This document discusses packed columns for distillation. It begins with an introduction to distillation and the types of distillation columns. It then focuses on packed columns, describing their components, types of packing materials and packing, design procedures, and methods for calculating packing height. It also covers applications of packed columns, advantages and disadvantages compared to tray columns, and examples of packed column usage.
Fluidized bed introduction by mohabat ali malik(MUET,jamshoro)mohabat_ali
This document provides an introduction to fluidized beds, including their components, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and flow regimes. It describes how fluidized beds are composed of a solid material (typically a catalyst) that is fluidized by a gas or liquid. The document outlines the main flow regimes - bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization - and discusses factors that influence transitions between regimes like pressure, temperature, and particle properties. It also provides examples of industrial processes using fluidized beds and references for further reading.
This presentation discusses the process of crystallization. It defines crystallization as the spontaneous arrangement of particles into a repetitive order, as when crystals form from a melted substance or solution. The presentation outlines the three main steps of crystallization from a solution: supersaturation, nucleation, and crystal growth. Supersaturation is achieved through methods like solvent evaporation or cooling. Nucleation involves the formation of crystal embryos and nuclei. Crystal growth then occurs as solute particles diffuse through a stagnant layer and incorporate into the crystal lattice. Factors like the presence of other substances, solvent properties, nucleation rate, crystal growth rate, and time/cooling rate can all impact crystallization.
The document discusses unit operations in food process engineering. It describes the objectives as studying principles and laws governing physical, chemical, or biochemical process stages and related equipment. It classifies unit operations into physical, chemical, and biochemical stages involving operations like grinding, sieving, filtration, and fermentation. It also discusses mass transfer, heat transfer, and simultaneous mass-heat transfer unit operations. The document then focuses on heat exchangers, describing types like plate, tubular, and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. It discusses parameters for heat exchanger design like overall heat transfer coefficient, log mean temperature difference, and fouling factor.
I found no good source for extractive distillation on the internet.So i decided to make one myself.This ppt discusses about the technology,its working and benefits.It compares extractive distillation side by side to azeotropic distillation and counts the advantages.
Absorption & indusrial absorber,Gas Absorption,Equipments,Absorption in chemical Reaction,Absorption in Packed Tower,Absorption for counter current,Choice of Solvent,Continuous Contact Equipment,Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate,HETP
Catalytic reactors have widespread applications in producing chemicals. Developments in catalysis and reaction engineering in the 1930s-1940s enabled rational design of catalytic reactors. Mathematical modeling of reactors has improved understanding of factors like intra- and inter-particle diffusion. Fixed bed reactors are commonly used and can be adiabatic, nonadiabatic with external heat exchange, or operated with reverse gas flow. Modeling reactor performance requires considering transport phenomena and kinetics at macro and micro scales within the catalyst bed.
This document discusses packed columns for distillation. It begins with an introduction to distillation and the types of distillation columns. It then focuses on packed columns, describing their components, types of packing materials and packing, design procedures, and methods for calculating packing height. It also covers applications of packed columns, advantages and disadvantages compared to tray columns, and examples of packed column usage.
Fluidized bed introduction by mohabat ali malik(MUET,jamshoro)mohabat_ali
This document provides an introduction to fluidized beds, including their components, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and flow regimes. It describes how fluidized beds are composed of a solid material (typically a catalyst) that is fluidized by a gas or liquid. The document outlines the main flow regimes - bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization - and discusses factors that influence transitions between regimes like pressure, temperature, and particle properties. It also provides examples of industrial processes using fluidized beds and references for further reading.
This presentation discusses the process of crystallization. It defines crystallization as the spontaneous arrangement of particles into a repetitive order, as when crystals form from a melted substance or solution. The presentation outlines the three main steps of crystallization from a solution: supersaturation, nucleation, and crystal growth. Supersaturation is achieved through methods like solvent evaporation or cooling. Nucleation involves the formation of crystal embryos and nuclei. Crystal growth then occurs as solute particles diffuse through a stagnant layer and incorporate into the crystal lattice. Factors like the presence of other substances, solvent properties, nucleation rate, crystal growth rate, and time/cooling rate can all impact crystallization.
The document discusses unit operations in food process engineering. It describes the objectives as studying principles and laws governing physical, chemical, or biochemical process stages and related equipment. It classifies unit operations into physical, chemical, and biochemical stages involving operations like grinding, sieving, filtration, and fermentation. It also discusses mass transfer, heat transfer, and simultaneous mass-heat transfer unit operations. The document then focuses on heat exchangers, describing types like plate, tubular, and shell-and-tube heat exchangers. It discusses parameters for heat exchanger design like overall heat transfer coefficient, log mean temperature difference, and fouling factor.
