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Access & The Digital Surrogate: Openness as a Philosophy

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Andrea Wallace

The document provides an overview of digital surrogates and open access to cultural works. It discusses how digital copies, facsimiles, photographs, and other reproductions (surrogates) have expanded access to artworks and historical documents by making them available online without restrictions. However, many surrogates are subject to various copyright claims that limit their open distribution. The talk addresses tensions between expanding access and protecting intellectual property rights through surrogate images on the internet.

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ACCESS & THE DIGITAL SURROGATE: OPENNESS AS A PHILOSOPHY Andrea Wallace @andeewallace University of Exeter Ashburton, Devon, 1605, The National Archives, copyright status unclear, https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/ viewAsset?id=28248&index=6&total=100&popularityId=2
The Love Letter, early 1770s, Jean Honoré Fragonard (French, 1732-1806) Publicdomain, courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art Please note that the intellectual property rights in most of the visual content contained within this presentation are [claimed to be] owned by other parties and other copyright owners as specified. #unavoidable #thisisnotlegaladvice COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER
© Alberto Fernandez Fernandez, July2007, CC BY-SA 1.I’M SORRY… 2.LET’S BE HONEST, EVERY/NO ONE IS SORRY 3.LET’S NEVER BE SORRY EVER AGAIN
PART I: I’M SORRY IN WHICH WE DESCEND INTO A STATE OF MADNESS TOGETHER VIA MY RESEARCH Display At YourOwn Risk, displayatyourownrisk.org
NAME THAT ARTWORK WRONG. RMN-Grand Palais & Michel Urtado x200_84749_11-564761, 2014 Ascends into the public domain by 2100
= originality© new work new author new © term =
‘Crowd looking at the Mona Lisa at the Louvre,’ by Victor Grigas, CC BY-SA 4.0, available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40250423
Massard, Urbain (d. 1843) Constant LouisAntoine Lorichon (c. 1810) Timothy Cole (c. 1914) Holtelin, based on drawing fromGaillard (c. 1867) © VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM,LONDON © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM © ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO © GETTY IMAGES S U R R O G AT E I M AG E S
AndreaWallace, CC0
“copies, facsimiles, casts, replicas, drawings, engravings, photographs, slides, half-tone prints, color reproductions, posters, transparencies, microforms, and now, most recently, digitized images.”
Michel Urtado,2014 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPH T H E S U R R O G AT E Unknown, 1503-1516 PAINTING ZéphirinBelliard,ca. 1815-1861 ENGRAVING LITHOGRAPH Albert Teichel,19th century JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown TIF, date unknownTIF, 2016 PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN Goupil& Cie,1870 GLASS NEGATIVE Detroit Publishing Company,1936
Michel Urtado,2014 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPH T H E S U R R O G AT E Unknown, 1503-1516 PAINTING ZéphirinBelliard,ca. 1815-1861 ENGRAVING PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN Goupil& Cie,1870 LITHOGRAPH Albert Teichel,19th century GLASS NEGATIVE Detroit Publishing Company,1936 © MUSEONACIONAL DELPRADO © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM © PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS © RMN-GRAND PALAIS & MICHEL URTADO JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown TIF, 2016 TIF, date unknown
T H E S U R R O G AT E ZéphirinBelliard,ca. 1815-1861 ENGRAVING Michel Urtado,2014 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHPHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN Goupil& Cie,1870 LITHOGRAPH Albert Teichel,19th century GLASS NEGATIVE Detroit Publishing Company,1936 Unknown, 1503-1516 PAINTING © MUSEONACIONAL DELPRADO © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM © PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS © RMN-GRAND PALAIS & MICHEL URTADO JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown TIF, 2016 TIF, date unknown
A History ofIntellectual Propertyin50 Objects,Claudy Op denKamp & Dan Hunter (eds), Cambridge University Press(2018) publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana slide date unknown, copyright unclear slide date unknown, copyright unclear print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear 1754, public domain jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Scala / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Eric Van- deville | Getty Images, £485 print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg 2011, © RMN- Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Michel Urtado | Art Resource jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS 1500 Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 1900 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engraving ca. 1815-1861, Belliard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | Phila- delphia Museum of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Teylers Museum photograph, albumen print 1870, Goupil & Cie, public domain jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Bibliothèque nationale de France drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Musée Gustave Moreau tif 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 British Museum Zéphirin Belliard (1798-1861), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1815-1861 Multiple Constant Louis Antoine Lorichon (1800-1855), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1804-1815 9 10 1211 jpg 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Biblio- thèque nation- ale de France, €25 jpg 1999, © Musée Gus- tave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed | Joconde Multiple Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891), Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1849-1850 Multiple Luigi Calamatta (1801-1869), after Leonardo da Vinci 1857 13 14 drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | Biblioteca Ambrosiana engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | University of Wroclaw jpg 2016, © DeAgstomo / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 djvu date unknown, copyright unclear | Digital Library of University of Wroclaw Multiple Laurent Hotelin, after Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), Galliard’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1867 16 jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Teylers Muse- um, CC BY-NC | Europeana lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT British Museum Herman Eichens (1813-1886), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1865-1871 15 etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | location unclear etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | British Museum jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Multiple Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), after Leonardo da Vinci 1886-1887 19 J. Paul Getty Museum Goupil & Cie (1839-1860s), Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa 1870 17 painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, public domain lithograph 19th century, Teichel, public domain engraving 19th century, Boisson, public domain etching 19th century, Bridoux, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location unknown print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location known photograph 1911, photo collection illustrated magazine Het Leven (1906- 1941), copyright unclear dry plate negative ca. 1900-1912, public domain dry plate negative ca. 1900-1915, public domain engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving (1914), Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Brooklyn Museum photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Carlo Brogi (1850-1925), public domain | MKG Hamburg photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, public domain | MKG Hamburg tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress jpg date unknown, no known cop- yright restric- tions | Brooklyn Museum jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg 1999, © Hulton Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Bettmann | Getty Images, £485 png date unknown, copyright unclear | Spaarnestad Photo jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS Harvard University Albert Teichel (1822-1873), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 20 21 Multiple Carlo Brogi, (1840-1925), Unknown (ca. 1503-1599), after Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1881-1900 photograph, albumen print 1850-1880, Pozzi, public domain Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Pompeo Pozzi (1871-1888) , after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1850-1880 tif date unknown, public domain / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam | Rijksstudio 18 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Saint-Denis Augustin Bridoux (1813-1892), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Musée du Louvre Antoine Francoise Derrarois (1864-1949), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Unknown Unknown prints, after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century British Museum Leon Boisson (1854-1941), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 22 23 24 25 jpg date unknown, © Art Institute of Chicago | Art Institute of Chicago jpg date unknown, © Smith College Museum of Art | ARTstor Multiple Timothy Cole (1852-1931), after Leonardo da Vinci 1914 Library of Congress Detroit Publishing Company, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1900-1915 29 National Archives, The Hague Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1911 27 28 glass negative ca. 1936-1937, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress Library of Congress Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1936-1937 31 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS Biblioteca Berenson Unknown, Bernard Beren- son’s photos, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1920-1958 30 postcard ca. 1907-1914, Neurdein et Cie, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library postcard ca. 1907-1914, Braun, Clement and Comany, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library jpg 1999, © Trinity College Wat- kinson Library | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Trinity College Watkinson Library | ARTstor Trinity College Watkinson Library Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1907-1914 26 engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana slide date unknown, copyright unclear slide date unknown, copyright unclear print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear 1754, public domain jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Scala / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Eric Van- deville | Getty Images, £485 print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg 2011, © RMN- Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Michel Urtado | Art Resource jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS 1500 Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engrav ca. 180 Loricho domain Museum engrav ca. 180 Loricho domain delphia of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date un © Trust of the B Museum BY-NC- British M £63 + V jpg date un © Phila Museum | Philade Museum jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 Multip Consta Louis A Loricho (1800- after L da Vinc ca. 180 9 10 11 publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com © Andrea Wallace, CC BY
painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, publ domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain Instituto del Pa rimonio Cultura de Espana print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Instituto de Patrimonio Cul tural de Españ Fotografía: © Instituto del jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 © HultonFine Art Collection,Getty Images copyright unclear © UniversalHistory Archive,Getty Images © RMN-Palais (museé du Louvre) / Michel Urtado © Andrea Wallace, CC BY copyright unclear
painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engraving ca. 1815-1861, Belliard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | Phila- delphia Museum of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum draw 1849 Millet doma unkno draw 1849 Millet doma unkno jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum engra 1849 Le Gra doma Biblio nation Franc engra 1849 Le Gra doma Gusta photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 British Museum Zéphirin Belliard (1798-1861), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1815-1861 Multiple Constant Louis Antoine Lorichon (1800-1855), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1804-1815 9 10 1211 jpg date u copyr uncle thèqu ale de €25 jpg 1999 © Mu tave M © Dir des M de Fra René- Ojed | Mult Gusta Gray 1884 Aimé (1819 Millet Draw Mona 1849 13 …continues to the right © Andrea Wallace, CC BY
drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unclear engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Musée Gustave Moreau jpg 1999, © Musée Gus- tave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed | Joconde drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unclear engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Bibliothèque nationale de France jpg date unknown, cop- yright unclear | Bibliothèque nationale de France, €25 drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unclear engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum jpg 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum Multiple Gustave Le Gray (1820-1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891), Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1849-1850 © Musée Gustave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed m504105_96ce12225_p, 1999 jpg, 352 x 512 px © Andrea Wallace, CC BY Copyright unclear, Bibliotèque nationale de France [Reproduction_de_la_cop- ie_de_[...]Le_Gray_bt- v1b84577995, date unknown jpg, 1022 x 1566 px Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891) Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa, 1849-1850 engraving, 28.9 × 19.1 cm 06856701, 2016 jpg, 2172 x 3309 px Public domain, courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum
A History ofIntellectual Propertyin50 Objects,Claudy Op denKamp & Dan Hunter (eds), Cambridge University Press(2018) publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana slide date unknown, copyright unclear slide date unknown, copyright unclear print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear 1754, public domain jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Scala / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Eric Van- deville | Getty Images, £485 print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg 2011, © RMN- Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Michel Urtado | Art Resource jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS 1500 Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 1900 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engraving ca. 1815-1861, Belliard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | Phila- delphia Museum of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Teylers Museum photograph, albumen print 1870, Goupil & Cie, public domain jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Bibliothèque nationale de France drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Musée Gustave Moreau tif 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 British Museum Zéphirin Belliard (1798-1861), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1815-1861 Multiple Constant Louis Antoine Lorichon (1800-1855), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1804-1815 9 10 1211 jpg 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Biblio- thèque nation- ale de France, €25 jpg 1999, © Musée Gus- tave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed | Joconde Multiple Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891), Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1849-1850 Multiple Luigi Calamatta (1801-1869), after Leonardo da Vinci 1857 13 14 drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | Biblioteca Ambrosiana engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | University of Wroclaw jpg 2016, © DeAgstomo / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 djvu date unknown, copyright unclear | Digital Library of University of Wroclaw Multiple Laurent Hotelin, after Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), Galliard’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1867 16 jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Teylers Muse- um, CC BY-NC | Europeana lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT British Museum Herman Eichens (1813-1886), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1865-1871 15 etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | location unclear etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | British Museum jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Multiple Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), after Leonardo da Vinci 1886-1887 19 J. Paul Getty Museum Goupil & Cie (1839-1860s), Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa 1870 17 painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, public domain lithograph 19th century, Teichel, public domain engraving 19th century, Boisson, public domain etching 19th century, Bridoux, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location unknown print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location known photograph 1911, photo collection illustrated magazine Het Leven (1906- 1941), copyright unclear dry plate negative ca. 1900-1912, public domain dry plate negative ca. 1900-1915, public domain engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving (1914), Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Brooklyn Museum photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Carlo Brogi (1850-1925), public domain | MKG Hamburg photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, public domain | MKG Hamburg tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress jpg