Acanthamoeba - GAE
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Acanthamoeba are protozoan parasites that can cause infections in humans and animals. There are three genera that cause disease - Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, and Naegleria. Acanthamoeba can cause chronic granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) of the brain or Acanthamoeba keratitis of the eye. It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms and has a life cycle involving primary infection through the skin/eyes/inhalation, followed by hematogenous spread to target organs like the brain or cornea. GAE presents with neurological symptoms while keratitis presents with eye pain and vision changes
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Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living amoeba that can cause rare but severe infections of the eye, skin, and central nervous system. It has two stages in its life cycle - the trophozoite stage where it replicates and feeds, and the cyst stage where it becomes dormant and resistant. It is found in soil, water, and other environmental sources. When it enters the eye, it can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis, and when it enters the respiratory system or skin it can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis by spreading to the brain. Treatment involves medications like pentamidine and antiseptic agents depending on the infected area.
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living amoeba found worldwide in fresh water and soil. It can cause opportunistic infections in humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite, which actively feeds and moves, and the dormant cyst stage. It can enter the body through the eyes, lungs, or broken skin and cause Acanthamoeba keratitis or Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis. Acanthamoeba keratitis is an eye infection commonly caused by contaminated contact lenses and presents with eye pain, redness and blurred vision. Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis infects the brain and is usually fatal, presenting with fever
Free living amebae - Naegleria fowleri - Acanthamoeba - Balamuthia mandrillar...
AMOEBAE - GIARDIA- TRICHOMONIASIS - SECOND MBBS STUDENTS - UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - MEDICAL COLLEGE - POWERPOINT
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living parasite that can cause infections in humans. It exists in two forms - the trophozoite, which has projections, and the cyst, which has a protective double-walled structure. It is found worldwide in soil, water, and air. Acanthamoeba can cause eye, skin, or brain infections and enters the body through inhalation or skin lesions. In the brain it causes granulomatous encephalitis with symptoms like headache and seizures. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, or PCR of samples from affected tissues. Treatment depends on the infected area but may include medications like pentamidine, chlorhexidine, or sulfadiaz
Pathgenic free living amoeba
Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Sappinia pedata are genera of free-living amoebae that can cause disease in humans. Naegleria fowleri causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) by entering the body through the nose and migrating to the brain. It has trophozoite and cyst stages. Acanthamoeba spp. causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and keratitis and has trophozoite and cyst stages. Balamuthia mandrillaris causes GAE and enters through skin
H.nana
Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the most common tapeworm infection in humans. It can be found worldwide but is most common in areas with poor sanitation. H. nana lives in the small intestine and can reproduce asexually inside the host, allowing infections to persist for years. Symptoms may include nausea, weakness, and diarrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding H. nana eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications like praziquantel or niclosamide. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and eliminating rodent hosts.
Free living amoebae
1. The document discusses various aspects of free-living amoebae (FLA) including Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
2. It covers their classification, structure, life cycles, modes of infection, clinical manifestations like primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.
3. The summary also discusses their diagnosis through microscopy, culture, molecular and imaging techniques as well as challenges in treatment.
Naegleria fowleri
1. Naegleria fowleri is a brain-eating amoeba that lives in warm freshwater and soil and causes PAM, a rare but often fatal infection of the brain.
2. It has two stages - a feeding trophozoite stage and a dormant cyst stage. The trophozoite enters the body through the nose and travels to the brain.
3. Symptoms of PAM caused by N. fowleri include severe headache, fever, stiff neck, seizures and coma and onset is usually 1-2 weeks after infection. Diagnosis involves examining CSF and culturing the amoeba. Amphotericin B is the treatment but the infection is usually
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Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living amoeba that can cause rare but severe infections of the eye, skin, and central nervous system. It has two stages in its life cycle - the trophozoite stage where it replicates and feeds, and the cyst stage where it becomes dormant and resistant. It is found in soil, water, and other environmental sources. When it enters the eye, it can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis, and when it enters the respiratory system or skin it can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis by spreading to the brain. Treatment involves medications like pentamidine and antiseptic agents depending on the infected area.