I found no good source for extractive distillation on the internet.So i decided to make one myself.This ppt discusses about the technology,its working and benefits.It compares extractive distillation side by side to azeotropic distillation and counts the advantages.
Absorption & indusrial absorber,Gas Absorption,Equipments,Absorption in chemical Reaction,Absorption in Packed Tower,Absorption for counter current,Choice of Solvent,Continuous Contact Equipment,Height Equivalent to Theoretical Plate,HETP
Catalytic reactors have widespread applications in producing chemicals. Developments in catalysis and reaction engineering in the 1930s-1940s enabled rational design of catalytic reactors. Mathematical modeling of reactors has improved understanding of factors like intra- and inter-particle diffusion. Fixed bed reactors are commonly used and can be adiabatic, nonadiabatic with external heat exchange, or operated with reverse gas flow. Modeling reactor performance requires considering transport phenomena and kinetics at macro and micro scales within the catalyst bed.
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures into individual fractions based on differences in boiling points. It works by heating the mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points. There are two main types of distillation columns - batch columns which process feed intermittently, and continuous columns which process a steady stream of feed. Distillation columns contain internals like trays or packings to enhance separation, a reboiler for vaporization, a condenser to cool vapors, and a reflux drum to collect condensed liquids and provide reflux. Separation occurs due to differences in vapor pressure and relative volatility between components in the mixture.
Fluidized Bed Reactor - Basic Mechanism, Mass Transfer in Fluidized Beds, Reaction Behaviour in a Fluidized Bed, Mole Balance on the Bubble, the Cloud, and the Emulsion, Advantages & Disadvantages, Current Applications of FBR.
Fluidization refers to a process where solid particles are made to behave like a fluid by passing a liquid or gas through it. There are two main types of fluidization - particulate and aggregative. The key conditions for fluidization include maintaining a superficial velocity lower than the particle terminal velocity and keeping the particle size between 30-300 micrometers. Common applications of fluidization include fluid catalytic cracking, drying, and granulation. The main advantages are uniform temperature distribution due to mixing and easy handling of solids. The main disadvantages are non-uniform gas-solid contacting and erosion due to particle abrasion.
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and refluxIhsan Wassan
This document discusses feed conditions in distillation columns with respect to the feed plate and reflux. It defines key terms like distillation, relative volatility, and reflux. It explains that the condition of the feed stream determines the relation between flows above and below the feed plate. The amount of saturated liquid versus vapor in the feed is quantified by a variable q. Feed can be saturated liquid/vapor or a mixture, determining the slope of the q-line. Feed plates help separate mixtures, and more reflux improves separation efficiency, allowing fewer plates for a given separation. Total reflux passes vapor and liquid without product removal, while minimum reflux is the lowest ratio enabling separation with infinite plates.
The document discusses different types of heat exchangers: direct contact, direct transfer (recuperative), and storage (regenerative). Direct transfer type heat exchangers like shell and tube, plate and frame transfer heat continuously through a dividing wall without mixing fluids. Storage type heat exchangers temporarily store heat and transfer it between fluids. Common applications of shell and tube heat exchangers include food/beverage, marine, air processing, and chemicals. Plate heat exchangers are used for milk pasteurization and brine cooling. Storage heat exchangers are used in steel melting and blast furnaces.
The document discusses the McCabe-Thiele design method for distillation column design using vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. It explains that the McCabe-Thiele method uses a graphical approach to determine the theoretical number of stages required for a binary separation based on the VLE plot. Operating lines are drawn on the VLE diagram to define the mass balance relationships between the liquid and vapor phases. The operating line for the rectification section is constructed by drawing a line with slope R/(R+1) from the desired top product composition point, where R is the reflux ratio. The operating line for the stripping section has a slope of Ls/Vs, where Ls and Vs are the liquid and
1. The document discusses vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and some simple models for calculating VLE, including Raoult's law and Henry's law.
2. Raoult's law assumes an ideal gas in the vapor phase and an ideal solution in the liquid phase. Henry's law is applicable for very dilute solutions and low pressures where the vapor can be treated as an ideal gas.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating bubble point, dew point, and equilibrium conditions using these models. Modified Raoult's law is also introduced, which accounts for non-ideality in the liquid phase using activity coefficients.
