1. The document discusses accounting principles and concepts from Accounting Principles, 7th Edition. It covers generally accepted accounting principles, the conceptual framework developed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, objectives of financial reporting, qualitative characteristics of accounting information, and key assumptions and principles used in accounting.
2. The conceptual framework consists of objectives of financial reporting, qualitative characteristics of useful information, elements of financial statements, and operating guidelines including assumptions, principles, and constraints. The primary objective of financial reporting is to provide decision-useful information to investors and creditors.
3. Qualitative characteristics that make information useful include relevance, reliability, comparability, consistency, and understandability. Key principles discussed include revenue recognition using the percentage
Introduction to Accounting
By. Prof Navneet Saxena
IBS Gurgaon
Objective:
At the end of this session you should be able to understand
Distinction among Financial Accounting, Cost Accounting and Management Accounting
Evolution of Accounting
Basic Concepts of Financial Accounting
Conventions of Accounting
Stages of Preparing Accounting Statements
From Input to Output
Users of Financial Statements
Advantages of Accounting
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Introduction to Accounting
By. Prof Navneet Saxena
IBS Gurgaon
Objective:
At the end of this session you should be able to understand
Distinction among Financial Accounting, Cost Accounting and Management Accounting
Evolution of Accounting
Basic Concepts of Financial Accounting
Conventions of Accounting
Stages of Preparing Accounting Statements
From Input to Output
Users of Financial Statements
Advantages of Accounting
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Financial accounting is the process of Accounting all incomes, expenses, assets & liabilities in monetary terms, thus enabling preparation of principal financial statements. This first lesson as a part of Financial Accounting is brought to you by Welingkar’s Distance Learning Division.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/SlideshareFaccounting
Join us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/welearnindia
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/WeLearnIndia
Read our latest blog at: http://welearnindia.wordpress.com
Subscribe to our Slideshare Channel: http://www.slideshare.net/welingkarDLP
Window Dressing is the act of manipulating the correct picture of financial statements of a company to show a better position than actual position.
This is usually difficult to detect because of the involvement of higher management.
This is mainly done for attracting potential investors by showing a good financial position of company or to save on taxation by the government.
Objectives -
To present better financial and liquidity position of the business by showing increase in revenue and profitability with healthy cashflow and working capital management.
To attract potential investors by over-stating profitability of business and under-stating the liabilities.
To avoid higher taxes to be paid on the income of the business by showing low profits.
To avail credit and loans by banks or financial institution by showing a healthy financials with repayment capability.
To increase the share value in market by attracting investors sentiments and to build up trust of the stakeholders in the business performance.
Actually there are a number of accounting concepts and principles based on which we prepare our accounts
These generally accepted accounting principles lay down accepted assumptions and guidelines and are commonly referred to as accounting concepts
Financial accounting is the process of Accounting all incomes, expenses, assets & liabilities in monetary terms, thus enabling preparation of principal financial statements. This first lesson as a part of Financial Accounting is brought to you by Welingkar’s Distance Learning Division.
For more such innovative content on management studies, join WeSchool PGDM-DLP Program: http://bit.ly/SlideshareFaccounting
Join us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/welearnindia
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/WeLearnIndia
Read our latest blog at: http://welearnindia.wordpress.com
Subscribe to our Slideshare Channel: http://www.slideshare.net/welingkarDLP
Window Dressing is the act of manipulating the correct picture of financial statements of a company to show a better position than actual position.
This is usually difficult to detect because of the involvement of higher management.
This is mainly done for attracting potential investors by showing a good financial position of company or to save on taxation by the government.
Objectives -
To present better financial and liquidity position of the business by showing increase in revenue and profitability with healthy cashflow and working capital management.
To attract potential investors by over-stating profitability of business and under-stating the liabilities.
To avoid higher taxes to be paid on the income of the business by showing low profits.
To avail credit and loans by banks or financial institution by showing a healthy financials with repayment capability.
To increase the share value in market by attracting investors sentiments and to build up trust of the stakeholders in the business performance.
Actually there are a number of accounting concepts and principles based on which we prepare our accounts
These generally accepted accounting principles lay down accepted assumptions and guidelines and are commonly referred to as accounting concepts
Revenue Recognition In IFRS By Yash BatraYash Batra
Detailed Presentation on revenue recognition as per IFRS. Accounting on revenue recognition is critical especially when World has defined path to follow IFRS accounting and reporting of its financial. I have tried to capture all critical aspects of revenue recognition in this presentation.