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living amoeba found worldwide in fresh water and soil. It can cause opportunistic infections in humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite, which actively feeds and moves, and the dormant cyst stage. It can enter the body through the eyes, lungs, or broken skin and cause Acanthamoeba keratitis or Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis. Acanthamoeba keratitis is an eye infection commonly caused by contaminated contact lenses and presents with eye pain, redness and blurred vision. Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis infects the brain and is usually fatal, presenting with fever
Free living amebae - Naegleria fowleri - Acanthamoeba - Balamuthia mandrillar...
AMOEBAE - GIARDIA- TRICHOMONIASIS - SECOND MBBS STUDENTS - UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS - MEDICAL COLLEGE - POWERPOINT
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoeba is a microscopic, free-living parasite that can cause infections in humans. It exists in two forms - the trophozoite, which has projections, and the cyst, which has a protective double-walled structure. It is found worldwide in soil, water, and air. Acanthamoeba can cause eye, skin, or brain infections and enters the body through inhalation or skin lesions. In the brain it causes granulomatous encephalitis with symptoms like headache and seizures. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, or PCR of samples from affected tissues. Treatment depends on the infected area but may include medications like pentamidine, chlorhexidine, or sulfadiaz
Pathgenic free living amoeba
Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Sappinia pedata are genera of free-living amoebae that can cause disease in humans. Naegleria fowleri causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) by entering the body through the nose and migrating to the brain. It has trophozoite and cyst stages. Acanthamoeba spp. causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) and keratitis and has trophozoite and cyst stages. Balamuthia mandrillaris causes GAE and enters through skin
H.nana
Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the most common tapeworm infection in humans. It can be found worldwide but is most common in areas with poor sanitation. H. nana lives in the small intestine and can reproduce asexually inside the host, allowing infections to persist for years. Symptoms may include nausea, weakness, and diarrhea. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding H. nana eggs in stool samples. Treatment involves antiparasitic medications like praziquantel or niclosamide. Prevention focuses on good hygiene, sanitation, and eliminating rodent hosts.
Free living amoebae
1. The document discusses various aspects of free-living amoebae (FLA) including Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris.
2. It covers their classification, structure, life cycles, modes of infection, clinical manifestations like primary amoebic meningoencephalitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.
3. The summary also discusses their diagnosis through microscopy, culture, molecular and imaging techniques as well as challenges in treatment.
Naegleria fowleri
1. Naegleria fowleri is a brain-eating amoeba that lives in warm freshwater and soil and causes PAM, a rare but often fatal infection of the brain.
2. It has two stages - a feeding trophozoite stage and a dormant cyst stage. The trophozoite enters the body through the nose and travels to the brain.
3. Symptoms of PAM caused by N. fowleri include severe headache, fever, stiff neck, seizures and coma and onset is usually 1-2 weeks after infection. Diagnosis involves examining CSF and culturing the amoeba. Amphotericin B is the treatment but the infection is usually
Leishmaniasis 120609100101-phpapp01
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania and is transmitted by sand flies. Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is caused by L. donovani and presents with fever, weight loss, enlarged liver and spleen. It is diagnosed by identifying the parasites in bone marrow or spleen aspirates under microscopy. Treatment involves pentavalent antimony compounds. Control relies on vector control measures and treating infected individuals to reduce the reservoir and prevent epidemics. Some patients may later develop a skin condition called post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis.
Free living amoebae
This document discusses three pathogenic free-living amoebae: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia mandrillaris. Naegleria fowleri has trophozoite and cyst forms and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) through nasal entry. Acanthamoeba also has trophozoite and cyst forms and can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) as well as chronic amoebic keratitis in contact lens users. Balamuthia mandrillaris similarly has trophozoite and cyst forms and causes GAE, especially in AIDS
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African trypanosomes
African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow, or cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of trypomastigotes. Serological tests like CATT, IHA, ELISA can also be used for diagnosis. Untreated, the infection can spread to the central nervous system and cause neurological complications.
Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous And Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Modes of Transmission :
Vector-borne: by bite of infected female sandflies (2–3 mm long), which become infected by taking blood meal from infected mammalian host.
Other modes: congenital and parenteral (i.e., by blood transfusion, needle sharing, laboratory accident).
Incubation Period: Inversely proportional to size of inoculum: shorter in visitors to endemic area. OWCL:
L. tropica major : 1–4 weeks.
L. tropica , 2–8 months.
acute CL: 2–8 weeks or more.
Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis.pptx
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1. staphylococcus
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Acanthamoeba species
Acanthamoeba species are free-living amebae that can act as opportunistic pathogens. They have two stages - trophozoites and cysts. Trophozoites are the infective forms and can enter the body through various means like the eye, nose, or broken skin. When they enter the eye, they can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis with symptoms of severe eye pain and vision problems. When they enter the respiratory system or skin, they can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis in individuals with compromised immune systems, with symptoms including headaches, seizures, and stiff neck. Treatment has had limited success as most patients with granulomatous amebic
H.nana
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Visceral leishmaniasis ( kala azar)
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the infected sandflies. It characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anaemia.
Toxoplasma
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Toxocariasis is caused by roundworm infection from dogs or cats. Humans can become infected by accidentally ingesting roundworm eggs from contaminated soil or hands. This can cause visceral larva migrans affecting organs like the liver and lungs, or ocular larva migrans affecting the eye. Common symptoms include fever, cough, vision issues, and organ tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging, while treatment uses anthelmintic drugs. Preventing infection involves deworming pets and good hand hygiene.
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Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by sand flies that causes three main forms: visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous. Visceral leishmaniasis affects the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Cutaneous affects the skin and mucocutaneous affects the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth. The parasite has two stages in its life cycle - the motile promastigote stage in the sand fly and the non-motile amastigote stage in mammals. Diagnosis involves examining tissue, blood, or bone marrow samples microscopically or through culture, PCR or serology. Treatment depends on the form of the disease but may include antimony compounds,
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Diphyllobothrium latum
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laboratory diagnosis of fungal inections
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Pathgenic free living amoeba
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living amoeba that can cause a rare but severe infection of the brain called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). It exists in trophozoite, flagellate, and cyst forms and is found in warm freshwater. Infection occurs when water containing the amoeba enters the nose. Symptoms include headache, fever and stiff neck and death usually occurs within a week. Diagnosis involves examining CSF for trophozoites. Treatment involves antifungal drugs like amphotericin B.
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This document discusses three pathogenic free-living amoebae: Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba, and Balamuthia mandrillaris. Naegleria fowleri has trophozoite and cyst forms and causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) through nasal entry. Acanthamoeba also has trophozoite and cyst forms and can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) as well as chronic amoebic keratitis in contact lens users. Balamuthia mandrillaris similarly has trophozoite and cyst forms and causes GAE, especially in AIDS
Lab diagnosis of leishmaniasis
Laboratory diagnosis of leishmaniasis involves direct and indirect methods. Direct methods include microscopic observation of tissue aspirates stained with Giemsa to identify the kinetoplast of Leishmania parasites, and culture of aspirated material in media such as Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle to grow promastigotes. Indirect methods detect antibodies through tests like the Montenegro skin test, or detect antigens using ELISA. Animal inoculation of infected material into hamsters or mice is also used but takes a long time. Together, these laboratory methods allow diagnosis and grading of leishmaniasis infections.
Angiostrongyliasis
Angiostrongyliasis is caused by the parasitic nematode Angiostrongylus, primarily A. cantonensis. People can become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked snails/slugs that carry the parasite larvae. The larvae can then travel to the brain, causing meningitis. Symptoms include headache, neck stiffness, and fever. Diagnosis involves finding eosinophils in spinal fluid or blood. Treatment focuses on pain relief; prevention involves thoroughly cooking snails/slugs and washing produce.
African trypanosomes
African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of chancre fluid, lymph node aspirates, blood, bone marrow, or cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of trypomastigotes. Serological tests like CATT, IHA, ELISA can also be used for diagnosis. Untreated, the infection can spread to the central nervous system and cause neurological complications.
Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous And Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Modes of Transmission :
Vector-borne: by bite of infected female sandflies (2–3 mm long), which become infected by taking blood meal from infected mammalian host.
Other modes: congenital and parenteral (i.e., by blood transfusion, needle sharing, laboratory accident).
