The document compares and contrasts eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, which include animal and plant cells, have a nucleus that contains their DNA. Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, do not have a nucleus and their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. The document discusses how eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells due to the presence of a nucleus. It also provides success criteria for students to research and present information about different cell types to their groups.
1. Properties of LifeBriefly describe each of the nine properti.docxSONU61709
1. Properties of Life
Briefly describe each of the nine properties of life and discuss how things like a virus, prion, and viroid can reproduce, but are not considered to be alive. Address the question: how can things like these that are not considered to be alive “evolve”?
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
2. Written Assignment: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Introduction you to the living cell. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
3. Genetic Counseling
Explain Tay-Sachs disease. Imagine you are a genetic counselor working with a couple who have just had a child who is suffering from Tay-Sachs disease. Neither parent has been tested for Tay-Sachs disease nor have there been any previous cases of Tay-Sachs in either family. Explain Tay-Sachs disease and provide a discussion of the information you would share with the couple about Tay-Sachs and possible implications for future children.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
· 4. DNA and RNA
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Discuss why humans did not evolve with one central repository of DNA, but rather it is replicated throughout the body?
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
5. Genetic Drift and the Founder Effect
There are two types of genetic drift. Describe and give an example of both the bottle neck effect and the founder effect.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
6. Similarities and Differences
Discuss the similarities and differences between organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
7. Phylum Arthropoda
The Earth’s largest phylum is Arthropoda, including centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, and insects. The insects have shown to be a particularly successful class within the phylum. What biological characteristics have contributed to the success of insects? In many science fiction scenarios, post-apocalyptic Earth is mainly populated with giant insects. Why don’t we see giant insects today?
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
8. Final Paper – Pick one topic below:
You will be required to do a term paper on one of the topics listed below.
a. Discuss how the unique physical and chemical properties of water contribute to the importance of water for life on Earth to survive.
b. Discuss how the methods of experimentation and observation have changed throughout the history of science.
c. Explain the role so called “accidental” discoveries played in the history of science.
d. Describe the major experiments and scientists involved in the discovery of DNA as our hereditary material and its structure.
e. Explain what role women played in the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century? What role do women in science play today?
Your paper should be creative and interesting, and should be a minimum 1500 to 2000 words in length. It should be well-organized and demonstrate an ...
1. Properties of LifeBriefly describe each of the nine properti.docxSONU61709
1. Properties of Life
Briefly describe each of the nine properties of life and discuss how things like a virus, prion, and viroid can reproduce, but are not considered to be alive. Address the question: how can things like these that are not considered to be alive “evolve”?
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
2. Written Assignment: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Introduction you to the living cell. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
3. Genetic Counseling
Explain Tay-Sachs disease. Imagine you are a genetic counselor working with a couple who have just had a child who is suffering from Tay-Sachs disease. Neither parent has been tested for Tay-Sachs disease nor have there been any previous cases of Tay-Sachs in either family. Explain Tay-Sachs disease and provide a discussion of the information you would share with the couple about Tay-Sachs and possible implications for future children.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
· 4. DNA and RNA
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Discuss why humans did not evolve with one central repository of DNA, but rather it is replicated throughout the body?
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
5. Genetic Drift and the Founder Effect
There are two types of genetic drift. Describe and give an example of both the bottle neck effect and the founder effect.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
6. Similarities and Differences
Discuss the similarities and differences between organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
7. Phylum Arthropoda
The Earth’s largest phylum is Arthropoda, including centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans, and insects. The insects have shown to be a particularly successful class within the phylum. What biological characteristics have contributed to the success of insects? In many science fiction scenarios, post-apocalyptic Earth is mainly populated with giant insects. Why don’t we see giant insects today?
Your assignment should be 250-500 words in length.