The McCabe-Thiele method is a graphical technique for determining the minimum number of stages required for distillation. It involves plotting the equilibrium relationship between liquid and vapor phases on a diagram and constructing operating lines to represent the mass balances in the rectifying and stripping sections. Intersections between the lines indicate the number of ideal stages. The method was developed in 1925 and remains useful for preliminary column design. Key considerations include the feed composition and enthalpy, reflux ratio, and use of partial condensers or reboilers.
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures into individual components based on differences in their boiling points. It works by heating the mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points. When the vapor cools, the condensate contains more of the volatile components. Distillation columns contain trays or packings to facilitate contact between the vapor and liquid phases, allowing for efficient separation. Column design is based on vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the specific mixture and aims to achieve the desired separation with minimum energy usage and costs.
Crystallization is a process where a solid forms from a liquid solution as atoms or molecules organize into a crystal structure. Crystals can form through precipitation, freezing, or deposition from a gas. The attributes of the resulting crystal depend on factors like temperature, pressure, and fluid evaporation time. Crystallization separates solutes from a solution by forming solid particles. It involves mass transfer from the liquid phase to the crystal surface. Continuous crystallizers like the Swenson-Walker crystallizer operate on a cooling and super saturation principle to continuously form crystals of uniform size and free of inclusions from the liquid feed.
batch distillation, multi stage batch distillationKarnav Rana
This document discusses batch distillation. It begins by contrasting batch and continuous distillation, noting that batch distillation is useful when small amounts of products with varying compositions are needed. The key difference is that batch distillation involves no continuous feed or product withdrawal. Rayleigh's equation is then derived and explained, providing a critical third equation to solve batch distillation problems using material balances. Graphical and numerical integration techniques are presented for using Rayleigh's equation to determine unknown values like the final liquid amount.
This document presents information about fluidization and was prepared by 5 students. It defines fluidization as a process where solids are made to behave like fluids by passing gas or liquid upwards. Fluidization is widely used in industries for operations like transportation, heating, mixing and chemical reactions using catalysts. The document discusses fluidization regimes from fixed beds to entrained beds as gas velocity increases. It also describes Geldart's classification of powders and common applications of fluidization like fluid catalytic cracking in petroleum industry.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)Asim Farooq
This document defines and provides examples of the leaching process. Leaching involves extracting a substance from a solid material by contact with a liquid. A simple example given is making green tea, where steeping a green tea bag in hot water extracts the green flavor from the solid bag into the liquid water. The principle of leaching is that it can be done in batches, semi-batches, or continuously at an elevated temperature to increase solubility. Common uses of leaching include extracting minerals from ores in the metals industry, sugar from beets in the sugar industry, and oil from seeds in the oilseeds industry.
This document provides an overview of distillation as a separation process. It defines distillation and describes its applications. The key principles of distillation discussed include how separation depends on differences in boiling points. Concepts such as relative volatility and vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams are introduced to explain how distillation utilizes differences in vapor pressure and boiling points. The document also discusses how pressure and temperature can impact equilibrium diagrams and the distillation process.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the gas and liquid phases at equilibrium. The concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid depends on temperature, with vapor pressure strongly dependent on temperature. At equilibrium, the concentrations or partial pressures of vapor components and liquid component concentrations are related. VLE is described thermodynamically, with temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials equal between phases for single-component and multicomponent systems. VLE diagrams graphically represent vapor and liquid compositions. VLE is important for distillation column design in separation processes.
Pressure swing distillation is a process that uses changes in pressure to separate azeotropic mixtures without adding an entrainer. It works by altering the relative volatility of components in a mixture through simple pressure changes. A pressure swing distillation system typically uses two distillation columns operating at different pressures, with the distillate from one column recycled to the other. This allows for the continuous separation of components that form an azeotrope at one pressure but can be separated at another pressure. It provides an environmentally friendly alternative to extractive distillation or azeotropic distillation for certain binary mixtures.
Crude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated using fractional distillation. Shorter hydrocarbon molecules have fewer intermolecular bonds, resulting in lower boiling points and condensing at the top of the distillation column. Longer hydrocarbon molecules have higher boiling points due to more intermolecular bonds and condense at the bottom. However, the longer molecules have high viscosity making them less useful. Through a process called cracking, longer hydrocarbons are broken down by heating and passing over a catalyst, resulting in smaller alkanes and alkenes, which have a double carbon bond. Both alkanes and alkenes are useful hydrocarbons obtained through cracking crude oil.