Incubation Period: Inversely proportional to size of inoculum: shorter in visitors to endemic area. OWCL:
L. tropica major : 1–4 weeks.
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Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis.pptx
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is a rare infection of the brain with a high mortality rate. It is most commonly caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba spp. These amoebae enter through the nasal mucosa or skin and spread to the brain. Clinical presentation is non-specific. Diagnosis involves MRI imaging showing brain lesions, examination of cerebrospinal fluid, and confirmation via brain biopsy and histopathology showing the amoebae. There is no standard treatment, but multiple drugs are given over long periods, though most cases are fatal.
Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
The document discusses Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease was first described in 1909 by Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas. Chagas discovered the organism and infection in humans. The disease affects an estimated 8 million people worldwide and is emerging as an issue in the United States through immigration. Transmission occurs through contact with infected triatomine bugs or blood transfusions. There is no vaccine and treatment is only partially effective in the acute phase of infection.
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1. staphylococcus
This document discusses Staphylococcus, including its morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Staphylococcus is a gram-positive, round bacterium that grows in clusters and produces golden yellow colonies on nutrient agar. It can cause both superficial and deep infections in humans and produces toxins that lead to conditions like toxic shock syndrome and scalded skin syndrome. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining samples under a microscope, culturing them on selective media, and identifying colonies using tests like coagulase. Effective antibiotic treatments include penicillin, methicillin, and vancomycin.
Acanthamoeba species
Acanthamoeba species are free-living amebae that can act as opportunistic pathogens. They have two stages - trophozoites and cysts. Trophozoites are the infective forms and can enter the body through various means like the eye, nose, or broken skin. When they enter the eye, they can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis with symptoms of severe eye pain and vision problems. When they enter the respiratory system or skin, they can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis in individuals with compromised immune systems, with symptoms including headaches, seizures, and stiff neck. Treatment has had limited success as most patients with granulomatous amebic
H.nana
H. nana is a species of tapeworm that infects humans. It was first identified in 1852 and is most common in children and warm climates with poor sanitation. H. nana is small, measuring 10-44mm, and consists of 100-200 short segments. Transmission occurs through ingesting eggs from contaminated food, drink, or hands. Infection may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weakness. Diagnosis is made by finding the parasite's eggs in feces through examination or concentration techniques. Treatment involves praziquantel, nitazoxanide, or niclosamide. Prevention focuses on handwashing and proper sanitation.
Visceral leishmaniasis ( kala azar)
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the infected sandflies. It characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anaemia.
Toxoplasma
This document provides information on Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite that can infect humans and cause the disease toxoplasmosis. It discusses the introduction, taxonomy, structure/morphology, life cycle, epidemiology/transmission, clinical significance/pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of T. gondii. Key points include that T. gondii has three stages in its life cycle (tachyzoite, bradyzoite, sporozoite), cats are the definitive host, and infection is often asymptomatic but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised or congenitally infected individuals. Diagnosis involves serologic tests or direct detection of the parasite, and treatment focuses on drugs that target
Toxocariasis (roundworms)
Toxocariasis is caused by roundworm infection from dogs or cats. Humans can become infected by accidentally ingesting roundworm eggs from contaminated soil or hands. This can cause visceral larva migrans affecting organs like the liver and lungs, or ocular larva migrans affecting the eye. Common symptoms include fever, cough, vision issues, and organ tenderness. Diagnosis involves blood tests and imaging, while treatment uses anthelmintic drugs. Preventing infection involves deworming pets and good hand hygiene.
Sporozoa II
This document provides an overview of several opportunistic coccidian parasites that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals: Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, and Sarcocystis species. It describes the morphology, life cycles, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections caused by each parasite. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that can cause severe disease in HIV/AIDS patients. Cryptosporidium is an intestinal parasite commonly seen in HIV patients and a major cause of diarrhea. Cyclospora causes intermittent diarrhea and is prevalent
Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by sand flies that causes three main forms: visceral, cutaneous, and mucocutaneous. Visceral leishmaniasis affects the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Cutaneous affects the skin and mucocutaneous affects the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth. The parasite has two stages in its life cycle - the motile promastigote stage in the sand fly and the non-motile amastigote stage in mammals. Diagnosis involves examining tissue, blood, or bone marrow samples microscopically or through culture, PCR or serology. Treatment depends on the form of the disease but may include antimony compounds,
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae, commonly known as pneumococcus, is a gram-positive bacterium that is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. It was first observed in 1881 and its relationship to pneumonia was established in 1886. It is a lancet-shaped diplococcus that appears in pairs and is encapsulated. Pneumococcus can be identified through its morphology, culture characteristics, and reactions like optochin sensitivity and bile solubility. It is a human pathogen that can cause diseases like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. Vaccines like PCV7 for children and PPV23 for adults help prevent pneumococcal infections.
