a letter to Rep. Matt Gaetz (R–Fla.) expressing the need to
continue to drilling ban. Mr. Kurta expressed the need to retain the unrestricted training access to
these areas, as multiple military bases, from Pensacola to Key West utilize these areas. Explaining
that "Emerging technologies such as hypersonic[s], autonomous systems, and advanced sub–surface
systems will require enlarged testing and training footprints, and increased DoD reliance on the Gulf
of Mexico Energy Security Act's moratorium beyond 2022. The moratorium is essential for
developing and sustaining our nation's future combat capabilities." Increasing the drilling footprint
in this region will clearly have a negative effect on the readiness and advancement of our military
might. Others in strong opposition to this expansion are the environmental groups. The Caribbean
Conservation Corporation, Audubon Florida, Everglades Conservation Foundation and OCEANA,
to name a few, have taken steps to educate the public on the reasons to cease any increased drilling

The Health Care System And The Scarcity Energy Policy
In this essay, I will be analysing two articles that is the Health Care system and the " Scarcity
Energy policy. For the first article, the market for Health Care is very competitive where consumer
only choose what they need and compare between companies which one benefits them more with
the same price. Different country offer different types of healthcare product and they have different
goals for their health systems. When and how could health care provider can improve healthcare
delivery? The second article is about whether the if the U.S have an energy crisis and research found
out that U.S has secret supplies. Why is the U.S government hiding the fact that they have enough
natural sources and telling others they only have 2 percent of the world's oil supplies?
The demand for health care service is increasing steeply as there are more people starts to recognize
the benefit if they enroll to one of the health care. From consumer point of view, they are always
looking for the best quality of the product and service with the least amount of money. Today, the
demand for premium healthcare services have increased even though the price is relatively high. If a
consumer were offered a better service than the one she has paid, the consumer will switch plans
with a better benefit for them. The competition for healthcare service between companies is called
perfect competition. Perfect competition offer consumer with identical product with different brand
and is hard for them to

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