Accounting policies are the principal and procedures which are adopted by the company for preparation of financial statements.
These are consistently followed by the company so that a true and fair position can be presented by the company.
Resource Ch. 4 of Financial AccountingComplete Exercise BE4.docxdebishakespeare
Resource: Ch. 4 of Financial Accounting
Complete Exercise BE4-1.
Complete Problems 4-2A & 4-3A.
Answer the following:
? Commercial accounting and generally accepted accounting principles, generally prescribe the accrual basis of accounting over the cash basis.
? Describe both bases of accounting and explain the differences.
Submit as either a Microsoft? Excel? or Microsoft? Word document
Ch 4 attached
Kimmel, P. D., Weygandt, J. J., & Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
study objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense
recognition principle.
2 Differentiate between the cash basis and the accrual basis of
accounting.
3 Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the
major types of adjusting entries.
4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.
5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.
6 Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance.
7 Explain the purpose of closing entries.
8 Describe the required steps in the accounting cycle.
9 Understand the causes of differences between net
income and cash provided by operating activities.
chapter
ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING
CONCEPTS
4
● Scan Study Objectives
● Read Feature Story
● Scan Preview
● Read Text and Answer
p. 175 p. 180 p. 185 p. 189
● Work Using the Decision Toolkit
● Review Summary of Study Objectives
● Work Comprehensive p. 197
● Answer Self-Test Questions
● Complete Assignments
● Go to WileyPLU S for practice and tutorials
● Read A Look at I FR S p. 224
● the navigator
Do it!
Do it!
✓
162
c04AccrualAccountingConcepts.qxd 8/3/10 1:50 PM Page 162
feature story
163
The accuracy of the financial reporting system de-
pends on answers to a few fundamental questions. At
what point has revenue been earned? At what point
is the earnings process complete? When have ex-
penses really been incurred?
During the 1990s, the stock prices of dot-com com-
panies boomed. Many dot-com companies earned most
of their revenue from selling advertising
space on their websites. To boost re-
ported revenue, some dot-coms began
swapping website ad space. Company
A would put an ad for its website on company B’s web-
site, and company B would put an ad for its website on
company A’s website. No money ever changed hands,
but each company recorded revenue (for the value of
the space that it gave up on its site). This practice did
little to boost net income and resulted in no additional
cash flow—but it did boost reported revenue. Regula-
tors eventually put an end to the practice.
Another type of transgression results from compa-
nies recording revenue or expenses in the wrong year.
In fact, shifting revenues and expenses is one of the
most common abuses of financial accounting. Xerox
admitted reporting billions of dollars of lease revenue
in periods earlier than it should h ...
study objectivesAfter studying this chapter, you should be a.docxhanneloremccaffery
study objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1 Explain the revenue recognition principle and the expense
recognition principle.
2 Differentiate between the cash basis and the accrual basis of
accounting.
3 Explain why adjusting entries are needed, and identify the
major types of adjusting entries.
4 Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.
5 Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.
6 Describe the nature and purpose of the adjusted trial balance.
7 Explain the purpose of closing entries.
8 Describe the required steps in the accounting cycle.
9 Understand the causes of differences between net
income and cash provided by operating activities.
chapter
ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING
CONCEPTS
4
● Scan Study Objectives
● Read Feature Story
● Scan Preview
● Read Text and Answer
p. 175 p. 180 p. 185 p. 189
● Work Using the Decision Toolkit
● Review Summary of Study Objectives
● Work Comprehensive p. 197
● Answer Self-Test Questions
● Complete Assignments
● Go to WileyPLU S for practice and tutorials
● Read A Look at I FR S p. 224
● the navigator
Do it!
Do it!
✓
162
c04AccrualAccountingConcepts.qxd 8/3/10 1:50 PM Page 162
feature story
163
The accuracy of the financial reporting system de-
pends on answers to a few fundamental questions. At
what point has revenue been earned? At what point
is the earnings process complete? When have ex-
penses really been incurred?
During the 1990s, the stock prices of dot-com com-
panies boomed. Many dot-com companies earned most
of their revenue from selling advertising
space on their websites. To boost re-
ported revenue, some dot-coms began
swapping website ad space. Company
A would put an ad for its website on company B’s web-
site, and company B would put an ad for its website on
company A’s website. No money ever changed hands,
but each company recorded revenue (for the value of
the space that it gave up on its site). This practice did
little to boost net income and resulted in no additional
cash flow—but it did boost reported revenue. Regula-
tors eventually put an end to the practice.