date unknown, no known cop- yright restric- tions | Brooklyn Museum jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg 1999, © Hulton Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Bettmann | Getty Images, £485 png date unknown, copyright unclear | Spaarnestad Photo jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS Harvard University Albert Teichel (1822-1873), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 20 21 Multiple Carlo Brogi, (1840-1925), Unknown (ca. 1503-1599), after Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1881-1900 photograph, albumen print 1850-1880, Pozzi, public domain Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Pompeo Pozzi (1871-1888) , after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1850-1880 tif date unknown, public domain / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam | Rijksstudio 18 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Saint-Denis Augustin Bridoux (1813-1892), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Musée du Louvre Antoine Francoise Derrarois (1864-1949), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Unknown Unknown prints, after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century British Museum Leon Boisson (1854-1941), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 22 23 24 25 jpg date unknown, © Art Institute of Chicago | Art Institute of Chicago jpg date unknown, © Smith College Museum of Art | ARTstor Multiple Timothy Cole (1852-1931), after Leonardo da Vinci 1914 Library of Congress Detroit Publishing Company, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1900-1915 29 National Archives, The Hague Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1911 27 28 glass negative ca. 1936-1937, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress Library of Congress Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1936-1937 31 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS Biblioteca Berenson Unknown, Bernard Beren- son’s photos, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1920-1958 30 postcard ca. 1907-1914, Neurdein et Cie, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library postcard ca. 1907-1914, Braun, Clement and Comany, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library jpg 1999, © Trinity College Wat- kinson Library | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Trinity College Watkinson Library | ARTstor Trinity College Watkinson Library Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1907-1914 26 engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891) Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa, 1849-1850 engraving, 28.9 × 19.1 cm 06856701, 2016 jpg, 2172 x 3309 px Public domain, courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci Walters Mona Lisa, ca. 1635-1660 Oil on canvas, 79.3 x 63.5 cm pl1_371158_fnt_tr, date unknown jpg, 1382 x 1799 px Public domain, courtesy Walters Art Museum Carlo Brogi, (1840-1925), Unknown (ca. 1503- 1599), after Unknown Copy of the Mona Lisa, ca. 1881-1900 Photograph, albumen print, 25 x 19.5 cm P2011.14-1, date unknown jpg, 892 x 1200 px Public domain, courtesy MKG Hamburg Timothy Cole (1852- 1931), after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, 1914 Wood engraving, 23.2 x 16.1 cm 20.778_PS4, date unknown jpg, 1105 x 1536 px Public domain, courtesy Brooklyn Museum Goupil & Cie (1839-1860s), after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, 1870 Photograph, albumen print, 25.1 x 17.1 cm 05044701, 2016 jpg, 2764 x 3884 px Public domain, courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum Pompeo Pozzi (1871- 1888), after Unknown Drawing of da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, ca. 1850- 1880 Photograph, albumen print, 24.5 x 20.2 cm RP-F-00-351, date unknown tif, 4268 x 6369 px Public domain, courtesy Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY WALTERS ART MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY MKG HAMBURG PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY BROOKLYN MUSEUM NO RISK, COURTESY / © RIJKSMUSEUM, AMSTERDAM PAINTING ENGRAVING PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN ENGRAVING
PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Detroit Publishing Company, after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, 1936-1937 Glass negative, 10 x 12.7 cm 33657u, date unknown tif, 3958 x 5109 px Detroit Publishing Company, after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, ca. 1900-1912 Dry plate glass negative, 20.3 x 25.4 cm 4a26503u, date unknown tif, 4074 x 5157 px Detroit Publishing Company, after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, ca. 1900-1915 Dry plate glass negative, 20.3 x 25.4 cm 4a25019u, date unknown tif, 4074 x 5072 px
© RMN-Grand Palais(musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado © C2RMF 2013 © Universal History Archive / Getty Images © HultonFine Art Collection/ Getty Images © Eric Vanderville © Hulton Archive / Getty Images © RMN-Grand Palais/ Art Resource, NY © Scala / Art Resource, NY © RMN-Grand Palais/ Art Resource, NY © RMN-Grand Palais/ Art Resource, NY © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © Art History Survey Collection © The Archive for Research onArchetypal Symbolism © The Archive for Research onArchetypal Symbolism © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © Musée du Louvre,© Direction des Musées de France:© Réunion des musées nationaux – utilisat- ion soumise à autorisation ; © Hervé Lewandow- ski; © Thierry Le Mage © Musée du Louvre,© Direction des Musées de France:© Réunion des musées nationaux – utilisa- tion soumise à autorisation ; © Hervé Lewandow- ski; © Thierry Le Mage
S U R R O G AT E S : I N - C O P Y R I G H T v P U B L I C D O M AI N © David Hockney License this image © Tate, CC BY-NC-ND License this image
CC BY Michael Gimenez
T H AT ’ S S O M E TA ¬ A COPY… (DAYOR PHOTO) ¬ OF A COPY... (DAYOR PRINT) ¬ OF A COPY... (RMN PHOTO) ¬ OF AN OUT-OF-© WORK
© Michael Gimenez, CC BY
© Michael Gimenez, CC BY
© Michael Gimenez, CC BY
PART II: LET’S BE HONEST, EVERY/NO ONE IS SORRY IN WHICH WE ACCEPT WE ARE ALL IMPERFECT, ESPECIALLY #COPYRIGHTChrist driving the money changersfromthe Temple, 1635, Netherlands, by Rembrandt van Rijn. Gift of Bishop Monrad, 1869. Te Papa (1869-0001-406)
Initial sample: 130 institutions 37 countries • Policy (or not) • Title • Location • Translations • Online collections • © • ©-by-contract • Prohibitsall use • Chargesfor commerical use Final sample: 52 institutions 26 countries 100 surrogates
O N L I N E P O L I C I E S ( T O N AM E JU S T A F E W ) • Impressum • Copyright • Legal Notice • Rightsand Reproduction • Rightsof Use • Imprint • Website Policy • Contact • Conditions • FAQ • Disclaimer Copyrights(which includesno such disclaim of copyright) • Open Access • Copyright and Reproductions • Intellectual Property RightsPolicy • Terms of Use • Terms and Conditions • General termsof use for photo material • Request photograph • User Agreement • Image Reproductionsand Copyright • Copyright, permissionsand photography • Disclaimer • Image Usage Policy • About thissite • Using Images 130 institutions: “Copyright” most common – 16 institutions
TAT E | 2 0 1 6 1. Copyright, permissions and photography 2. Tate gallery rules 3. Website termsofuse 4. Image licensing 5. Copyright ‘orphanworks’ 6. Creative Commonslicensesand Tate 7. Tate ImagesCopyright Policy 8. DigitalImages ReproductionPolicy (Tate Images) 9. Creative Commonscontent 10. A Brief Guide to Copyright.pdf (65 pages)
Reiss Engelhorn Museum v. Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia Deutschland Rudolf Stricker, Wikimedia Commons
© Reiss Engelhorn Museum
“. . . the question for us is who shoulddecidewhetherand especiallyhowour holdingsshouldbe made available. Even if one supports the free public accessibility of cultural items on Wikipedia, it is difficultfor us to comprehendthat a single Wikipediaauthorclaimsthe right to decideon theirown to release to everybodythe results of work created with public funds on Wikipedia for free and thus also for commercialuse.” Prof. Dr. Alfried Wieczorek General-Director of the Reiss Engelhorn Museum
http://network.icom.museum/cidoc/blog/maria-vlachou/ Landscape from Bretagne, Paul Gauguin, National Museumof Sweden, PublicDomain “. . . the next big question is: how do we knowwhatpeople are going to do withthese freely accessibleimages? This is, perhaps, the hardest thing for some [heritage] professionals, who feel they havea responsibilityto ‘protect’the works of art and theirreproductions.The hard truth, though, is that they do not. Objects in the public domain belong to everyone and no one has appointed [heritage]professionalsas arbiters of taste.” Maria Vlachou, Cultural Management and Communications Consultant
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
Andrea Wallace CCO
Andrea Wallace CCO
Andrea Wallace CCO
Andrea Wallace CCO Jeff Koons was born inYork, Pennsylvaniain 1955. He studiedat the MarylandInstituteCollegeof Art in Baltimore and the School of the Art Instituteof Chicago. Since his first solo exhibitionin1980, Koons’swork has been shownin majorgalleries and institutions around the world.Koons livesand works in New York City.