Diphyllobothrium latum
Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the fish tapeworm, infects humans who consume raw or undercooked freshwater fish containing plerocercoid larvae. The adult tapeworm lives in the small intestine and can grow to 10 meters long. It lays eggs that are released in feces and infect copepods in water. Fish eat the copepods and can become infected, transmitting the larvae when eaten raw or undercooked by humans. Infection usually causes mild or no symptoms but can potentially lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide and prevention focuses on thoroughly cooking fish from infected waters.
laboratory diagnosis of fungal inections
This document provides an overview of laboratory diagnosis of fungal infections. It discusses classification of fungi, specimen collection and transport, processing including direct examination, culture, and other methods like immunologic tests and molecular methods. It covers topics like potassium hydroxide mount, calcofluor white stain, lactophenol cotton blue stain for examination of specimens. Culture media including sabouraud dextrose agar, cornmeal agar, chromagar are described. The document also discusses biochemical tests like tetrazolium reduction for identification of Candida species.
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2. Sarcoidosis is a common inflammatory cause of nasal granulomas. It is a systemic condition of unknown etiology characterized by non-caseating granulomas. Nasal manifestations include crusting, bleeding, and septal perforation.
3. Wegener's granulomatosis is a necrotizing vasculitis that causes granulomatous inflammation in the respiratory tract and kidneys. In the nose it can cause septal destruction
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Autoimmune diseases
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Filarial worms dr. rs 28 08-2017
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what is loa loa.
loa loa is eradicated mostly from from Asian country like India, Nepal, China etc. , the presentation is for 2nd year O.A students & EHW. which shows basic....knowledge
Filariasis and Fascioliasis
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Otitis externa - ENT
This document provides information about otitis externa (ear infection of the outer ear canal). It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the outer ear, classifications and causes of otitis externa including bacterial, viral and fungal infections. It describes the signs and symptoms of acute and chronic otitis externa and treatments including ear cleaning, topical and oral antibiotics, antifungals and corticosteroids. Complications are outlined along with malignant otitis externa, a potentially lethal infection seen in immunocompromised individuals like diabetics.
Oral Lichen Planus (OLP)
Oral lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the oral mucosa. It is characterized by white striations (Wickham's striae) and varies in appearance from reticular to erythematous or ulcerative lesions. The cause is unknown but involves a cell-mediated immune response. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms and includes topical corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, or retinoids. Malignant transformation may rarely occur so follow-up is important.
Congenital syphilis
1. Congenital syphilis occurs when the syphilis bacterium is transmitted from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy. It can cause a range of health problems in infected newborns and children.
2. Symptoms of early congenital syphilis in newborns include rashes, fever, swelling of the liver and spleen, and pneumonia. Late congenital syphilis symptoms appear after age 2 and include facial deformities, dental abnormalities, and neurological problems.
3. Treatment for congenital syphilis depends on factors like the infant's symptoms, physical exam results, and mother's treatment history. Aqueous penicillin is usually recommended for infants with confirmed disease,
कृष्ण गत रोग.pptx
The document discusses corneal ulcer (ulcerative keratitis), which is characterized by discontinuation of the normal corneal epithelial surface associated with necrosis of surrounding corneal tissue. Bacterial corneal ulcers present as purulent corneal ulcers without or with hypopyon. Signs include a yellowish-white oval or irregular ulcer surrounded by clear cornea. Treatment involves topical and systemic antibiotics, along with cycloplegic drops to reduce pain. The goal is to identify and eliminate the causative bacteria through microbiological testing and targeted antibiotic therapy.
congenitalsyphilis-140810152305-phpapp02 (2).pdf
Congenital syphilis occurs when a fetus is infected with syphilis from an infected mother. It can cause a range of health issues in infected newborns and children depending on whether it is early or late syphilis. Early congenital syphilis symptoms include rashes, blisters, swollen lymph nodes, and liver/spleen enlargement in infants. Late syphilis signs include Hutchinson's teeth, interstitial keratitis, deafness, bone and organ damage. Diagnosis involves tests of fluids, blood tests, and physical exams. High-risk newborns are treated with intravenous penicillin to prevent long-term effects.
