This document discusses industrial accidents, their causes, types, and ways to prevent them. It outlines that industrial accidents can result from unsafe workplace conditions like faulty equipment or employee actions. Accidents range from minor injuries to fatalities and are caused by issues like poor ergonomics, electricity hazards, fires, or gas exposure. Laws like the Factories Act aim to promote workplace safety by requiring first aid facilities, medical care, safety training, and regulating hazardous work.

2. * Accident is an unplanned and uncontrolled
event in which the action of an object,
person results in personal injury.
* Industrial accidents conceive them as
arising directly out of the work situation
from faulty equipments or inadequate
performance of an individual.

3. Accident proneness is the
continuing tendency of a person to
have accidents as a result of
stable and persistence
characteristics.

4. An event of accident that
suddenly occurs when one or
number of employees/workers
placed in plant.

5. TYPES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS ARE :-
(1) Near accident i.e. an accident
with no damage or injury.
(2) Trivial
(3) Minor
(4) Serious
(5) Fatal (death)

6. •The broad category of industrial accidents covers
anything from small cuts and bruises to huge disasters
that affect a large population of people. Causes of
industrial accidents can be broken down into two broad
categories: unsafe conditions and unsafe acts -
•Unsafe conditions -> Insufficient workspace lighting,
excessive noise, slippery or unsafe flooring, extreme
temperature exposure, inadequate protection when working
with machinery or hazardous materials, unstable structures,
electrical problems, machine malfunction or failure, and more
.
•Unsafe acts -> actions or failures to act which result in
injury. This can be a result of employee negligence but
employers, organizations, and product manufacturers can also
be liable for the causes of industrial accidents.

7. •POOR ERGONOMICS :- Ergonomics is a science
concerned with the ‘fit’ between people and their work.
•MANUAL HANDLING OF LOADS :- Manual material
handling entails lifting, climbing, pushing and pulling- all
of which pose the risk of injury to the back.
•OPERATIONS OF AUTOMOBILES :-These includes
accidents involving truck, van and car crashes during
the course of work.
•SLIP AND FALL INJURIES AND DEATH :- Incidents
involving falls from height, stairs, windows, and so on
slippery surfaces on construction sites.

8. * ELECTRICITY :- Dangers of electricity include a variety
of hazards including electric shock, psychological damage,
physical burns, neurological damages- etc.
* FIRE AND EXPLOSIONS :- The presence of
explosive materials, fire, flammable gases may result in
explosions and burn injuries and other traumatic injuries.
* ACID BURNS :- Chemical burns occur when the skin is in
contact with strong acids and alkaloids.
* GAS :- High pressure gases, hot gases, oxygen, free
gases, poisonous gases, toxic materials can cause severe
accident even death.
* FOREIGN BODIES IN EYE :- Foreign objects such as
metal, alkali can cause scratch, swelling, eye bleeding,
traumatic iritis of the eyes.
* CLOTHING :-Improper clothing could lead to accident.

9. TECHNICAL CAUSES :-

10. Occurs due to unsafe mechanical
design and constructions ,
hazards arrangement , improper
machine-guarding , defective
device , improper material
handling , and leaking.

11. •Too low and too high temperature.
•Too high humidity to cause fatigue and
drowsiness.
•Defective illumination.
•Inadequate rest and breaks between
working hours.
•Poor housekeeping , noise , bed order and
flash coming from nearby machinery ,
equipment or process.

12. It is a well known fact that there is a
close relationship between the duration of
the working period and the accident rate in
industry. Vernon (1940) has shown that the
accident rate is almost two and a half
times higher when the duration of work is
raised from 10 hours to 12 hours per day.

13. HUMAN CAUSES :-

14. •Age/ senility
•Health
•Lack of knowledge and skill
•Improper attitudes towards work
•Emotional instability ( E.G. Envy )
•Mental worries
•Not use of safety device
•Working in unsafe speed
•Improper use of tools
•Undesirable attitudes
•Failure to recognize potential hazards

15. •Faulty judgements concerning space
and distance
•Inability to pay constant attention to
machines and tools
•Irresponsibility/ carelessness
•Accident proneness
•Defective vision
•Improper sensory motor ability
•High blood pressure
•Improper muscular and perceptual
speed
•Frustration

16. Lists of some major industrial accidents in
Indian context :-
•December 3, 1984: The Bhopal disaster in India is one of
the largest industrial disasters on record. A runaway
reaction in a tank containing poisonous methyl isocyanate
caused the pressure relief system to vent large amounts to
the atmosphere at a Union Carbide India Limited plant.
Estimates of its death toll range from 4,000 to 20,000. The
disaster caused the region's human and animal populations
severe health problems to the present.
•May 28, 1965: Dhanbad coal mine disaster took place in
Jharkhand, India, killing over 300 miners.

17. CHARTS REFERING INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT :-

20. INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT COULD OCCUR ALSO DUE TO
ALCOHOLISM :-

21. To combat hazards and accidents certain
safety measures and precautions are been
taken up for a smooth running of the
industrial work place. Scholars define
safety as a procedure designed to lower
the occurrence or risk of injury, loss and
danger to person's property or the
environment.

22. There are innumerable statutory legislations for labour
welfare which looks up the health services and precautions to
be taken up by the industrial set up in India. To name few
are The Factories Act 1948, The Mines Act 1952, The
Plantation Act 1951, The Motor Transport Workers Act
1961 and The Contract Labour (regulation and abolition).
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 follows a set
procedure prescribed by the government to avoid industrial
accidents and hazards to maintain industrial safety. The
foremost activity which these Acts provide is First Aid
appliances in work place .The presence of such First aid is
necessary to promote a accident free work place.

23. This Act also covers to investigate the imminent dangers, catastrophic and fatal
accidents, employee complaints, programmes high hazard inspections and re-inspection
:-
·Imminent Danger: Condition where there is reasonable certainty that a
danger exists that can be expected to cause death or serious physical
harm immediately or before the danger can be eliminated through normal
enforcement procedures.
·Catastrophic and Fatal Accidents: Investigation of fatalities and
catastrophes resulting in hospitalization of three or more employees.
·Employee Complaints: Each employee has the right to request an OSHA
inspection when the employee feels that he or she is in imminent danger
from a hazard or when he or she feels that there is a violation of an
OSHA standard that threatens physical harm.
· Programmed High Hazard Inspections: OSHA establishes programs of
inspection aimed at specific high hazard industries, occupations, or health
hazards.
·Re-inspections: Establishments cited for alleged serious violations may
be re-inspected to determine whether the hazards have been corrected.

24. ·Suitable equipped first aid centres, ambulance rooms ·Regular hospitals either in
the factory premises or inside the township ·General medical treatment and health
care.
·Separate arrangements for specialist treatment for diseases like tuberculosis,
cancer, leprosy and mental illness
·Hospital and dispensary facilities for the treatments of workers and their families
·Arrangements for the treatment at government hospitals at their own cost by the
employers if it is necessary
Private sector companies such as Tata Steel, Tata motors, Philips, Hindustan
Unilever Godrej, JK (Kanpur), L& T Indian Dye Stuffs (Mumbai) Mafatlal Industries
Ltd and many others have extended medical facilities to their employees. In fact
most companies today medical reimbursement facilities, the amount varying with
each company The Committee on Labour Welfare in the case of smaller units has
recommended the following ·Providing medical facilities to joint basis by a group of
employers in scattered areas ·Providing medical facilities to the workers by a joint
drive by the institutions like industrial cooperatives, industrial estates. ·Popularizing
other systems of medicine namely Ayurvedic, Sidda, Unani and Homoeopathy, by
setting up dispensaries running on these systems in the areas of concentration of
industrial workers Preventive and curative measures for occupational diseases.

25. ·Pre employment and periodic medical
examination.
·Removal of health hazards to the extent
possible.
·Surveillance over certain classes of workers
such as women, young persons and persons
exposed to special risks .
·Emergency treatment for accidents .
·Training of first aid personnel and education
of workers in health and hygiene.

26. The curative aspects will begin once a worker suffers
from ill health or disease. The statutory provisions in
labour laws for safeguarding the health of workers are
as follows -
·Restrictions on employment of women at certain hours
and places .
·Protection for young persons.
·Provisions of first aid and ambulance services.
·Provisions relating to cleanliness, disposal of waste
and effluents, ventilation and temperature and dust
fumes and lighting.

27. The term measure means the provision devices, equipment or other modes which ensure
safety. Safety measures can classified as –
1. Safety measure for design of factory premise:-
(a) Adequate layout
(b) Emergency exist
(c) First aid
(d) Arrangements
II. Safety measure against machine accident –
(a) Provision of interlock guard
(b) Enclose dangerous parts with suitable casing
(c) Dangerous parts should be out of reach during operation
III. Safety measures against fire
(a) Fire fighting equipments
(b) Proper storage of explosives.
(c) Adequate exists.
V. Safety measures against electric hazards-
(a) Warning signals
(b) Underground Cable
(c) Safety fuse should be there

28. Industrial safety is conducive to improve productivity.
It affects productivity as-
(a) If a worker is mentally ensured that he is working is
safe working condition. His morale will be high and he will
work with more concentration and thus productivity' will
increase.
(b) Safe working environment helps in motivating employees
to perform their job in efficient manner.
(c) Safe workplace environment leads to reduction of
accident and hence reduction in direct and indirect cost of
accident.
(d) Safe working environment helps in reducing absenteeism
which will in turn lead to increase productivity.