An overview of distillation column design concepts and major design considerations. Explains distillation column design concepts, what you would provide to a professional distillation column designer, and what you can expect back from a distillation system design firm. To speak with an engineer about your distillation column project, call EPIC at 314-207-4250.
Distillation is a process that separates liquid mixtures into individual fractions based on differences in boiling points. It works by heating the mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points. There are two main types of distillation columns - batch columns which process feed intermittently, and continuous columns which process a steady stream of feed. Distillation columns contain internals like trays or packings to enhance separation, a reboiler for vaporization, a condenser to cool vapors, and a reflux drum to collect condensed liquids and provide reflux. Separation occurs due to differences in vapor pressure and relative volatility between components in the mixture.
Fluidized Bed Reactor - Basic Mechanism, Mass Transfer in Fluidized Beds, Reaction Behaviour in a Fluidized Bed, Mole Balance on the Bubble, the Cloud, and the Emulsion, Advantages & Disadvantages, Current Applications of FBR.
Fluidization refers to a process where solid particles are made to behave like a fluid by passing a liquid or gas through it. There are two main types of fluidization - particulate and aggregative. The key conditions for fluidization include maintaining a superficial velocity lower than the particle terminal velocity and keeping the particle size between 30-300 micrometers. Common applications of fluidization include fluid catalytic cracking, drying, and granulation. The main advantages are uniform temperature distribution due to mixing and easy handling of solids. The main disadvantages are non-uniform gas-solid contacting and erosion due to particle abrasion.
Feed conditions in distillation column with respect to feed plate and refluxIhsan Wassan
This document discusses feed conditions in distillation columns with respect to the feed plate and reflux. It defines key terms like distillation, relative volatility, and reflux. It explains that the condition of the feed stream determines the relation between flows above and below the feed plate. The amount of saturated liquid versus vapor in the feed is quantified by a variable q. Feed can be saturated liquid/vapor or a mixture, determining the slope of the q-line. Feed plates help separate mixtures, and more reflux improves separation efficiency, allowing fewer plates for a given separation. Total reflux passes vapor and liquid without product removal, while minimum reflux is the lowest ratio enabling separation with infinite plates.
The document discusses different types of heat exchangers: direct contact, direct transfer (recuperative), and storage (regenerative). Direct transfer type heat exchangers like shell and tube, plate and frame transfer heat continuously through a dividing wall without mixing fluids. Storage type heat exchangers temporarily store heat and transfer it between fluids. Common applications of shell and tube heat exchangers include food/beverage, marine, air processing, and chemicals. Plate heat exchangers are used for milk pasteurization and brine cooling. Storage heat exchangers are used in steel melting and blast furnaces.
The document discusses the McCabe-Thiele design method for distillation column design using vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data. It explains that the McCabe-Thiele method uses a graphical approach to determine the theoretical number of stages required for a binary separation based on the VLE plot. Operating lines are drawn on the VLE diagram to define the mass balance relationships between the liquid and vapor phases. The operating line for the rectification section is constructed by drawing a line with slope R/(R+1) from the desired top product composition point, where R is the reflux ratio. The operating line for the stripping section has a slope of Ls/Vs, where Ls and Vs are the liquid and
1. The document discusses vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) and some simple models for calculating VLE, including Raoult's law and Henry's law.
2. Raoult's law assumes an ideal gas in the vapor phase and an ideal solution in the liquid phase. Henry's law is applicable for very dilute solutions and low pressures where the vapor can be treated as an ideal gas.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating bubble point, dew point, and equilibrium conditions using these models. Modified Raoult's law is also introduced, which accounts for non-ideality in the liquid phase using activity coefficients.
The McCabe-Thiele method is a graphical technique for determining the minimum number of stages required for distillation. It involves plotting the equilibrium relationship between liquid and vapor phases on a diagram and constructing operating lines to represent the mass balances in the rectifying and stripping sections. Intersections between the lines indicate the number of ideal stages. The method was developed in 1925 and remains useful for preliminary column design. Key considerations include the feed composition and enthalpy, reflux ratio, and use of partial condensers or reboilers.
Distillation is a process that separates mixtures into individual components based on differences in their boiling points. It works by heating the mixture to vaporize components with lower boiling points. When the vapor cools, the condensate contains more of the volatile components. Distillation columns contain trays or packings to facilitate contact between the vapor and liquid phases, allowing for efficient separation. Column design is based on vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the specific mixture and aims to achieve the desired separation with minimum energy usage and costs.
Crystallization is a process where a solid forms from a liquid solution as atoms or molecules organize into a crystal structure. Crystals can form through precipitation, freezing, or deposition from a gas. The attributes of the resulting crystal depend on factors like temperature, pressure, and fluid evaporation time. Crystallization separates solutes from a solution by forming solid particles. It involves mass transfer from the liquid phase to the crystal surface. Continuous crystallizers like the Swenson-Walker crystallizer operate on a cooling and super saturation principle to continuously form crystals of uniform size and free of inclusions from the liquid feed.
batch distillation, multi stage batch distillationKarnav Rana
This document discusses batch distillation. It begins by contrasting batch and continuous distillation, noting that batch distillation is useful when small amounts of products with varying compositions are needed. The key difference is that batch distillation involves no continuous feed or product withdrawal. Rayleigh's equation is then derived and explained, providing a critical third equation to solve batch distillation problems using material balances. Graphical and numerical integration techniques are presented for using Rayleigh's equation to determine unknown values like the final liquid amount.
This document presents information about fluidization and was prepared by 5 students. It defines fluidization as a process where solids are made to behave like fluids by passing gas or liquid upwards. Fluidization is widely used in industries for operations like transportation, heating, mixing and chemical reactions using catalysts. The document discusses fluidization regimes from fixed beds to entrained beds as gas velocity increases. It also describes Geldart's classification of powders and common applications of fluidization like fluid catalytic cracking in petroleum industry.
Types of Distillation & column internalsBharat Kumar
More:- https://chemicalengineeringworld.com
Distillation is a method of separating the components of a solution which depends upon distribution of the substances between a gas and liquid phase, applied to cases where all components are present in both phases.
* What is distillation ?
* Types of Distillation
* Batch Distillation
* Azeotropic Distillation
* Flooding
* Priming
* Coning
* Weeping
* Dumping
* Packed Column
* Tray column
* Reflux Ratio
* Relative volatility
* Distillation column
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in volatility (volatility is the tendency of a substance to vaporize. Volatility is directly related to a substance's vapor pressure.) of components in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation is a unit operation, or a physical separation process, and not a chemical reaction
Leaching process (solid-liquid extraction)Asim Farooq
This document defines and provides examples of the leaching process. Leaching involves extracting a substance from a solid material by contact with a liquid. A simple example given is making green tea, where steeping a green tea bag in hot water extracts the green flavor from the solid bag into the liquid water. The principle of leaching is that it can be done in batches, semi-batches, or continuously at an elevated temperature to increase solubility. Common uses of leaching include extracting minerals from ores in the metals industry, sugar from beets in the sugar industry, and oil from seeds in the oilseeds industry.
This document provides an overview of distillation as a separation process. It defines distillation and describes its applications. The key principles of distillation discussed include how separation depends on differences in boiling points. Concepts such as relative volatility and vapor-liquid equilibrium diagrams are introduced to explain how distillation utilizes differences in vapor pressure and boiling points. The document also discusses how pressure and temperature can impact equilibrium diagrams and the distillation process.
Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) describes the distribution of a chemical species between the gas and liquid phases at equilibrium. The concentration of a vapor in contact with its liquid depends on temperature, with vapor pressure strongly dependent on temperature. At equilibrium, the concentrations or partial pressures of vapor components and liquid component concentrations are related. VLE is described thermodynamically, with temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials equal between phases for single-component and multicomponent systems. VLE diagrams graphically represent vapor and liquid compositions. VLE is important for distillation column design in separation processes.
Pressure swing distillation is a process that uses changes in pressure to separate azeotropic mixtures without adding an entrainer. It works by altering the relative volatility of components in a mixture through simple pressure changes. A pressure swing distillation system typically uses two distillation columns operating at different pressures, with the distillate from one column recycled to the other. This allows for the continuous separation of components that form an azeotrope at one pressure but can be separated at another pressure. It provides an environmentally friendly alternative to extractive distillation or azeotropic distillation for certain binary mixtures.
Crude oil contains a mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated using fractional distillation. Shorter hydrocarbon molecules have fewer intermolecular bonds, resulting in lower boiling points and condensing at the top of the distillation column. Longer hydrocarbon molecules have higher boiling points due to more intermolecular bonds and condense at the bottom. However, the longer molecules have high viscosity making them less useful. Through a process called cracking, longer hydrocarbons are broken down by heating and passing over a catalyst, resulting in smaller alkanes and alkenes, which have a double carbon bond. Both alkanes and alkenes are useful hydrocarbons obtained through cracking crude oil.