Another type of transgression results from compa-
nies recording revenue or expenses in the wrong year.
In fact, shifting revenues and expenses is one of the
most common abuses of financial accounting. Xerox
admitted reporting billions of dollars of lease revenue
in periods earlier than it should have been reported.
And WorldCom stunned the financial markets with its
admission that it had boosted net income by billions
of dollars by delaying the recognition of expenses un-
til later years.
Unfortunately, revelations such as
these have become all too common in
the corporate world. It is no wonder that
the U.S. Trust Survey of affluent Ameri-
cans reported that 85 percent of its respondents be-
lieved that there should be tighter regulation of finan-
cial disclosures, and 66 percent said they did not trust
the management of publicly traded companies.
W.
Accounting Principle 6th Edition Weygandt Test BankGaybestsarae
Full download : https://alibabadownload.com/product/accounting-principle-6th-edition-weygandt-test-bank/ Accounting Principle 6th Edition Weygandt Test Bank , Accounting Principle,Weygandt,6th Edition,Test Bank
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics Task Final Ass.docxjasoninnes20
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics
Task: Final Assignment (40% of the Final grade)
You must answer all the questions in the proposed business case.
This task assesses the following learning outcomes:
• Critically understand the differences between the methods of valuation of the inventory
• Knowing how to properly elaborate an income statement and determine the ending inventory balance.
LAUNCH: WEEK 10 / DELIVERY: MAY 10th, 2020, 23:59HRS ON MOODLE
Submission file format: Excel document with all the answers, clearly identifying all steps, results, journals and including comments besides each answer.
BUSINESS CASE (100 points)
Jim has recently opened a dry fruits wholesale company dedicated to the sale of peanuts, almonds and pistachios.
During its first month of activity, the company has made the following transactions:
February 2: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 25.000
Purchase of Almonds: 4.000Kg @ 5$/Kg $ 20.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 6.000Kg @ 3$/ Kg $ 18.000
February 3: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $18.000
Purchase of Almonds: 2.000Kg @ 6$/Kg $ 12.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 2.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 18.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
February 6: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 20$/Kg $40.000
Almonds: 2.500Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 27.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 7$/ Kg $ 21.000
February 6: Sold to Fruits Lovers Inc.:
Pistachios: 500Kg @20$/Kg. $ 10.000
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 11.000
Peanuts: 1.500Kg @ 8$/ Kg $ 12.000
February 12 Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 21.000
Purchase of almonds: 2.000Kg @ 8$/Kg $ 16.000
February 13: Sale of peanuts to Peanuts Lovers Inc.: 3.500Kg @8$/kg $ 28.000
February 14: Purchase of Peanuts 6.000 Kg @4$/Kg $24.000
February 19: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 21$/Kg. $ 21.000
Almonds: 1.500Kg @ 13$/Kg $ 19.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 9$/ Kg $ 27.000
February 25: Purchased from various suppliers:
Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg. $ 13.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 9$/Kg $ 9.000
Peanuts: 1.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 4.000
Besides these transactions, the company has had the following expenses:
Salaries: $3500
Electricity bill: $300
Renting of equipment: &800
Rent of warehouse and office: $1.500
Miscellaneous: $1.200
Jim’s accountant recommended that he should use the average cost method in order to determine the cost of the inventory sold but he is not sur e about the
consequences it nay have on his financial situation
Relying on your accounting knowledge, Jim asks you the following questions:
1: Why in your opinion did Jim’s accountant recommend the average cost method and what difference is there whit the three other methods? Explain the main
c ...
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics Task Final Ass.docxgarnerangelika
BCO114 ACCOUNTING I Task brief & rubrics
Task: Final Assignment (40% of the Final grade)
You must answer all the questions in the proposed business case.
This task assesses the following learning outcomes:
• Critically understand the differences between the methods of valuation of the inventory
• Knowing how to properly elaborate an income statement and determine the ending inventory balance.
LAUNCH: WEEK 10 / DELIVERY: MAY 10th, 2020, 23:59HRS ON MOODLE
Submission file format: Excel document with all the answers, clearly identifying all steps, results, journals and including comments besides each answer.
BUSINESS CASE (100 points)
Jim has recently opened a dry fruits wholesale company dedicated to the sale of peanuts, almonds and pistachios.