Andrea Wallace CCO
Andrea Wallace CCO
Andrea Wallace CCO
Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
MONET, Water Lillies National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo MANET, Luncheon onthe Grass Museé d’Orsay, ParisGAUGUIN, Delightful Land Ohara Museum, Kurashiki, Japan VAN GOGH, Wheatfieldwith Cypress National Gallery, London RUBENS Tiger Hunt Museé des Beaux- Artes, Rennes FRAGGONARD Girl withDog Alte Pinakothek Museum, Munich DAVINCI Mona Lisa Museé du Louvre, Paris TURNER Ancient Rome Tate, London BOUCHER RecliningGirl Alte Pinakothek Museum, Munich TITIAN Mars, Venus, and Cupid Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna © The National Museum of Western Art Tokyo © Ohara Museum of Art © RMN-Grand Palais(musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado© Copyright The National Gallery, London 2017© Musée des Beaux-Artsde Rennes © KunsthistorischesMuseum Wien, Gemäldegalerie
PART III: LET’S NEVER BE SORRY EVER AGAIN IN WHICH WE DECIDE TO ALL HOLD HANDS AND NOT LOOK BACK The Fall of Man, CornelisCornelisz. van Haarlem, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, No risk / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
The Fall of Man, CornelisCornelisz. van Haarlem, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, No risk / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
THE PUBLIC WANTS MORE COPYRIGHT
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Anthony Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY Featuringwork by Nick Briz, Emilie Gervais, Nicolas Maigret, Christopher Meerdo, Jan Nikolai Nelles & Nora Al- Badri, Duncan Poulton, Fernando Sosa,Andrea Wallace & Ronan Deazley.Antonio <3
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
Botticelli Reimagined, V&A, [website] WE ALREADY DO IT WHEN IT BENEFITS US TO DO IT
Botticelli Reimagined, Victoria and Albert Museum, https://www.vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/botticelli-reimagined
21 April 2016 @ollywainwright
2 2 JU N E 2 0 1 6 Andrea Wallace, CC0
2 2 JU N E 2 0 1 6 Andrea Wallace, CC0
© 2015. Image Copyright Museo Nacional del Prado © Photo MNP / Scala, Florence http://www.spectacles-selection.com/archives/expositions/fiche_expo_B/bill-viola-V/
Private collection © Cindy Sherman,www.pbs.org
B O T T I C E L L I R E I M AG I N E D © VALIE EXPORT © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali Google images
https://www.museodelprado.es Google imagessearch Wikipedia
GIVE THE PUBLIC MORE CREDIT: THEY CAN HANDLE COPYRIGHT
Andrea Wallace CCO
Andrea Wallace CCO
Public domain Andrea Wallace CCO
NO, IT’S NOT FREE. IT COSTS MONEY, SO IT’S OKAY TO ASK FOR MONEY.
The Fall of Man, CornelisCornelisz. van Haarlem, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, No risk / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam IN THE MEANTIME, KEEP HUGGING
MONA LISA & EARLIEST COPY© GETTYPUBLIC DOMAIN, WALTERS ART MUSEUMPUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DATA, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

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Access & The Digital Surrogate: Openness as a Philosophy

  • 1. ACCESS & THE DIGITAL SURROGATE: OPENNESS AS A PHILOSOPHY Andrea Wallace @andeewallace University of Exeter Ashburton, Devon, 1605, The National Archives, copyright status unclear, https://images.nationalarchives.gov.uk/assetbank-nationalarchives/action/ viewAsset?id=28248&index=6&total=100&popularityId=2
  • 2. The Love Letter, early 1770s, Jean Honoré Fragonard (French, 1732-1806) Publicdomain, courtesy of The Metropolitan Museum of Art Please note that the intellectual property rights in most of the visual content contained within this presentation are [claimed to be] owned by other parties and other copyright owners as specified. #unavoidable #thisisnotlegaladvice COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER
  • 3. © Alberto Fernandez Fernandez, July2007, CC BY-SA 1.I’M SORRY… 2.LET’S BE HONEST, EVERY/NO ONE IS SORRY 3.LET’S NEVER BE SORRY EVER AGAIN
  • 4. PART I: I’M SORRY IN WHICH WE DESCEND INTO A STATE OF MADNESS TOGETHER VIA MY RESEARCH Display At YourOwn Risk, displayatyourownrisk.org
  • 5. NAME THAT ARTWORK WRONG. RMN-Grand Palais & Michel Urtado x200_84749_11-564761, 2014 Ascends into the public domain by 2100
  • 6. = originality© new work new author new © term =
  • 7. ‘Crowd looking at the Mona Lisa at the Louvre,’ by Victor Grigas, CC BY-SA 4.0, available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40250423
  • 8. Massard, Urbain (d. 1843) Constant LouisAntoine Lorichon (c. 1810) Timothy Cole (c. 1914) Holtelin, based on drawing fromGaillard (c. 1867) © VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM,LONDON © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM © ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO © GETTY IMAGES S U R R O G AT E I M AG E S
  • 10. “copies, facsimiles, casts, replicas, drawings, engravings, photographs, slides, half-tone prints, color reproductions, posters, transparencies, microforms, and now, most recently, digitized images.”
