This document provides information on antibiotics and their use. It defines antibiotics as medications used to treat bacterial infections. There are two main types of antibiotics - bactericidal, which kill bacteria, and bacteriostatic, which inhibit bacterial growth. Ideal antibiotics kill or inhibit bacteria without harming the host. The document then discusses specific antibiotics like ampicillin and chloramphenicol, explaining their origins, modes of action in inhibiting bacterial cell wall formation or protein synthesis, and common uses to treat infections.

1. MOOC ON
SUBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT II
Name: Dr. Leji Latheef
Course name: Academic writing (UGC19_GE03)
Application No.: 7b0acb7ae68f11e9b14463548a31851f
Affiliation: Al-Ameen College, Edathala
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Date: 30/10/2019

2. DRUGS
• The compounds which exert various physiological effects of
therapeutic value are known as drugs
• The treatment of diseases using suitable chemical compounds
is known as chemotherapy
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3. Antibiotics
Medications used to treat bacterial infections
Ideally, before beginning antibiotic therapy, the suspected areas of
infection should be cultured to identify the causative organism and
potential antibiotic susceptibilities.
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4. TYPES
Bactericidal: kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth
of susceptible bacteria, rather
than killing them
immediately; will eventually
lead to bacterial death
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5. Ideal Qualities
To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Cause no damage to the host
Cause no allergic reaction to the host
It is effective in specific tissues in the body
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6. How Antibiotics Work
Block protein formation
Inhibit cell wall formation
Interfere with DNA formation
Prevent folic acid synthesis
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7. Ampicillin
First introduced in the 1940s
Bactericidal: inhibit cell wall
synthesis
Kill a wide variety of bacteria
Also called “beta-lactams” D-alpha amino benzyl pencillin
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8. Mode of Action
Beta lactum antibiotics (pencillin and ampicillin) act by
inhibition of cell wall formation in bacteria
Disrupt of peptidoglycan synthesis
Inhibiting the action of the enzyme trans peptidase that is
necessary for crosslinking of peptidoglycan, which form the
skeleton of bacterial cell wall
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9. USES
Treatment of
Urinary tract infections
Bronchitis
Influenza
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever
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10. Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)
It is a broad spectrum of antibiotic
Produced by Streptomyces Venezuelae, an organism first isolated in
1947 from a soil sample collected in Vanezuela
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D-(-)-threo-2-dichloroacetamino-1-p-nitrophenyl propane-1,3-diol

11. Mode of Action
Inhibit microbial protein synthesis
Binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria
Inhibit the peptidyl transferase step of protein synthesis
Prevents the formation of peptide bonds
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12. Uses
Treatment of
• Typhoid fever
• Influenza, meningitis
• Chronic bronchitis
• Infection of eyes
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13. FeedBackonAcademicWriting
This Course really worth for me to enriched my knowledge on
How to write literature review
The importance of cohesion and coherence
How to write PhD thesis and research proposal
How to avoid plagiarism
Awareness on journal matrics and author matrics
My sincere thaks to the Academic Writing coordinators for their effors to make this course
successful
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