8. Final Paper – Pick one topic below:
You will be required to do a term paper on one of the topics listed below.
a. Discuss how the unique physical and chemical properties of water contribute to the importance of water for life on Earth to survive.
b. Discuss how the methods of experimentation and observation have changed throughout the history of science.
c. Explain the role so called “accidental” discoveries played in the history of science.
d. Describe the major experiments and scientists involved in the discovery of DNA as our hereditary material and its structure.
e. Explain what role women played in the Scientific Revolution of the 18th Century? What role do women in science play today?
Your paper should be creative and interesting, and should be a minimum 1500 to 2000 words in length. It should be well-organized and demonstrate an ...
BIOL 101 Comprehensive Final Exam – Essay Portion U.docxAASTHA76
BIOL 101
Comprehensive Final Exam – Essay Portion
University of Maryland University College
Directions: Please complete the AnswerSheet file electronically and submit it via Assignments by March 6th
at 11:59 PM ET. Save your AnswerSheet in the following format: “LastName FINAL” (e.g., SmithFINAL).
Sources: You may use any electronic or print source from BIOL 101. When appropriate, you may use the
internet to locate additional supporting evidence (look for questions requiring it). AS ALWAYS, BE SURE TO
CITE ANY EXTERNAL RESOURCES YOU USE NEXT TO THE APPROPRIATE QUESTION.
Note: you may not consult any “living” resource in or out of this class, so do not seek assistance from your
peers or any other person. All essays will be run through the anti-plagiarism website, TurnItIn.com, and any
plagiarized material will be given a zero.
This exam is worth 200 points or 20% of your total grade. This section of the exam is essay, which is worth
100 pts (or half of the total points for the final exam). The other half of the final exam is a series of multiple-
choice questions, which is a separate link in our LEO classroom. Read the directions carefully below—you
have some choice in the Essay section. If you have any questions, e-mail me.
SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS:
Complete all three. Answers should not exceed 1-2 paragraphs for each question. Worth 10 points each.
1. A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, green and brown.
Typically, the prairie receives adequate water to maintain healthy, green grass. Assume a bird that
eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this affect natural selection of the grasshoppers?
How might this change in a drought year?
2. Using material from this class, support the following statement with at least five pieces of evidence: a
plant-based (or vegetarian) diet is good for your health and the planet. Be sure to cite any external
evidence you use.
3. DNA and RNA are similar yet distinct components of the cell. Describe three differences between
RNA and DNA with respect to their chemical composition and structure. Provide a detailed
description of each characteristic you chose in your response.
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
Pick FIVE to answer—ONE FROM EACH PAIR. Each answer should be approximately 3-4 paragraphs in
length—maximum. Worth 14 points each.
4. Molecules of life and Cells (PICK A OR B TO ANSWER)
A. Pick three animal organelles and compare each one to a department or feature in a grocery or
department store. In other words, the organelles in a cell are analogous to various machines
and/or features in a store.
B. List the four “large molecules of life.” Identify their composition and structure, and describe one
function they perform in the cell.
5. Combining Micro and Macro concepts (PICK A OR B TO ANSWER)
A. Water is crucial for life as we know it. One of the most important char ...
BIOL 101 Comprehensive Final Exam – Essay Portion U.docxAASTHA76
BIOL 101
Comprehensive Final Exam – Essay Portion
University of Maryland University College
Directions: Please complete the AnswerSheet file electronically and submit it via Assignments by March 6th
at 11:59 PM ET. Save your AnswerSheet in the following format: “LastName FINAL” (e.g., SmithFINAL).
Sources: You may use any electronic or print source from BIOL 101. When appropriate, you may use the
internet to locate additional supporting evidence (look for questions requiring it). AS ALWAYS, BE SURE TO
CITE ANY EXTERNAL RESOURCES YOU USE NEXT TO THE APPROPRIATE QUESTION.
Note: you may not consult any “living” resource in or out of this class, so do not seek assistance from your
peers or any other person. All essays will be run through the anti-plagiarism website, TurnItIn.com, and any
plagiarized material will be given a zero.
This exam is worth 200 points or 20% of your total grade. This section of the exam is essay, which is worth
100 pts (or half of the total points for the final exam). The other half of the final exam is a series of multiple-
choice questions, which is a separate link in our LEO classroom. Read the directions carefully below—you
have some choice in the Essay section. If you have any questions, e-mail me.
SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS:
Complete all three. Answers should not exceed 1-2 paragraphs for each question. Worth 10 points each.
1. A population of grasshoppers in the Kansas prairie has two color phenotypes, green and brown.
Typically, the prairie receives adequate water to maintain healthy, green grass. Assume a bird that
eats grasshoppers moves into the prairie. How will this affect natural selection of the grasshoppers?
How might this change in a drought year?
2. Using material from this class, support the following statement with at least five pieces of evidence: a
plant-based (or vegetarian) diet is good for your health and the planet. Be sure to cite any external
evidence you use.
3. DNA and RNA are similar yet distinct components of the cell. Describe three differences between
RNA and DNA with respect to their chemical composition and structure. Provide a detailed
description of each characteristic you chose in your response.
ESSAY QUESTIONS:
Pick FIVE to answer—ONE FROM EACH PAIR. Each answer should be approximately 3-4 paragraphs in
length—maximum. Worth 14 points each.
4. Molecules of life and Cells (PICK A OR B TO ANSWER)
A. Pick three animal organelles and compare each one to a department or feature in a grocery or
department store. In other words, the organelles in a cell are analogous to various machines
and/or features in a store.
B. List the four “large molecules of life.” Identify their composition and structure, and describe one
function they perform in the cell.
5. Combining Micro and Macro concepts (PICK A OR B TO ANSWER)
A. Water is crucial for life as we know it. One of the most important char ...
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
a-Cell-Structure.pptx
1. Why aren’t all cells the same?
LO: compare cells from different organisms
KW: eukaryotic, prokaryotic, nucleus, plasmid
Which is the odd one
out. Justify your
answer. Lion, tree,
mushroom (fungus),
virus, bacteria.
2. A*-A: Relate the structure of different
types of specialised cells to their functions
B-C: Compare animal, plant and bacterial
cells.
D-E: Label 5 features of an animal, plant
and bacterial cell + describe what they do
Success Criteria
3. 1) Find information about the cell you are
researching and fill in your tables.
2) Share what you found with your group
Cell Circus
Success criteria:
a) Summarise key points only (NO COPYING)
b) Present information to your group (NO
COPYING)
4. Animals and plants are known as eukaryotic
organisms because they have a nucleus.
Their cells are also larger.
Bacteria are prokaryotes – they have no nucleus.
Their cells are smaller.
Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic
Have a look at your tables and the information.
What are the main differences between eukaryotic
& prokaryotic organisms?
6. 1) Answer exam question: Compare and contrast an
animal cell and a bacterial cell. [6 marks]
Exam Question
Success criteria:
a) Use comparative language
b) Discuss similarities and differences
c) Compare structure and function
7. Peer-Assess Exam Question
1) Both animal and bacteria cells have a cell membrane
2) This controls movement of substances in and out of the cell
3) Only animal cells have a nucleus
4) This contains the DNA
5) Whereas DNA is free in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
6) Bacteria have a cell wall unlike animal cells
7) Both animal and bacterial cells have cytoplasm
8) This is where chemical reactions happen
9) Both have ribosomes
10) Which synthesise (makes) proteins
To gain full marks, you must have used comparative language.
(Bold words)
Order: Clockwise from top left.
Promote discussion and justification (oracy).
Green = skills
Convey skills focus to pupils
Show everyone:
1 All cells
Then allocate posters to individuals/groups.
Once they have correctly summarised their type of cells, pupils will teach each other.
2 Animal Cell
3 Plant and Algal Cells
4 Bacterial Cells
They should summarise by filling in the the tables given.
Pupils should also have an image of each types of cell.
Spotlight on random pupil (AfL)
Note command word ‘describe’.
Compare = similarities and differences
Can also say that both have ribosomes – which synthesises (makes) proteins.
Alternate plenary – one of the games on the ‘Cell Games’ power point.