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Acanthamoeba - GAE
- 1. ACANTHAMOEBA By Dr. J. Neena Priya Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Dr. MGR JANAKI COLLEGE
- 2. Introduction • Only 3 genera Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, and Naegleria cause disease in humans & animals • Classified under Phylum Protozoa, sub phylum Sarcodina, Super Class Rhizopodea, Class Lobosea, Order Amoebida • Acanthamoeba cause Chronic granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) • Also cause infection of the eye, Acanthamoeba keratitis in humans - occur naturally in a variety of animals • More than 20 species of Acanthamoeba based on size and cyst morphology has been described • Nine species - A. castellanii, A. culbertsoni, A. divionensis, A. griffinii, A. hatchetti, A. healyii, A. lenticulata, A. polyphaga, A. rhysodes have been associated with human disease.
- 3. Morphology • It exists in two forms – Trophozoite and Cyst Trophozoite • 15 to 45μm in size • Nuclear characteristics similar to Naegleria fowleri • Produce fine tapering hyaline pseudopodia called Acanthopodia. • Sluggish Motility • Flagellated stage is absent Cyst • Have double wall, inner wall is smooth and outer wall – wrinkled and ragged. • Round measures 8 to 25μm in size • Survives in dust for many years
- 4. Life cycle & Pathogenesis • Diverse habitats - soil, fresh, brackish and sea water, dust in air, sewage and swimming pools • Systemic infection occurs only in immunocompromised individuals. • Trophozoite and cyst are infective forms • Infection enters skin/eyes/inhalation ↓ Primary infection – skin/ lungs are involved ↓ Haematogenous spread from these sites to brain
- 5. Leads to the involvement of the central nervous system ↓ Produce Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis (GAE) – show multiple, ring-enhancing lesions in the brain ↓ Rarely cyst rapidly transform into trophozoites in the nasal mucosa to reach the brain through cribriform plate along the olfactory nerve ↓ Leads to Meningoencephalitis Biopsy/Autopsy • Show multifocal sites of haemorrhagic necrosis in the midbrain, thalamus, brainstem and cerebellum. • Both trophozoites and cysts are usually seen.
- 6. Acanthamoeba keratitis • occurs in healthy individuals • Associated with corneal trauma and/or contact lens use are at an high risk. • Corneal infection occurs because of improper maintenance of the lenses and wearing lenses while swimming. • Symptoms - Eye pain, redness, Blurred vision, Sensitivity to light, Sensation of something in the eye and Excessive tearing. • Deeper corneal invasion with perforation and loss of vision. • Corneal lesions are caused by A. polyphaga • Non-ocular infections are caused by A. culbertsoni
- 7. Clinical Signs/Symptoms Salient features of Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis • headache, stiff neck, and mental status abnormalities • nausea, vomiting, low-grade fever, lethargy • cerebellar ataxia – lack of muscle coordination, visual disturbances, hemiparesis(paralysis), seizures and coma. Laboratory Diagnosis Sample collection 1.CSF – GAE 2.Corneal scrapings – Keratitis Microscopy Detection of trophozoites/cysts in tissue visualized with haematoxylin and eosin stains
- 8. • Immunohistochemical tests • Realtime PCR • cultured by inoculating pieces of infected tissue - brain, lung, skin, nasopharyngeal on non-nutrient agar plate coated with Gram negative bacteria. TREATMENT • Keratitis responds to combination of neomycin drops, dibromopropamide ointment and propamide isethionate drops • No treatment for GAE • Patients with GAE treated with pentamidine isethionate IV 4 mg/kg body weight/24 hrs, sulfadiazine 500 mg four times a day, pyrimethamine 50 mg, once a day - study PREVENTION • Removing contact lens while swimming • Proper cleaning & disinfection of lens prevent eye infections.
- 9. References • Medical Parasitology – Rajesh Karyakarte • www.biologyonline.com • www.microbesnotes.com