During its first month of activity, the company has made the following transactions:
February 2: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 25.000
Purchase of Almonds: 4.000Kg @ 5$/Kg $ 20.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 6.000Kg @ 3$/ Kg $ 18.000
February 3: Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $18.000
Purchase of Almonds: 2.000Kg @ 6$/Kg $ 12.000
Purchas of Peanuts: 2.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 18.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
February 6: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 20$/Kg $40.000
Almonds: 2.500Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 27.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 7$/ Kg $ 21.000
February 6: Sold to Fruits Lovers Inc.:
Pistachios: 500Kg @20$/Kg. $ 10.000
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 11$/Kg $ 11.000
Peanuts: 1.500Kg @ 8$/ Kg $ 12.000
February 12 Purchase of Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg $ 21.000
Purchase of almonds: 2.000Kg @ 8$/Kg $ 16.000
February 13: Sale of peanuts to Peanuts Lovers Inc.: 3.500Kg @8$/kg $ 28.000
February 14: Purchase of Peanuts 6.000 Kg @4$/Kg $24.000
February 19: Sold to several clients:
Pistachios: [email protected] 21$/Kg. $ 21.000
Almonds: 1.500Kg @ 13$/Kg $ 19.500
Peanuts: 3.000Kg @ 9$/ Kg $ 27.000
February 25: Purchased from various suppliers:
Pistachios: [email protected]$/Kg. $ 13.000
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
mailto:[email protected]$/Kg
Almonds: 1.000Kg @ 9$/Kg $ 9.000
Peanuts: 1.000Kg @ 4$/ Kg $ 4.000
Besides these transactions, the company has had the following expenses:
Salaries: $3500
Electricity bill: $300
Renting of equipment: &800
Rent of warehouse and office: $1.500
Miscellaneous: $1.200
Jim’s accountant recommended that he should use the average cost method in order to determine the cost of the inventory sold but he is not sur e about the
consequences it nay have on his financial situation
Relying on your accounting knowledge, Jim asks you the following questions:
1: Why in your opinion did Jim’s accountant recommend the average cost method and what difference is there whit the three other methods? Explain the main
c.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
2. After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1 Explain the meaning of generally accepted
accounting principles and identify the key
items of the conceptual framework.
2 Describe the basic objectives of financial
reporting.
3 Discuss the qualitative characteristics of
accounting information and elements of
financial statements.
CHAPTER 12
ACCOUNTING
PRINCIPLES
3. CHAPTER 12
ACCOUNTING
PRINCIPLES
4 Identify the basic assumptions used by
accountants.
5 Identify the basic principles of accounting.
6 Identify the two constraints in accounting.
7 Explain the accounting principles used in
international operations.
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
4. CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK OF
ACCOUNTING
STUDY OBJECTIVE 1
• Generally accepted accounting principles
– set of standards and rules that are recognized as a general
guide for financial reporting
• Generally accepted
– means that these principles must have substantial
authoritative support
• Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
and Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC)
• The FASB has the responsibility for developing
accounting principles in the United States.
5. FASB’S CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
• The conceptual framework developed by the
FASB serves as the basis for resolving accounting
and reporting problems.
• The conceptual framework consists of:
1) objectives of financial reporting;
2) qualitative characteristics of
accounting information;
3) elements of financial statements; and
4) operating guidelines (assumptions,
principles, and constraints).
6. OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL
REPORTING
STUDY OBJECTIVE 2
FASB objectives of financial reporting are
to provide information that is:
1 useful to those making investment
and credit decisions
2 helps in assessing future cash flows
3 identifies the economic resources (assets),
the claims to those resources (liabilities),
and the changes in those resources and
claims
8. RELEVANCE
• Accounting information has relevance if
it makes a difference in a decision.
• Relevant information helps users forecast
future events (predictive value),
or it confirms or corrects prior
expectations (feedback value).
• Information must be available
to decision makers before it
loses its capacity to influence
their decisions (timeliness).
9. RELIABILITY
• Reliability of information means that the
information is free of error and bias, in
short, it can be depended on.
• To be reliable, accounting information
must be verifiable.
10. COMPARABILITY AND
CONSISTENCY
2005 2006 2007
• Comparability means that the information should be
comparable with accounting information about other
enterprises.
• Consistency means that the same accounting principles
and methods should be used from year to year within a
company.
11. Relevance
1 Predictive value
2 Feedback value
3 Timeliness
Reliability
1 Verifiable
2 Faithful representation
3 Neutral
Comparability
Useful
Financial
Information has:
QUALITATIVE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ACCOUNTING INFORMATION
Consistency
13. Assumptions
Monetary unit
Economic entity
Time period
Going concern
Principles
Revenue recognition
Matching
Full disclosure
Cost
Constraints
Materiality
Conservatism
• Operating guidelines are classified as
assumptions, principles, and constraints.