  • 11. Michel Urtado,2014 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPH T H E S U R R O G AT E Unknown, 1503-1516 PAINTING ZéphirinBelliard,ca. 1815-1861 ENGRAVING LITHOGRAPH Albert Teichel,19th century JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown TIF, date unknownTIF, 2016 PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN Goupil& Cie,1870 GLASS NEGATIVE Detroit Publishing Company,1936
  • 12. Michel Urtado,2014 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPH T H E S U R R O G AT E Unknown, 1503-1516 PAINTING ZéphirinBelliard,ca. 1815-1861 ENGRAVING PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN Goupil& Cie,1870 LITHOGRAPH Albert Teichel,19th century GLASS NEGATIVE Detroit Publishing Company,1936 © MUSEONACIONAL DELPRADO © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM © PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS © RMN-GRAND PALAIS & MICHEL URTADO JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown TIF, 2016 TIF, date unknown
  • 13. T H E S U R R O G AT E ZéphirinBelliard,ca. 1815-1861 ENGRAVING Michel Urtado,2014 DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHPHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN Goupil& Cie,1870 LITHOGRAPH Albert Teichel,19th century GLASS NEGATIVE Detroit Publishing Company,1936 Unknown, 1503-1516 PAINTING © MUSEONACIONAL DELPRADO © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM © PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS © RMN-GRAND PALAIS & MICHEL URTADO JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown JPG, date unknown TIF, 2016 TIF, date unknown
  • 14. A History ofIntellectual Propertyin50 Objects,Claudy Op denKamp & Dan Hunter (eds), Cambridge University Press(2018) publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana slide date unknown, copyright unclear slide date unknown, copyright unclear print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear 1754, public domain jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Scala / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Eric Van- deville | Getty Images, £485 print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg 2011, © RMN- Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Michel Urtado | Art Resource jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS 1500 Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 1900 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engraving ca. 1815-1861, Belliard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | Phila- delphia Museum of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Teylers Museum photograph, albumen print 1870, Goupil & Cie, public domain jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Bibliothèque nationale de France drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Musée Gustave Moreau tif 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 British Museum Zéphirin Belliard (1798-1861), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1815-1861 Multiple Constant Louis Antoine Lorichon (1800-1855), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1804-1815 9 10 1211 jpg 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Biblio- thèque nation- ale de France, €25 jpg 1999, © Musée Gus- tave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed | Joconde Multiple Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891), Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1849-1850 Multiple Luigi Calamatta (1801-1869), after Leonardo da Vinci 1857 13 14 drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | Biblioteca Ambrosiana engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | University of Wroclaw jpg 2016, © DeAgstomo / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 djvu date unknown, copyright unclear | Digital Library of University of Wroclaw Multiple Laurent Hotelin, after Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), Galliard’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1867 16 jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Teylers Muse- um, CC BY-NC | Europeana lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT British Museum Herman Eichens (1813-1886), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1865-1871 15 etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | location unclear etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | British Museum jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Multiple Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), after Leonardo da Vinci 1886-1887 19 J. Paul Getty Museum Goupil & Cie (1839-1860s), Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa 1870 17 painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, public domain lithograph 19th century, Teichel, public domain engraving 19th century, Boisson, public domain etching 19th century, Bridoux, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location unknown print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location known photograph 1911, photo collection illustrated magazine Het Leven (1906- 1941), copyright unclear dry plate negative ca. 1900-1912, public domain dry plate negative ca. 1900-1915, public domain engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving (1914), Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Brooklyn Museum photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Carlo Brogi (1850-1925), public domain | MKG Hamburg photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, public domain | MKG Hamburg tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress jpg date unknown, no known cop- yright restric- tions | Brooklyn Museum jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg 1999, © Hulton Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Bettmann | Getty Images, £485 png date unknown, copyright unclear | Spaarnestad Photo jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS Harvard University Albert Teichel (1822-1873), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 20 21 Multiple Carlo Brogi, (1840-1925), Unknown (ca. 1503-1599), after Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1881-1900 photograph, albumen print 1850-1880, Pozzi, public domain Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Pompeo Pozzi (1871-1888) , after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1850-1880 tif date unknown, public domain / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam | Rijksstudio 18 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Saint-Denis Augustin Bridoux (1813-1892), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Musée du Louvre Antoine Francoise Derrarois (1864-1949), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Unknown Unknown prints, after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century British Museum Leon Boisson (1854-1941), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 22 23 24 25 jpg date unknown, © Art Institute of Chicago | Art Institute of Chicago jpg date unknown, © Smith College Museum of Art | ARTstor Multiple Timothy Cole (1852-1931), after Leonardo da Vinci 1914 Library of Congress Detroit Publishing Company, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1900-1915 29 National Archives, The Hague Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1911 27 28 glass negative ca. 1936-1937, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress Library of Congress Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1936-1937 31 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS Biblioteca Berenson Unknown, Bernard Beren- son’s photos, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1920-1958 30 postcard ca. 1907-1914, Neurdein et Cie, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library postcard ca. 1907-1914, Braun, Clement and Comany, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library jpg 1999, © Trinity College Wat- kinson Library | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Trinity College Watkinson Library | ARTstor Trinity College Watkinson Library Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1907-1914 26 engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
  • 15. painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana slide date unknown, copyright unclear slide date unknown, copyright unclear print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear 1754, public domain jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Scala / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Eric Van- deville | Getty Images, £485 print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg 2011, © RMN- Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Michel Urtado | Art Resource jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS 1500 Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engrav ca. 180 Loricho domain Museum engrav ca. 180 Loricho domain delphia of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date un © Trust of the B Museum BY-NC- British M £63 + V jpg date un © Phila Museum | Philade Museum jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 Multip Consta Louis A Loricho (1800- after L da Vinc ca. 180 9 10 11 publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com © Andrea Wallace, CC BY
