Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia, located in the Tuul River valley and home to about 50% of Mongolia's population. It has been the cultural, political, and economic center of the country since the 18th century. Ulaanbaatar is divided into 9 districts and has numerous museums and cultural sites, including Chinggis Khaan Square in the center of the city. Over recent decades, the city has modernized and developed many new tall buildings.

1. Capital : Ulaanbaatar capital city of Mongolia is located in the Tuul river valley and surrounded
by the Bogd Khan, Bayanzurkh Khairkhan, Songino Khairkhan and Chingeltei Khairkhan
mountains and elevated at 1,351m above sea level. According to official statistics in Mongolia,
the population of the city was counted of 1,400,000 people which accounts for almost 50% of
the total population of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar is the cultural, political and financial center of the
country.
The city has been changed its location 28 times, moving along the Selenge, Orkhon, Tuul
rivers. In 1778, it was settled as a permanently at a present location. Since then it has been
called Ikh Khuree .
In 1924, People’s Republic of Mongolia was officially declared and then the city was renamed
as Ulaanbaatar.
According to the new Constitution of Mongolia in 1992, It has been approved Ulaanbaatar is the
capital city of Mongolia and the capital has its official flag and symbol.
Ulaanbaatar city is divided into 9 districts and subdivided into 152 small units of administration.
Ulaanbaatar city has numerous museums with world famous valuable exhibits and Buddhist
heritage sites. One of the most famous tourist attraction is the Chinggis Khaan square and
located at center of Ulaanbaatar.
Ulaanbaatar has been developing into completely new modernized city and formed by
numerous tall buildings in the last decades.
Geographical location.
Mongolia is located in Plateau of Central Asia between Russia and China. Mongolia covers an
area of 1.566.500 sq.km, which is roughly the size of Western Europe in which has
immeasurable huge grass of steppes, sand dunes, rocky and forest Mountain ranges. The
country is mountainous with an average altitude of 1580 meters above sea level, which makes
Mongolia one of the highest countries in the world. The lowest point is Hoh Nuur depression at
560 meters above sea level and the highest point is the Khuiten peak at 4374 m. The
geography of the country is characterized by great diversity. From the north to the south, it can
be divided into 4 areas: mountain forest steppe, mountain steppe and, semi-desert and gobi
desert In contrast to most visitors’ expectations, much of the country’s territory is mountainous.
Climate
Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers. The
country averages 260 clear sunny days a year, so in this reason Mongolia is called “land of
blue sky”.The precipitation is highest in the north, which averages 20 to 35 centimeters per year,
and lowest in the south, which receives 10 to 20 centimeters . The extreme south is the Gobi,
some regions of which receive no precipitation at all in most years.

2. Average temperatures over most of the country are below freezing from November through
March and are about freezing in April and October. The average summer temperature is +20c
(+65F). Winter is –20c (-13F). The wind is 1.5-4.5m/s. The average rainfall is 200-220 mm.
The mean temperature falls below freezing for seven to eight months of the year (See Table 3.
1). For two or three months in summer, the weather is warm and pleasant and relatively hot in
the southern Gobi region. Winter usually lasts from mid-October until April, with the coldest
period being between mid-December
All rivers and freshwater lakes freeze over in the winter, and smaller streams commonly freeze
to the bottom.
Mongolia's weather is characterized by extreme variability and short-term unpredictability in the
summer,Although winters are generally cold and clear,
Population and language. Population of Mongolia is 2,9million people /official statistic of gov/org
in 2013/.Only 30% of population is living as a nomadic way.
The largest group in Mongolia is called khalkha,The only 6%of the population is Kazakh ethnic
group who lives in far west side.There are other 20 ethnic groups included in the population. Its
small population compared with Mongolia’s vast geographical size makes the country the least
densely populated nation in the world.The average population density is 1.5 per sq.km, in the
southern Gobi it is as few as 0.3 per.sq.km.
The most population 95% speak Mongolian and the official language is Mongolian which is the
most popular around Mongolia. Since the 1944, the Russian Cyrillic alphabet has been
introduced to Mongolians and after 1963 it is been officially written in Mongolia ,however the
traditional Mongolian alphabet is gradually being reintroduced. A Russian was commonly
spoken widely in the past,however after communist regime collapsed the language is not
influenced anymore instead An English is getting more popular among the population in
recently.
Religion. Historically,Mongols had been practicing the shamanism and worshipping the Blue
sky.However,Tibetan Buddhism is gained more popularity since it has been introduced in 16th
century.Tibetan Buddhism shares the common aspect of Buddhism and getting more popular
among the population of Mongolia.Until the beginning of the 20th
century,Mongolia had
hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and about 30% of all men were monks.Suddenly,in the
1930-s Mongolia had anti-religious compaign led by Communist rulers that nearly destroyed
the extensive system of monasteries.
Under the communist rule,the non religious idea was promoted and monasteries were closed
besides thousands of monks were killed as a victim of communist system.
But after 1990, democratic revolution was changing whole social life in Mongolia and allowed
freedom of practicing religion in Mongolia. However 40%of Mongolians are belonged to non-
religious group and still half of the population follows Tibetan Buddhism whilst some follow
Muslim and Christian community.

3. History and Culture.
Mongolian history begans 40,000 years ago from nomads herding in the Central Asian steppe
to the formation of the powerful Mongol Empire and gradual emergence of the Mongolia,its
history was very popular and it was conflicted all around Mongolia.
Ancient Mongolian states. The first Mongolian State was established in 209 BC by Huns or
Hunnu people.The Hun’s first king was Modun Shan Yui,whose father was the leader of the
Huns most influential tribe.
The Huns territory stretched from Korea in Far East to Tian Shan mountain in northern China
and from the southern section of the Great wall to lake Baikal in the southern Siberia.
From 200 B.C to 98 AD till its collapse of the Hun state was the most powerful nomadic nation
dominated in Central Asian steppe and territory.
But after 300 years of domination,State of Huns were collapsed into several other clans and
these group of clans had continued to success on their own at Mongolian territory.
These clans were called Sumbe state,Toba,Nirun,Turkig tribes and then Uigar tribe then
became the most powerful in Central Asia,but still they were unable to dominate the whole of
Mongolia.It was the Kidans, who had peacefully living with several previous ruling tribes and
took over Mongolia completely in 907.Their dominance lasted until the 12th
century when a
number of tribes had to attack them and divided into few different tribes .
Finally,Temujin whose father was the leader of tribes and after his father poisoned by
enemies ,he gradually established Great Mongol State in 1189. After long battle in his life he
made to unite 81 different Mongolian tribes and established the Great Mongolian Empire in
1206.At this time Chinggis Empire stretched from Asia to Europe and became population of
100 milion.
After he died in 1227,his descendants were taking over the state.During the 13-14th
centuries,Mongolia developed in terms of its economy,culture ,military base and politics.It was
a huge empire ,which extended by many separate Asian and Europian nations.
During this time the Mongolian Empire was the most powerful nation on earth and Chinggis
khan was the great leader of whole Mongolia and respected as a national hero.
The Great Mongol Empire began to fall apart in 1368. Since then Mongols were invaded by a
few rulers such as Manchurians conquered Mongolia in 1691 and then Manchurian colony had
been lasted for 220years. By the beginning of 20 century Mongolians were raising up for
national liberation and it worked in 1911 and spiritual ruler Bogd khan was leading the country
until 1921 when the socialist revolution ,known as People’s revolution took over power from
him.Since then Mongolia is maintained strong link with former Soviet Union and the socialist
era continued until democratic revolution in Mongolia in 1990. After 1990,Mongolian young
democracy has been spreading around the Mongolia
Mongolia is now gradually been developing into free market economy.

4. Culture&Heritage. Nomadism and Buddhism is the two most important influences in Mongolian
culture.While most Mongolians are now settled into town and cities ,large number of people are
still living in gers /traditional round wood and felt tents designed for the nomadic style/.
The most popular traditional sport is Mongolian wrestling known as bukh combined with
horseracing and archery and the most popular celebration is Naadam festival.
Nomadic life. Mongols have been living as nomdic way for several hundred years now.Its
ancestors inhabited a huge area of Central Asian territory and herdsmen moving from one
place to another searching for better pastures for their animals. The longest period they stay in
the same pasture is between October and April. Every nomadic family has a winter place with
shelter made of stones and wood . Usual daily activities of nomads are all to do with herding
their livestock and converting their raw materials into processed food ,clothing such as ready
to use or eat things like cashmere ,wool,meat milk and producing various type of dairy
products.One third of Mongolians are nomads and live far away from each other.Most
Mongolian nomads herd horses,camels,cattle,sheep and goats.The horse is the most important
of the five animals.
Mongolian Clothing. Mongolian traditional dress is called the deel.There are several different
types of deel.Celebration costume is the most colourful and made of valuable silk and worn
usually wear in the Naadam festival, Mongolian new year and some of nomadic ceremonies
during the whole year
Mongolian food. Mongolian food is influenced by the country’s herding tradtion based on dairy
products and meat.There are different types of food mostly they eat during the day. It will
included on below:
• Variety of dumpling meat /steamed/, as well as meat pie/deep fried / is made of beef and
mutton mince meat we call it booz and khuushuur
• Noodle soup is made of meat and flour we call it sheltie khool
• Whole meat of all 5 animals is boiled into very tasteful taste
• Hand made noodle is made of meat and flour we call it tsuivan
Also popular traditional drinks include milk tea and airag
Various kind of vegetables are introduced recently such as potatoes ,carrot ,swede, cabbage
and onions.
Economy . We are traditionally based on livestock breeding, agriculture, and mining industrial.
Mongolia has a rich source of ground deposits such as copper,coal,gold, molybdenum,uranium
and other varios deposits and much of them are exported to neighbour China.The country has
among one of the largest copper reserves in the world with the Oyutolgoi reserve calculated to

5. be world’s largest copper and gold reserves in the world. Moreover , Tavan Tolgoi the world’s
largest untapped coal reserve is also major attraction among the business makers as well.
Politics. After decades of communist rule have ended in1990,Mongolia is ruled by a mixed
presedential and parliamentary system.The president acts as the head of state and chief of the
armed forces,and direct to appoint the prime minister to the cabinet who led majority party in
the parliament.
The Prime minister appoints a cabinet that must be approved by the State Great khural.
The parliamentary election is held every 4 years.
Local government. Mongolia is divided into 21 regions,known as aimag with capital city

6. be world’s largest copper and gold reserves in the world. Moreover , Tavan Tolgoi the world’s
largest untapped coal reserve is also major attraction among the business makers as well.
Politics. After decades of communist rule have ended in1990,Mongolia is ruled by a mixed
presedential and parliamentary system.The president acts as the head of state and chief of the
armed forces,and direct to appoint the prime minister to the cabinet who led majority party in
the parliament.
The Prime minister appoints a cabinet that must be approved by the State Great khural.
The parliamentary election is held every 4 years.
Local government. Mongolia is divided into 21 regions,known as aimag with capital city