• Assumptions provide a foundation for the accounting
process.
• Principles indicate how transactions and other economic
events should be recorded.
• Constraints on the accounting process allow for a relaxation
of the principles under certain circumstances.
THE OPERATING GUIDELINES
OF ACCOUNTING
15. The primary criterion by which accounting
information can be judged is:
a. consistency.
b. predictive value.
c. decision-usefulness.
d. comparability.
16. The primary criterion by which accounting
information can be judged is:
a. consistency.
b. predictive value.
c. decision-usefulness.
d. comparability.
17. Monetary unit assumption:
– only transaction data expressed in terms of money can be
included in the accounting records
Example: employee satisfaction and percent of
international employees are not transactions that
should be included in the financial records.
ASSUMPTIONS
STUDY OBJECTIVE 4
Customer Satisfaction
Percentage of
International Employees
Salaries paid
Customer Satisfaction
Percentage of
International Employees
Salaries paid
Should be included
in accounting records
Should be included
in accounting records
18. ECONOMIC
ENTITY
ASSUMPTIONActivities of the entity kept separate
and distinct from the activities of the owner
and all other economic entities.
Example: BMW activities
can be distinguished from
those of other car
manufacturers such as Mercedes.
19. Economic life of a business divided into
artificial time periods.
QTR 1
QTR 2
QTR 3
QTR 4
2005 2006 2007
JAN FEB MAR
APR MAY JUN
JUL AUG SEPT
OCT NOV DEC
TIME PERIOD
ASSUMPTION
20. GOING
CONCERN
ASSUMPTION
Enterprise will continue in operation long
enough to carry out its existing objectives.
Implications: depreciation and amortization
are used, plant assets recorded at cost instead
of liquidation value, items are labeled as fixed
or long-term.
21. • Revenue recognition principle
dictates that revenue should be
recognized in the accounting
period in which it is earned.
• When a sale is involved, revenue is
recognized at the point of sale.
PRINCIPLES
REVENUE
RECOGNITION
STUDY OBJECTIVE 5
22. PERCENTAGE-OF-
COMPLETION METHOD OF
REVENUE RECOGNITION
• In long-term construction contracts, revenue
recognition is usually required before the contract is
completed.
• The percentage-of-completion method recognizes
revenue on the basis of reasonable estimates of
progress toward completion.
• A project’s progress toward completion is
measured by comparing the costs incurred in a
year to total estimated costs of the entire
project.
23. FORMULA TO RECOGNIZE REVENUE IN
THE PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
Costs Incurred
(Current
Period)
÷ =
Total
Estimated
Cost
Percent
Complete
(Current
Period)
Total RevenueX =
Revenue
Recognized
(Current
Period)
Percent
Complete
(Current
Period)
24. FORMULA TO COMPUTE GROSS
PROFIT
IN CURRENT PERIOD
Cost Incurred
(Current
Period)
X =
Gross Profit
Recognized
(Current
Period)
Revenue
Recognized
(Current
Period)
The costs incurred in the current period are then
subtracted from the revenue recognized during the
current period to arrive at the gross profit.
The costs incurred in the current period are then
subtracted from the revenue recognized during the
current period to arrive at the gross profit.
25. Warrior Construction Co. has a contract to build a dam for $400
million. It will take 3 years (starting in 2005) at a construction cost of
$360 million. Assume that Warrior incurs $54 million in 2005, $180
million in 2006, and $126 million in 2007 on the dam project. The
portion of the $400 million of revenue recognized in each of the 3
years is shown below:
REVENUE RECOGNIZED
PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION
METHOD
26. The gross profit recognized each period for Warrior Construction
Co. is as shown below. Use of the percentage-of-completion method
involves some subjectivity. As a result, errors are possible in
determining the amount of revenue recognized. To wait until
completion would seriously distort the financial statements. If it is
not possible to obtain dependable estimates of costs and progress,
then the revenue should be recognized at the completion date and not
by the percentage-of-completion method.
GROSS PROFIT RECOGNIZED
PERCENTAGE-OF-COMPLETION METHOD
27. Cash
Collections from
Customers
Gross Profit
Percentagex =
Gross Profit
Recognized
during the
Period
GROSS PROFIT FORMULA
INSTALLMENT METHOD
• Under installment method, each cash collection
from a customer consists of
1) a partial recovery of the cost of goods sold and
2) partial gross profit from the sale.