  • 16. painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, publ domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain Instituto del Pa rimonio Cultura de Espana print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Instituto de Patrimonio Cul tural de Españ Fotografía: © Instituto del jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 © HultonFine Art Collection,Getty Images copyright unclear © UniversalHistory Archive,Getty Images © RMN-Palais (museé du Louvre) / Michel Urtado © Andrea Wallace, CC BY copyright unclear
  • 17. painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engraving ca. 1815-1861, Belliard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | Phila- delphia Museum of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum draw 1849 Millet doma unkno draw 1849 Millet doma unkno jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum engra 1849 Le Gra doma Biblio nation Franc engra 1849 Le Gra doma Gusta photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 British Museum Zéphirin Belliard (1798-1861), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1815-1861 Multiple Constant Louis Antoine Lorichon (1800-1855), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1804-1815 9 10 1211 jpg date u copyr uncle thèqu ale de €25 jpg 1999 © Mu tave M © Dir des M de Fra René- Ojed | Mult Gusta Gray 1884 Aimé (1819 Millet Draw Mona 1849 13 …continues to the right © Andrea Wallace, CC BY
  • 18. drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unclear engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Musée Gustave Moreau jpg 1999, © Musée Gus- tave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed | Joconde drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unclear engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Bibliothèque nationale de France jpg date unknown, cop- yright unclear | Bibliothèque nationale de France, €25 drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unclear engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum jpg 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum Multiple Gustave Le Gray (1820-1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891), Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1849-1850 © Musée Gustave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed m504105_96ce12225_p, 1999 jpg, 352 x 512 px © Andrea Wallace, CC BY Copyright unclear, Bibliotèque nationale de France [Reproduction_de_la_cop- ie_de_[...]Le_Gray_bt- v1b84577995, date unknown jpg, 1022 x 1566 px Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891) Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa, 1849-1850 engraving, 28.9 × 19.1 cm 06856701, 2016 jpg, 2172 x 3309 px Public domain, courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum
  • 19. A History ofIntellectual Propertyin50 Objects,Claudy Op denKamp & Dan Hunter (eds), Cambridge University Press(2018) publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 1503-1616, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain painting 16th century, Unknown, public domain photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana photograph 1860-1886, J. Laurent (1816-1886) public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana film negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana glass negative date unknown, Unknown, public domain | Instituto del Pat- rimonio Cultural de Espana slide date unknown, copyright unclear slide date unknown, copyright unclear print 1924, copyright unclear, The Outline of Art, Sir William Orpen (ed), George Newnes Limited, London unclear 1754, public domain jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY, René-Gabriel Ojéda | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais (musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado | RMN Photo, £80 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Lewandowski / Le Mage / Gattelet | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Scala / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg date unknown, © Eric Van- deville | Getty Images, £485 print 1934, copyright unclear, The World’s Great- est Paint-ings, Odhams Press, London jpg date unknown, © State Hermit- age Museum | State Hermitage Museum, €70 jpg date unknown, © Museo Nacional del Prado / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource jpg 2012, copyright unclear, Alberto Otero | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España Fotografía: © Instituto del Patrimonio Cul- tural de España, CC BY-NC-ND | Europeana jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado, Dist. RMN-GP / image du Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado jpg date unknown, © Universal History Archive / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Museo Na- cional del Prado | Museo Nacional del Prado, €169 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Bonhams, London, UK / Bridgeman Images | Bridge- man Art Library, £150 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Art History Survey Collec- tion | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © The Archive for Research on Archetypal Symbolism | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg 2013, © Uni- versal History Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear, University of California San Diego | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Hulton Fine Art Collection / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Europeana jpg 1999, © Musée du Louvre, © Direction des Musées de France, © Réunion des musées nation- aux - utilisation soumise à autor- isation, © Hervé Lewandowski, © Thierry Le Mage | Joconde, £80 jpg 2011, copyright unclear | Wikipedia jpg 2011, © RMN- Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY / Michel Urtado | Art Resource jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright unclear, Harvard University Library | HOLLIS 1500 Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Flem- ish School Mona Lisa 16th century Private collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th century The State Hermitage Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, State Hermitage Mona Lisa 16th century Museo Nacional del Prado Workshop of da Vinci, after Leonardo da Vinci, Earliest known copy 1503-1516 1 32 4 1600 1800 1900 painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 18th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Harvard University Library engraving ca. 1815-1861, Belliard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1804-1815, Lorichon, public domain | Phila- delphia Museum of Art painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domainpainting ca. 1635-1660, Unknown, public domain painting ca. 16th to 17th century, Unknown, public domain engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | British Museum engraving ca. 1803-1809, Massard, public domain | Victoria and Albert Museum drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown drawing 1849-1850, Millet, public domain | location unknown engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Teylers Museum photograph, albumen print 1870, Goupil & Cie, public domain jpg date unknown, public domain | Walters Art Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Bibliothèque nationale de France drawing 1825-1826, Calamatta, public domain | location unknown engraving 1849-1850, Le Gray, public domain | Musée Gustave Moreau tif 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear photograph date unknown, Unknown, cop- yright unclear | location unclear jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna; Fondazione Federico Zeri | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | Wikipedia jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Victoria and Albert Museum, London | Victoria and Albert Museum jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor Walters Art Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Walters Mona Lisa ca. 1635-1660 Location Unclear Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Vernon Mona Lisa 16th-17th century painting ca. early 17th century, Unknown, public domain jpg 2006, copyright unclear | Saatchi Gallery / Courtauld Photographic Survey Private Collection Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, Reyn- olds Mona Lisa 17th century 76 painting 16th century, Dubois, public domain jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Google Arts & Culture Castle of Clos Lucé Ambroise Dubois, after Leonardo da Vinci 16th century 5 8 jpg 2015, © Port- land Museum | Portland Museum Portland Museum Unknown, Portland Mona Lisa 16th-18th century Multiple J. B. Raph- ael Urbain Massard (1775-1843), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1803-1809 British Museum Zéphirin Belliard (1798-1861), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1815-1861 Multiple Constant Louis Antoine Lorichon (1800-1855), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1804-1815 9 10 1211 jpg 2016, public domain | J. Paul Getty Museum jpg date unknown, copyright unclear | Biblio- thèque nation- ale de France, €25 jpg 1999, © Musée Gus- tave Moreau, © Direction des Musées de France, © René-Gabriel Ojed | Joconde Multiple Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891), Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1849-1850 Multiple Luigi Calamatta (1801-1869), after Leonardo da Vinci 1857 13 14 drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear drawing date unknown, Gaillard, public domain | location unclear engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | Biblioteca Ambrosiana engraving 1867, Hotelin, public domain | University of Wroclaw jpg 2016, © DeAgstomo / Getty Images | Getty Images, £485 djvu date unknown, copyright unclear | Digital Library of University of Wroclaw Multiple Laurent Hotelin, after Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), Galliard’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa 1867 16 jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg date unknown, © Teylers Muse- um, CC BY-NC | Europeana lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain lithograph ca. 1865-1871, Eichens, public domain jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT British Museum Herman Eichens (1813-1886), after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1865-1871 15 etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | location unclear etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | Musée du Louvre etching 1886-1887, Galliard, public domain | British Museum jpg date unknown, © Trustees of the British Museum, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | British Museum, £63 + VAT jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Multiple Claude Ferdi- nand Galliard (1834-1887), after Leonardo da Vinci 1886-1887 19 J. Paul Getty Museum Goupil & Cie (1839-1860s), Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa 1870 17 painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, public domain lithograph 19th century, Teichel, public domain engraving 19th century, Boisson, public domain etching 19th century, Bridoux, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain engraving 19th century, Derrarois, public domain print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location unknown print 19th century, Unknown, public domain | location known photograph 1911, photo collection illustrated magazine Het Leven (1906- 1941), copyright unclear dry plate negative ca. 1900-1912, public domain dry plate negative ca. 1900-1915, public domain engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving (1914), Cole, public domain | Art Institute of Chicago engraving 1914, Cole, public domain | Brooklyn Museum photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson photograph ca. 1920-1958, photo collection of Bernard Berenson, cop- yright unclear | Biblioteca Berenson painting ca. 1503-1599, Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci, public domain | Galleria Corsini, Roma photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Carlo Brogi (1850-1925), public domain | MKG Hamburg photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna photograph, albumen print ca. 1881-1900, Brogi, public do- main | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, public domain | MKG Hamburg tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress jpg date unknown, no known cop- yright restric- tions | Brooklyn Museum jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © Federico Zeri Foundation, CC BY-NC-ND | Università di Bologna jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Thierry Le Mage | RMN Photo jpg 1999, © Hulton Archive | Getty Images, £485 jpg date unknown, © Bettmann | Getty Images, £485 png date unknown, copyright unclear | Spaarnestad Photo jpg date unknown, © President and Fellows of Harvard College | HOLLIS Harvard University Albert Teichel (1822-1873), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 20 21 Multiple Carlo Brogi, (1840-1925), Unknown (ca. 1503-1599), after Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1881-1900 photograph, albumen print 1850-1880, Pozzi, public domain Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Pompeo Pozzi (1871-1888) , after Leonardo da Vinci ca. 1850-1880 tif date unknown, public domain / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam | Rijksstudio 18 jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / image RMN-GP | RMN Photo jpg date unknown, © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY | Art Resource Saint-Denis Augustin Bridoux (1813-1892), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Musée du Louvre Antoine Francoise Derrarois (1864-1949), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century Unknown Unknown prints, after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century British Museum Leon Boisson (1854-1941), after Leonardo da Vinci 19th century 22 23 24 25 jpg date unknown, © Art Institute of Chicago | Art Institute of Chicago jpg date unknown, © Smith College Museum of Art | ARTstor Multiple Timothy Cole (1852-1931), after Leonardo da Vinci 1914 Library of Congress Detroit Publishing Company, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1900-1915 29 National Archives, The Hague Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1911 27 28 glass negative ca. 1936-1937, public domain | Library of Congress tif date unknown, public domain | Library of Congress Library of Congress Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1936-1937 31 jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS jpg date unknown, copyright un- clear | HOLLIS Biblioteca Berenson Unknown, Bernard Beren- son’s photos, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1920-1958 30 postcard ca. 1907-1914, Neurdein et Cie, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library postcard ca. 1907-1914, Braun, Clement and Comany, public domain | Trinity College Watkinson Library jpg 1999, © Trinity College Wat- kinson Library | ARTstor jpg date unknown, © Trinity College Watkinson Library | ARTstor Trinity College Watkinson Library Unknown, Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa ca. 1907-1914 26 engraving 1857, Calamatta, public domain | Philadelphia Museum of Art jpg 2010, © Philadelphia Museum of Art | Philadelphia Museum of Art publicdomain copyright Musée du Louvre, Paris Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa (La Joconde) £11 1503-1516 Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
  • 20. Gustave Le Gray (1820- 1884), after Aimé Millet (1819-1891) Millet’s Drawing of the Mona Lisa, 1849-1850 engraving, 28.9 × 19.1 cm 06856701, 2016 jpg, 2172 x 3309 px Public domain, courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum Unknown, after Leonardo da Vinci Walters Mona Lisa, ca. 1635-1660 Oil on canvas, 79.3 x 63.5 cm pl1_371158_fnt_tr, date unknown jpg, 1382 x 1799 px Public domain, courtesy Walters Art Museum Carlo Brogi, (1840-1925), Unknown (ca. 1503- 1599), after Unknown Copy of the Mona Lisa, ca. 1881-1900 Photograph, albumen print, 25 x 19.5 cm P2011.14-1, date unknown jpg, 892 x 1200 px Public domain, courtesy MKG Hamburg Timothy Cole (1852- 1931), after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, 1914 Wood engraving, 23.2 x 16.1 cm 20.778_PS4, date unknown jpg, 1105 x 1536 px Public domain, courtesy Brooklyn Museum Goupil & Cie (1839-1860s), after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, 1870 Photograph, albumen print, 25.1 x 17.1 cm 05044701, 2016 jpg, 2764 x 3884 px Public domain, courtesy J. Paul Getty Museum Pompeo Pozzi (1871- 1888), after Unknown Drawing of da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, ca. 1850- 1880 Photograph, albumen print, 24.5 x 20.2 cm RP-F-00-351, date unknown tif, 4268 x 6369 px Public domain, courtesy Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY WALTERS ART MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY MKG HAMBURG PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY BROOKLYN MUSEUM NO RISK, COURTESY / © RIJKSMUSEUM, AMSTERDAM PAINTING ENGRAVING PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN PHOTOGRAPH, ALBUMEN ENGRAVING
  • 21. PUBLIC DOMAIN, COURTESY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Detroit Publishing Company, after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, 1936-1937 Glass negative, 10 x 12.7 cm 33657u, date unknown tif, 3958 x 5109 px Detroit Publishing Company, after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, ca. 1900-1912 Dry plate glass negative, 20.3 x 25.4 cm 4a26503u, date unknown tif, 4074 x 5157 px Detroit Publishing Company, after Leonardo da Vinci Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, ca. 1900-1915 Dry plate glass negative, 20.3 x 25.4 cm 4a25019u, date unknown tif, 4074 x 5072 px
  • 22.
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  • 25. © RMN-Grand Palais(musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado © C2RMF 2013 © Universal History Archive / Getty Images © HultonFine Art Collection/ Getty Images © Eric Vanderville © Hulton Archive / Getty Images © RMN-Grand Palais/ Art Resource, NY © Scala / Art Resource, NY © RMN-Grand Palais/ Art Resource, NY © RMN-Grand Palais/ Art Resource, NY © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © Art History Survey Collection © The Archive for Research onArchetypal Symbolism © The Archive for Research onArchetypal Symbolism © Erich Lessing / ART RESOURCE N.Y. © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © All Rights Reserved © Musée du Louvre,© Direction des Musées de France:© Réunion des musées nationaux – utilisat- ion soumise à autorisation ; © Hervé Lewandow- ski; © Thierry Le Mage © Musée du Louvre,© Direction des Musées de France:© Réunion des musées nationaux – utilisa- tion soumise à autorisation ; © Hervé Lewandow- ski; © Thierry Le Mage
  • 26.
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  • 28. S U R R O G AT E S : I N - C O P Y R I G H T v P U B L I C D O M AI N © David Hockney License this image © Tate, CC BY-NC-ND License this image
  • 29.