• The formula to recognize gross profit is shown
below.
• Under installment method, each cash collection
from a customer consists of
1) a partial recovery of the cost of goods sold and
2) partial gross profit from the sale.
• The formula to recognize gross profit is shown
below.
28. An Iowa farm machinery dealer had installment sales in its first year of
operations of $600,000 and a cost of goods sold on installment of $420,000.
Therefore, total gross profit is $180,000 ($600,000 - $420,000), and the gross
profit percentage is 30% ($180,000 ÷ $600,000). The collections on the
installment sales were: First year, $280,000 (down payments plus monthly
payments), second year, $200,000, and third year, $120,000. The collections
of cash and recognition of the gross profit are summarized below (ignoring
interest charges).
An Iowa farm machinery dealer had installment sales in its first year of
operations of $600,000 and a cost of goods sold on installment of $420,000.
Therefore, total gross profit is $180,000 ($600,000 - $420,000), and the gross
profit percentage is 30% ($180,000 ÷ $600,000). The collections on the
installment sales were: First year, $280,000 (down payments plus monthly
payments), second year, $200,000, and third year, $120,000. The collections
of cash and recognition of the gross profit are summarized below (ignoring
interest charges).
GROSS PROFIT RECOGNIZED
INSTALLMENT METHOD
29. Expense recognition is traditionally
tied to revenue recognition.
• referred to as the matching
principle
• dictates that expenses be matched
with revenues in the period in which
efforts are made to generate
revenues.
MATCHING
(EXPENSE RECOGNITION)
30. Unexpired costs become expenses in two ways:
1) Cost of goods
merchandise inventory becomes expensed when
the inventory is sold
2) Operating expenses
other unexpired costs through use or
consumption or through the passage of time
MATCHING (EXPENSE RECOGNITION)
PRINCIPLE
31. Cost
Incurred
Asset Expense
EXPENSE RECOGNITION
PATTERN
Operating expenses contribute to the revenues
of the period but their association with
revenues is less direct than for cost of goods
sold.
Operating expenses contribute to the revenues
of the period but their association with
revenues is less direct than for cost of goods
sold.
Benefits Decrease
Provides Future
Benefit
Provides No
Apparent Future
Benefits
32. FULL DISCLOSURE
PRINCIPLE
• Requires that circumstances and events that
make a difference to financial statement users
be disclosed.
• Compliance with the full disclosure principle
1) data in the financial statements
2) notes that accompanying the statements
• Summary of significant accounting policies
usually the first note to the financial
statements
33. COST PRINCIPLE
• The cost principle dictates that assets be
recorded at their cost.
• Cost is used because it is both relevant and
reliable.
1) Cost is relevant because it represents a) the
price paid, b) the assets sacrificed, or c) the
commitment made at the date of
acquisition.
2) Cost is reliable because it is a) objectively
measurable, b) factual, and c) verifiable.
35. CONSTRAINTS IN
ACCOUNTING
STUDY OBJECTIVE 6
Two constraints
• Materiality
– relates to an item’s impact on a firm’s overall
financial condition and operations.
• Conservatism
– dictates that when in doubt, choose the method that
will be the least likely to overstate assets and income
37. CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK
Objectives of Financial Reporting
Assumptions Principles
Operating Guidelines
Qualitative
Characteristics of
Accounting Information
Elements of Financial
Statements
38. FOREIGN SALES AND TYPE
OF PRODUCT
STUDY OBJECTIVE 7
• World markets are becoming increasingly
intertwined, and foreigners consume American
goods.
• Americans use goods from many other countries.
• Firms that conduct operations in more than one
country through subsidiaries, divisions, or
branches in foreign countries are referred to as
multinational corporations.
• International transactions must be translated into
U.S. dollars.
• World markets are becoming increasingly
intertwined, and foreigners consume American
goods.
• Americans use goods from many other countries.
• Firms that conduct operations in more than one
country through subsidiaries, divisions, or
branches in foreign countries are referred to as
multinational corporations.
• International transactions must be translated into
U.S. dollars.
39. The organization that issues international
accounting standards is the:
a. Financial Accounting Standards Board
b. International Accounting Standards Board.
c. International Auditing Standards Committee.
d. None of the above.
40. The organization that issues international
accounting standards is the:
a. Financial Accounting Standards Board
b. International Accounting Standards Board.
c. International Auditing Standards Committee.
d. None of the above.