  • 30. CC BY Michael Gimenez
  • 31. T H AT ’ S S O M E TA ¬ A COPY… (DAYOR PHOTO) ¬ OF A COPY... (DAYOR PRINT) ¬ OF A COPY... (RMN PHOTO) ¬ OF AN OUT-OF-© WORK
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  • 43. PART II: LET’S BE HONEST, EVERY/NO ONE IS SORRY IN WHICH WE ACCEPT WE ARE ALL IMPERFECT, ESPECIALLY #COPYRIGHTChrist driving the money changersfromthe Temple, 1635, Netherlands, by Rembrandt van Rijn. Gift of Bishop Monrad, 1869. Te Papa (1869-0001-406)
  • 44. Initial sample: 130 institutions 37 countries • Policy (or not) • Title • Location • Translations • Online collections • © • ©-by-contract • Prohibitsall use • Chargesfor commerical use Final sample: 52 institutions 26 countries 100 surrogates
  • 45. O N L I N E P O L I C I E S ( T O N AM E JU S T A F E W ) • Impressum • Copyright • Legal Notice • Rightsand Reproduction • Rightsof Use • Imprint • Website Policy • Contact • Conditions • FAQ • Disclaimer Copyrights(which includesno such disclaim of copyright) • Open Access • Copyright and Reproductions • Intellectual Property RightsPolicy • Terms of Use • Terms and Conditions • General termsof use for photo material • Request photograph • User Agreement • Image Reproductionsand Copyright • Copyright, permissionsand photography • Disclaimer • Image Usage Policy • About thissite • Using Images 130 institutions: “Copyright” most common – 16 institutions
  • 46. TAT E | 2 0 1 6 1. Copyright, permissions and photography 2. Tate gallery rules 3. Website termsofuse 4. Image licensing 5. Copyright ‘orphanworks’ 6. Creative Commonslicensesand Tate 7. Tate ImagesCopyright Policy 8. DigitalImages ReproductionPolicy (Tate Images) 9. Creative Commonscontent 10. A Brief Guide to Copyright.pdf (65 pages)
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  • 53. Reiss Engelhorn Museum v. Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia Deutschland Rudolf Stricker, Wikimedia Commons
  • 55. “. . . the question for us is who shoulddecidewhetherand especiallyhowour holdingsshouldbe made available. Even if one supports the free public accessibility of cultural items on Wikipedia, it is difficultfor us to comprehendthat a single Wikipediaauthorclaimsthe right to decideon theirown to release to everybodythe results of work created with public funds on Wikipedia for free and thus also for commercialuse.” Prof. Dr. Alfried Wieczorek General-Director of the Reiss Engelhorn Museum
  • 56. http://network.icom.museum/cidoc/blog/maria-vlachou/ Landscape from Bretagne, Paul Gauguin, National Museumof Sweden, PublicDomain “. . . the next big question is: how do we knowwhatpeople are going to do withthese freely accessibleimages? This is, perhaps, the hardest thing for some [heritage] professionals, who feel they havea responsibilityto ‘protect’the works of art and theirreproductions.The hard truth, though, is that they do not. Objects in the public domain belong to everyone and no one has appointed [heritage]professionalsas arbiters of taste.” Maria Vlachou, Cultural Management and Communications Consultant
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  • 63. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 64. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 65. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 66. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 67. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 68. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 69. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 70. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 71. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 72. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 73. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 74. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 75. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 76. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 77. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 78. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 79. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 80. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 81. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 82. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 83. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 84. Mona Lisa Smile,Will.i.am, Created by: Pasha Shapiro, Ernst Weber, Michael Jurkovac, © 2016Interscope Records
  • 85. Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
  • 86. Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
  • 90. Andrea Wallace CCO Jeff Koons was born inYork, Pennsylvaniain 1955. He studiedat the MarylandInstituteCollegeof Art in Baltimore and the School of the Art Instituteof Chicago. Since his first solo exhibitionin1980, Koons’swork has been shownin majorgalleries and institutions around the world.Koons livesand works in New York City.
  • 94. Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
  • 95. Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
  • 96. Louis Vuitton & Jeff Koons, 2017
  • 97. MONET, Water Lillies National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo MANET, Luncheon onthe Grass Museé d’Orsay, ParisGAUGUIN, Delightful Land Ohara Museum, Kurashiki, Japan VAN GOGH, Wheatfieldwith Cypress National Gallery, London RUBENS Tiger Hunt Museé des Beaux- Artes, Rennes FRAGGONARD Girl withDog Alte Pinakothek Museum, Munich DAVINCI Mona Lisa Museé du Louvre, Paris TURNER Ancient Rome Tate, London BOUCHER RecliningGirl Alte Pinakothek Museum, Munich TITIAN Mars, Venus, and Cupid Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna © The National Museum of Western Art Tokyo © Ohara Museum of Art © RMN-Grand Palais(musée du Louvre) / Michel Urtado© Copyright The National Gallery, London 2017© Musée des Beaux-Artsde Rennes © KunsthistorischesMuseum Wien, Gemäldegalerie
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  • 105. PART III: LET’S NEVER BE SORRY EVER AGAIN IN WHICH WE DECIDE TO ALL HOLD HANDS AND NOT LOOK BACK The Fall of Man, CornelisCornelisz. van Haarlem, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, No risk / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
  • 106. The Fall of Man, CornelisCornelisz. van Haarlem, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, No risk / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
  • 107. THE PUBLIC WANTS MORE COPYRIGHT
  • 108. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Anthony Roberts, CC BY
  • 109. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY Featuringwork by Nick Briz, Emilie Gervais, Nicolas Maigret, Christopher Meerdo, Jan Nikolai Nelles & Nora Al- Badri, Duncan Poulton, Fernando Sosa,Andrea Wallace & Ronan Deazley.Antonio <3
  • 110. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 111. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 112. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 113. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 114. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 115. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 116. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 117. No Copyright Infringement Intended,© Antonio Roberts, CC BY
  • 118. Botticelli Reimagined, V&A, [website] WE ALREADY DO IT WHEN IT BENEFITS US TO DO IT
  • 119. Botticelli Reimagined, Victoria and Albert Museum, https://www.vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/botticelli-reimagined
  • 121. 2 2 JU N E 2 0 1 6 Andrea Wallace, CC0
  • 122. 2 2 JU N E 2 0 1 6 Andrea Wallace, CC0
  • 123. © 2015. Image Copyright Museo Nacional del Prado © Photo MNP / Scala, Florence http://www.spectacles-selection.com/archives/expositions/fiche_expo_B/bill-viola-V/
  • 124. Private collection © Cindy Sherman,www.pbs.org
  • 125. B O T T I C E L L I R E I M AG I N E D © VALIE EXPORT © 2015. Photo Scala, Florence – courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali Google images
  • 127. GIVE THE PUBLIC MORE CREDIT: THEY CAN HANDLE COPYRIGHT
  • 131. NO, IT’S NOT FREE. IT COSTS MONEY, SO IT’S OKAY TO ASK FOR MONEY.
  • 132.
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  • 134. The Fall of Man, CornelisCornelisz. van Haarlem, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, No risk / © Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam IN THE MEANTIME, KEEP HUGGING
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  • 139. MONA LISA & EARLIEST COPY© GETTYPUBLIC DOMAIN, WALTERS ART MUSEUMPUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE DATA, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION