Presentation on About Geography of Health: Reflections on Concepts & Relevant Techniques by Dr. Smita Gandhi during Seminar on Spatial Dimensions on Health Care - Use of GIS in Health Studies Organised by CEHAT and University of Mumbai on 24th Sep 2010
Space and place – two aspects of the human landscape relationship-2007iswoyo
some of the key theories of landscape experience and empirical research related to those theories.
They are grouped around three concepts: First, we survey theories dealing with landscapes perceived
as a physical space, covering topics such as environmental preference and the evolutionary
basis of the psychological processes through which preferences arise. Secondly, we summarize some
of the theories dealing with landscape perceived as place. Here we discuss concepts such as “sense of
place” and “place identity”.We emphasize that place identity is a particular element contributing to
sense of place.Thirdly, we discuss theory and research concerning the role of landscapes for psychological
restoration, which bridges the approaches that treat landscape as space and those which treat
it as place. In the conclusion, we provide some suggestions for further integrative work.
Health effects of viewing landscapes – Landscape types in environmental psych...ElisaMendelsohn
The document summarizes research on the relationship between viewing landscapes and human health effects. It finds that most studies classify landscapes broadly as "natural" or "urban" and find natural landscapes generally have more positive health effects than urban ones. The main health effects identified are short-term stress recovery, faster physical recovery from illness, and long-term overall improvement in health and well-being. Key theories discussed include Attention Restoration Theory, which posits that natural environments restore mental fatigue, and the concept of "therapeutic landscapes," or places reputed for achieving physical, mental and spiritual healing.
The document provides definitions and historical background information about epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, frequency, and determinants in human populations in order to control health problems. Some key points mentioned include:
- Epidemiology studies entire populations while clinical medicine focuses on individual patients.
- Important figures in the history of epidemiology include Hippocrates, John Snow, and William Bugg who conducted early studies of cholera, typhoid, and other diseases.
- Epidemiology aims to reduce disease burden and promote population health through describing disease patterns, identifying causes, and informing prevention and control efforts.
John Snow conducted seminal epidemiological work in 1854 during a cholera outbreak in London. By mapping cases of cholera and determining locations of water sources, he discovered cholera was transmitted through contaminated water from a Broad Street pump. Upon its removal, cholera cases decreased suddenly, demonstrating waterborne transmission. This was a major achievement in epidemiology and earned Snow the title of the father of field epidemiology. Epidemiology involves the scientific study of disease patterns in human populations, including the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events. It aims to describe disease occurrence, identify etiological factors, and provide data to support disease prevention, control, and treatment efforts.
This document defines key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants among populations. It then discusses the aims of epidemiology according to the International Epidemiological Association. This includes describing disease distribution and magnitude, identifying risk factors, and providing data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control services. The document also covers the scope, uses, and terminologies of epidemiology such as infection, contamination, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. It uses a systematic and unbiased approach to collect, analyze, and interpret data. Some core functions of epidemiology include public health surveillance, field investigations, analytic studies, evaluation of public health programs and services, linkages with other disciplines, and policy development. Epidemiology provides an evidence base for effective public health action and disease prevention.
The document discusses human evolution and dissent from Darwin's theory of evolution. It notes that homology is a weak evidence for evolution as anatomical similarities can arise through convergence rather than common ancestry. The fossil record also shows more stability within species than gradual changes. While Homo species like Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis evolved, the "missing links" between humans and other primates are absent from the fossil record. Current views are that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and replaced other Homo species.
Space and place – two aspects of the human landscape relationship-2007iswoyo
some of the key theories of landscape experience and empirical research related to those theories.
They are grouped around three concepts: First, we survey theories dealing with landscapes perceived
as a physical space, covering topics such as environmental preference and the evolutionary
basis of the psychological processes through which preferences arise. Secondly, we summarize some
of the theories dealing with landscape perceived as place. Here we discuss concepts such as “sense of
place” and “place identity”.We emphasize that place identity is a particular element contributing to
sense of place.Thirdly, we discuss theory and research concerning the role of landscapes for psychological
restoration, which bridges the approaches that treat landscape as space and those which treat
it as place. In the conclusion, we provide some suggestions for further integrative work.
Health effects of viewing landscapes – Landscape types in environmental psych...ElisaMendelsohn
The document summarizes research on the relationship between viewing landscapes and human health effects. It finds that most studies classify landscapes broadly as "natural" or "urban" and find natural landscapes generally have more positive health effects than urban ones. The main health effects identified are short-term stress recovery, faster physical recovery from illness, and long-term overall improvement in health and well-being. Key theories discussed include Attention Restoration Theory, which posits that natural environments restore mental fatigue, and the concept of "therapeutic landscapes," or places reputed for achieving physical, mental and spiritual healing.
The document provides definitions and historical background information about epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution, frequency, and determinants in human populations in order to control health problems. Some key points mentioned include:
- Epidemiology studies entire populations while clinical medicine focuses on individual patients.
- Important figures in the history of epidemiology include Hippocrates, John Snow, and William Bugg who conducted early studies of cholera, typhoid, and other diseases.
- Epidemiology aims to reduce disease burden and promote population health through describing disease patterns, identifying causes, and informing prevention and control efforts.
John Snow conducted seminal epidemiological work in 1854 during a cholera outbreak in London. By mapping cases of cholera and determining locations of water sources, he discovered cholera was transmitted through contaminated water from a Broad Street pump. Upon its removal, cholera cases decreased suddenly, demonstrating waterborne transmission. This was a major achievement in epidemiology and earned Snow the title of the father of field epidemiology. Epidemiology involves the scientific study of disease patterns in human populations, including the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events. It aims to describe disease occurrence, identify etiological factors, and provide data to support disease prevention, control, and treatment efforts.
This document defines key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants among populations. It then discusses the aims of epidemiology according to the International Epidemiological Association. This includes describing disease distribution and magnitude, identifying risk factors, and providing data to plan, implement, and evaluate disease prevention and control services. The document also covers the scope, uses, and terminologies of epidemiology such as infection, contamination, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. It uses a systematic and unbiased approach to collect, analyze, and interpret data. Some core functions of epidemiology include public health surveillance, field investigations, analytic studies, evaluation of public health programs and services, linkages with other disciplines, and policy development. Epidemiology provides an evidence base for effective public health action and disease prevention.
The document discusses human evolution and dissent from Darwin's theory of evolution. It notes that homology is a weak evidence for evolution as anatomical similarities can arise through convergence rather than common ancestry. The fossil record also shows more stability within species than gradual changes. While Homo species like Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis evolved, the "missing links" between humans and other primates are absent from the fossil record. Current views are that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and replaced other Homo species.
This document discusses epidemiology and screening. It defines epidemiology as the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. The history and scope of epidemiology are described, including key figures like John Snow. The aims and approaches of epidemiology, like asking questions and making comparisons, are outlined. Concepts around disease causation and the natural history of disease are explained. Finally, the document defines screening as searching for unrecognized disease in healthy individuals and discusses the aims, uses, and types of screening.
Infectious and communicable disease the view from health geographyHamish Robertson
This document provides an overview of infectious and communicable diseases from a health geography perspective. It discusses the role of geography in understanding disease transmission and patterns. Key points include: (1) Infectious diseases can be passed between individuals and their transmission is influenced by spatial factors. (2) Historical examples show how disease mapping was used to analyze epidemics and inform responses. (3) Emerging issues like antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19 demonstrate the continued importance of spatial analysis for public health. The document advocates an interdisciplinary approach to critically examining the roles of science, technology, and sociopolitical factors in disease management.
People and Green Spaces: Promoting Public Health And Mental Well-Being Throug...KlausGroenholm
This document discusses how contact with nature and green spaces can promote both individual and public health outcomes. It reviews research showing the mental health benefits of ecotherapy and being in nature. The research found that, in addition to individual benefits, activities in green spaces can achieve unexpected social and community outcomes by building social connections and natural resources. This adds value for public health that has been overlooked. The document argues for more strategic and collaborative public health policies that incorporate access to nature to improve health and well-being.
The document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- The definition and origins of epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations.
- Key concepts in epidemiology including rates, ratios, proportions, mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence and descriptive vs analytical study methods.
- Descriptive studies examine disease frequency and distribution by person, place and time to identify potential risk factors. Analytical studies further test hypothesized associations between suspected causes and effects.
- Examples of rates and ratios used to measure disease occurrence include crude death rates, case fatality rates, and proportional mortality rates. Incidence and prevalence are used to measure disease frequency and burden.
How Public Health Could Benefit From Anthropologynikolajdarre
The document discusses how anthropology can benefit public health. It explains that anthropology is the study of human cultures and societies and that medical anthropology specifically looks at health, sickness, and treatment. It outlines how people from different cultures can have varying explanations for illnesses like colds and different treatments. The document also discusses anthropological research methods like participant observation, interviews, and qualitative data collection. Finally, it summarizes that taking a holistic, non-ethnocentric approach and understanding health in its proper cultural context can provide deeper insights to improve public health.
On airs waters and places: A Health Geography PerspectiveHamish Robertson
Hamish Robertson gives an introduction to health geography and its key concepts. Health geography examines the relationships between health, illness, and the environments people live in. It is over 200 years old but remains relevant for understanding current health issues. Health geography takes a relational approach, connecting factors like environment, society, culture, and the body. It considers how factors like location, space, and place impact people's health and experiences of illness over their lifetime.
Combining the quantitative and qualitative domains a geographic perspective u...Hamish Robertson
Slides from a presentation I did with Professor Jo Travaglia on the quant-qual 'divide' and its limitations from a geographical and visual perspective.
Hamish Robertson presented on the rise of chronic disease due to population aging. Key points included:
- Population aging is a global phenomenon driven by falling fertility rates and rising life expectancies. It began in Europe centuries ago and is now occurring more rapidly in other parts of the world.
- As populations age, the focus shifts from mortality to managing morbidity and chronic diseases, which are complex and costly to treat. The number and costs of people living with chronic conditions are rising.
- Spatial modeling and data visualization techniques can help analyze and project chronic disease patterns at local levels, model infrastructure needs and costs, and monitor changes over time to help manage population aging and its effects on health systems.
This document discusses epidemiology, which is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. It covers the components, characteristics, and types of epidemiology studies. Descriptive epidemiology involves studying disease distribution by person, place, and time variables. Analytic epidemiology uses epidemiologic methods to explain disease occurrence and identify causal mechanisms. Key topics include descriptive variables, temporal variations, community diagnosis, epidemics, and determination of disease etiology through descriptive and analytical studies.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
This document discusses concepts of disease causation and screening. It defines health and outlines several theories of disease causation, including supernatural, Ayurveda, miasma, germ, biomedical, and multifactorial causation theories. It also discusses the natural history of disease and the iceberg phenomenon. Regarding screening, the document defines screening and outlines its aims/objectives, uses, types, criteria for screening tests, and evaluations of screening programs.
This document discusses models for understanding disease causation. It begins by defining disease and the concept of disease causation. It then describes the traditional epidemiological triad model comprising a susceptible host, disease agent, and environment allowing host-agent interaction. Living and non-living disease agents are categorized. The document continues by exploring factors that determine host susceptibility and the properties of disease agents. Finally, it introduces the wheel of causation and causal web models, emphasizing the complex interplay between multiple factors in disease development.
Definitions of important terms in epidemiologyBhoj Raj Singh
This document defines key terms used in epidemiology, including:
- Agent, which is a causative factor like a biological or chemical agent that must be present or absent for disease to occur.
- Analytic epidemiologic studies, which examine groups to make comparisons and determine causal relationships.
- Descriptive epidemiologic studies, which contribute to describing a disease by examining its essential features.
- Epidemiology, which is the study of how diseases are distributed and determined within populations.
1. Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and transmission of diseases as well as their negative physical, psychological, and financial impacts on communities.
2. Disease control involves studying the epidemiological triangle of agent, host, and environmental factors required for a disease to occur. It seeks to control disease by managing the interaction between these factors rather than completely eliminating the disease agent.
3. Disease elimination removes a disease from a large geographical area but not the whole world, while disease eradication removes a disease from all over the world. Smallpox is the only disease that has been eradicated globally so far.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It discusses the history of epidemiology, including John Snow's work identifying contaminated water as the cause of a cholera outbreak. The document also covers epidemiological concepts like the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment; the chain of infection; and the tasks of an epidemiologist like surveillance, investigation, and research.
This document discusses descriptive epidemiology and data sources for public health professionals. It introduces concepts like the epidemiologic triad, levels of prevention, the Haddon matrix, the wheel and web of causation models. It also discusses natural history of disease, sources of mortality and morbidity data like death certificates, medical records and surveys. Challenges in data quality and classification systems like ICD are also addressed.
The Powerful Link Between Conserving Land and Preserving Health
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The lecture focuses on the evolution of health promotion as well as of the social context of health in postmodern societies. This topic reflects the most commonly used approaches and concepts which are useful for health promotion practice. Finally, the principles and methods of health needs assessment are presented.
This document summarizes a study that examined the cultural identity, behavioral intentions, and conservation behavior of residents on the small Taiwanese island of Xiaoliuqiu. The study found that: 1) Cultural identity has a significant positive influence on residents' behavioral intentions; 2) Behavioral intentions have a significant positive influence on conservation behavior; 3) An evaluation framework was developed that could help relevant institutions and guide future research on similar topics. The study involved surveying 298 Xiaoliuqiu residents to understand the relationships between these factors.
When the cold war was over at the end of 1980th, we expected that the 21st century would be peaceful, progressive, and politically stable. On the contrary, the strong consciousness of ETHNICITY was dramatically emerged in eastern European ethnic groups that were controlled by the old Soviet Union. The worse situation was the case of old Yugoslavia where were divided into three parts with arms. As we know, that war was the terrible genocide as we know.
What is “ Medical Anthropology?
Health and Sickness could be defined as the dynamic studies. Because, the concept of the sickness and health is depended on the indigenous values. It means “dynamics”.
2. Biomedicine and cultural( behavial sciences can be understood reciprocally.
Cultural Diagnosis.
The fact that the past scientific research and analysis gather so many different specialists needs to be stress. No profession can get alone the right perspective to comprehend the destructiveness of violence, we need different points of view to fight against it and hopefully to transfer this knowledge to the policy making body. It is my hope that our policy makers and society will begin to realize the importance of the anthropological aspects which I am going to discuss in this short paper.
Now, I would like to take this opportunity to share the role of Anthropology in this issue with policy makers and anthropologists but, let me first show about the role of anthropology in the process of development and its connection with violence. I believe that the anthropological theory should apply to the practical field. Another word, I would say that anthropologists must put on two hats (theoretical and practical).
The work was presented during the II Workshop on Medical Anthropology in Rome, October 14th - 15th 2011.
Mapping of "urban health facilities" in "Maharashtra" by Anandi DantasPriyanka_vshukla
Presented in Seminar on Spatial Dimensions on Health Care-Use of GIS in Health Studies by Anandi Dantas, Organised by Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT) and Department of Geography, University of Mumbai on 24th Sep 2010
WSCSS Fall In-Service Keynote Ellen SiminoffShmoop
The document discusses the changing media and technology landscape and how it impacts education. It talks about the author's experience working at Yahoo in 1995 during the early internet revolution. It then discusses challenges students now face with unreliable online information and short attention spans. However, it also notes opportunities for non-linear learning, connecting diverse sources, and taking advantage of mobile access to content. The document promotes an education company called Shmoop that aims to guide students to reliable sources and deeper understanding online.
This document discusses epidemiology and screening. It defines epidemiology as the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations. The history and scope of epidemiology are described, including key figures like John Snow. The aims and approaches of epidemiology, like asking questions and making comparisons, are outlined. Concepts around disease causation and the natural history of disease are explained. Finally, the document defines screening as searching for unrecognized disease in healthy individuals and discusses the aims, uses, and types of screening.
Infectious and communicable disease the view from health geographyHamish Robertson
This document provides an overview of infectious and communicable diseases from a health geography perspective. It discusses the role of geography in understanding disease transmission and patterns. Key points include: (1) Infectious diseases can be passed between individuals and their transmission is influenced by spatial factors. (2) Historical examples show how disease mapping was used to analyze epidemics and inform responses. (3) Emerging issues like antimicrobial resistance and COVID-19 demonstrate the continued importance of spatial analysis for public health. The document advocates an interdisciplinary approach to critically examining the roles of science, technology, and sociopolitical factors in disease management.
People and Green Spaces: Promoting Public Health And Mental Well-Being Throug...KlausGroenholm
This document discusses how contact with nature and green spaces can promote both individual and public health outcomes. It reviews research showing the mental health benefits of ecotherapy and being in nature. The research found that, in addition to individual benefits, activities in green spaces can achieve unexpected social and community outcomes by building social connections and natural resources. This adds value for public health that has been overlooked. The document argues for more strategic and collaborative public health policies that incorporate access to nature to improve health and well-being.
The document provides an overview of epidemiology including:
- The definition and origins of epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations.
- Key concepts in epidemiology including rates, ratios, proportions, mortality, morbidity, incidence, prevalence and descriptive vs analytical study methods.
- Descriptive studies examine disease frequency and distribution by person, place and time to identify potential risk factors. Analytical studies further test hypothesized associations between suspected causes and effects.
- Examples of rates and ratios used to measure disease occurrence include crude death rates, case fatality rates, and proportional mortality rates. Incidence and prevalence are used to measure disease frequency and burden.
How Public Health Could Benefit From Anthropologynikolajdarre
The document discusses how anthropology can benefit public health. It explains that anthropology is the study of human cultures and societies and that medical anthropology specifically looks at health, sickness, and treatment. It outlines how people from different cultures can have varying explanations for illnesses like colds and different treatments. The document also discusses anthropological research methods like participant observation, interviews, and qualitative data collection. Finally, it summarizes that taking a holistic, non-ethnocentric approach and understanding health in its proper cultural context can provide deeper insights to improve public health.
On airs waters and places: A Health Geography PerspectiveHamish Robertson
Hamish Robertson gives an introduction to health geography and its key concepts. Health geography examines the relationships between health, illness, and the environments people live in. It is over 200 years old but remains relevant for understanding current health issues. Health geography takes a relational approach, connecting factors like environment, society, culture, and the body. It considers how factors like location, space, and place impact people's health and experiences of illness over their lifetime.
Combining the quantitative and qualitative domains a geographic perspective u...Hamish Robertson
Slides from a presentation I did with Professor Jo Travaglia on the quant-qual 'divide' and its limitations from a geographical and visual perspective.
Hamish Robertson presented on the rise of chronic disease due to population aging. Key points included:
- Population aging is a global phenomenon driven by falling fertility rates and rising life expectancies. It began in Europe centuries ago and is now occurring more rapidly in other parts of the world.
- As populations age, the focus shifts from mortality to managing morbidity and chronic diseases, which are complex and costly to treat. The number and costs of people living with chronic conditions are rising.
- Spatial modeling and data visualization techniques can help analyze and project chronic disease patterns at local levels, model infrastructure needs and costs, and monitor changes over time to help manage population aging and its effects on health systems.
This document discusses epidemiology, which is the study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations. It covers the components, characteristics, and types of epidemiology studies. Descriptive epidemiology involves studying disease distribution by person, place, and time variables. Analytic epidemiology uses epidemiologic methods to explain disease occurrence and identify causal mechanisms. Key topics include descriptive variables, temporal variations, community diagnosis, epidemics, and determination of disease etiology through descriptive and analytical studies.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
This document discusses concepts of disease causation and screening. It defines health and outlines several theories of disease causation, including supernatural, Ayurveda, miasma, germ, biomedical, and multifactorial causation theories. It also discusses the natural history of disease and the iceberg phenomenon. Regarding screening, the document defines screening and outlines its aims/objectives, uses, types, criteria for screening tests, and evaluations of screening programs.
This document discusses models for understanding disease causation. It begins by defining disease and the concept of disease causation. It then describes the traditional epidemiological triad model comprising a susceptible host, disease agent, and environment allowing host-agent interaction. Living and non-living disease agents are categorized. The document continues by exploring factors that determine host susceptibility and the properties of disease agents. Finally, it introduces the wheel of causation and causal web models, emphasizing the complex interplay between multiple factors in disease development.
Definitions of important terms in epidemiologyBhoj Raj Singh
This document defines key terms used in epidemiology, including:
- Agent, which is a causative factor like a biological or chemical agent that must be present or absent for disease to occur.
- Analytic epidemiologic studies, which examine groups to make comparisons and determine causal relationships.
- Descriptive epidemiologic studies, which contribute to describing a disease by examining its essential features.
- Epidemiology, which is the study of how diseases are distributed and determined within populations.
1. Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and transmission of diseases as well as their negative physical, psychological, and financial impacts on communities.
2. Disease control involves studying the epidemiological triangle of agent, host, and environmental factors required for a disease to occur. It seeks to control disease by managing the interaction between these factors rather than completely eliminating the disease agent.
3. Disease elimination removes a disease from a large geographical area but not the whole world, while disease eradication removes a disease from all over the world. Smallpox is the only disease that has been eradicated globally so far.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It discusses the history of epidemiology, including John Snow's work identifying contaminated water as the cause of a cholera outbreak. The document also covers epidemiological concepts like the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment; the chain of infection; and the tasks of an epidemiologist like surveillance, investigation, and research.
This document discusses descriptive epidemiology and data sources for public health professionals. It introduces concepts like the epidemiologic triad, levels of prevention, the Haddon matrix, the wheel and web of causation models. It also discusses natural history of disease, sources of mortality and morbidity data like death certificates, medical records and surveys. Challenges in data quality and classification systems like ICD are also addressed.
The Powerful Link Between Conserving Land and Preserving Health
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The lecture focuses on the evolution of health promotion as well as of the social context of health in postmodern societies. This topic reflects the most commonly used approaches and concepts which are useful for health promotion practice. Finally, the principles and methods of health needs assessment are presented.
This document summarizes a study that examined the cultural identity, behavioral intentions, and conservation behavior of residents on the small Taiwanese island of Xiaoliuqiu. The study found that: 1) Cultural identity has a significant positive influence on residents' behavioral intentions; 2) Behavioral intentions have a significant positive influence on conservation behavior; 3) An evaluation framework was developed that could help relevant institutions and guide future research on similar topics. The study involved surveying 298 Xiaoliuqiu residents to understand the relationships between these factors.
When the cold war was over at the end of 1980th, we expected that the 21st century would be peaceful, progressive, and politically stable. On the contrary, the strong consciousness of ETHNICITY was dramatically emerged in eastern European ethnic groups that were controlled by the old Soviet Union. The worse situation was the case of old Yugoslavia where were divided into three parts with arms. As we know, that war was the terrible genocide as we know.
What is “ Medical Anthropology?
Health and Sickness could be defined as the dynamic studies. Because, the concept of the sickness and health is depended on the indigenous values. It means “dynamics”.
2. Biomedicine and cultural( behavial sciences can be understood reciprocally.
Cultural Diagnosis.
The fact that the past scientific research and analysis gather so many different specialists needs to be stress. No profession can get alone the right perspective to comprehend the destructiveness of violence, we need different points of view to fight against it and hopefully to transfer this knowledge to the policy making body. It is my hope that our policy makers and society will begin to realize the importance of the anthropological aspects which I am going to discuss in this short paper.
Now, I would like to take this opportunity to share the role of Anthropology in this issue with policy makers and anthropologists but, let me first show about the role of anthropology in the process of development and its connection with violence. I believe that the anthropological theory should apply to the practical field. Another word, I would say that anthropologists must put on two hats (theoretical and practical).
The work was presented during the II Workshop on Medical Anthropology in Rome, October 14th - 15th 2011.
Mapping of "urban health facilities" in "Maharashtra" by Anandi DantasPriyanka_vshukla
Presented in Seminar on Spatial Dimensions on Health Care-Use of GIS in Health Studies by Anandi Dantas, Organised by Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT) and Department of Geography, University of Mumbai on 24th Sep 2010
WSCSS Fall In-Service Keynote Ellen SiminoffShmoop
The document discusses the changing media and technology landscape and how it impacts education. It talks about the author's experience working at Yahoo in 1995 during the early internet revolution. It then discusses challenges students now face with unreliable online information and short attention spans. However, it also notes opportunities for non-linear learning, connecting diverse sources, and taking advantage of mobile access to content. The document promotes an education company called Shmoop that aims to guide students to reliable sources and deeper understanding online.
The document discusses optimizing websites for mobile use. It recommends reducing content, using single column layouts, redesigning navigation, minimizing text entry, deciding if multiple mobile sites are needed, designing for touchscreens and non-touchscreens, and taking advantage of device functionality. However, it notes some cases where full optimization may not be needed, such as for complex products/services or critical tasks requiring constant connections. It then gives an example of redesigning a registration form to be less optimal but provide more support through additional information and confirmation steps rather than straight access to the platform.
Evaluaciòn del status sistèmico en implantología oralRicardo Benza
Este documento presenta un protocolo de evaluación sistémica para pacientes que requieren tratamiento de implantología oral. El protocolo incluye una encuesta de salud detallada, repreguntas sobre los antecedentes médicos del paciente, exámenes físicos y de laboratorio, y la coordinación con otros especialistas médicos cuando sea necesario para garantizar que el paciente esté en condiciones óptimas para el tratamiento de implantes dentales planificado. El objetivo es obtener una comprensión completa del estado de salud del paciente y cualquier condición preexistente
The Columbia Habitat Monitoring Program (CHaMP) uses a single platform called GeoOptix to standardize aquatic habitat monitoring across 11 watersheds in the Columbia River Basin. Over 5 years, this consolidated approach saved over $1 million in monitoring costs for the Bonneville Power Administration. CHaMP connects field crews, researchers, and managers through an online system that automates data collection, analysis, and reporting of over 400 metrics per site.
Falcon Stor Enables Virtual SANs For V MwarePaul Skach
FalconStor has packaged its storage virtualization software as a VMware virtual appliance. This allows organizations using VMware to leverage FalconStor's software to transform direct-attached storage into a virtual SAN. This enables these organizations to take advantage of VMware's high availability and business continuity features. The virtual appliance also provides enhanced data protection capabilities like mirroring and replication. By offering an affordable virtual SAN solution, FalconStor aims to help more organizations adopt shared storage and realize the full benefits of server virtualization.
La historia trata de tres hojitas - una amarilla, una roja y una verde - que querían caminar y correr pero estaban atadas a un árbol. Un día, el viento sopló fuerte y las desprendió del árbol, permitiéndoles volar por el bosque y alegrarlo con sus colores.
Axfood reported stable sales growth of 1.8% for the period, with earnings of SEK 370 million, up 1.6%. Operating margins remained steady at 4.2%. Hemköp strengthened its results and converted 17 stores to franchises with plans for 50 total conversions. Willys saw stable development and high store modernization pace despite like-for-like sales impacts. PrisXtra results were in line with plans despite unsatisfying sales development affected by road work. Axfood aims to achieve an operating profit at least equal to 2010 levels through sales growth, cost control and efficiency.
The document discusses three types of workplace violence and provides suggestions to prevent each type. Type I is violence by strangers and includes barriers, alarms, and surveillance. Type II is against service providers, with recommendations like not working alone and safety equipment. Type III is between acquaintances or employees, addressing policies, training, and monitoring for warning signs. It concludes by urging vigilance and self-defense tools.
ICA is a nonprofit agency that provides emergency assistance and resources to those in crisis in east intown Atlanta through donations of clothing, food, hygiene kits, rental and utility assistance, counseling, and referrals. They accept financial donations as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, donations of goods from their needs list, and volunteers. To help or learn more, contact Janet at 404-873-2649 or [email_address].
This document provides an overview of marketing concepts and the marketing strategy process. It discusses defining marketing and the seven marketing functions. It outlines developing an effective marketing strategy which includes identifying a target market and creating a marketing mix. It also describes the consumer decision-making process and factors to consider when pricing and distributing products. Finally, it discusses the importance of communication in marketing and identifies common types of promotion.
Axfood reported stable earnings for the third quarter of 2012, with net sales increasing 3.5% to SEK 9,044 million. The operating margin was 4.1%, down slightly from 4.2% in the previous year. All of Axfood's business units saw positive results, with Hemköp reporting sales growth of 7.2% and Willys achieving its best third quarter result ever with a 1.4% increase in operating profit. Axfood aims to achieve an operating profit for 2012 at the same level as 2011 through continued sales growth, high levels of private label products, efficiency improvements, and investments in store renewals.
Interior designer Carey Maloney created an interactive book called STUFF about his firm M(Group)'s designs. The book uses digital watermarking technology from Digimarc that allows readers to scan images and access additional online content. Maloney wanted the book to feel modern and engage readers beyond just printed pages. The technology was seamless for readers and provided analytics on what content was most popular. It allowed Maloney to continuously update the online content, keeping the book interactive over time.
Una sintesi della strategia di comunicazione per una società di broker assicurativi. L'idea di fondo è riposizionare il ruolo e la figura dei broker, facendo crescere la cultura del risk management come fattore di competitività aziendale
Joe wants to look perfect before going to the park with his friends. When they arrive, Demi comments on how long it took Joe to get ready. Joe jokes that it took so long because he was trying to achieve the perfect look, and introduces himself as "Mr. Perfect Look".
There are two types of tundra: Arctic and Alpine. Arctic tundra is similar to a frozen desert with lots of permafrost, while Alpine tundra has no trees and only small plants due to poor soil conditions. Common animals in tundra regions include pikas and marmots, and locations with tundra landscapes are Alaska, Greenland, and parts of Denmark.
Falcon Stor Changing The Rules Of BackupPaul Skach
FalconStor Software is the market leader in disk-based data protection solutions. Their TOTALLY Open technology includes industry-leading Virtual Tape Library with deduplication, Continuous Data Protector, and Network Storage Server enabled with WAN-optimized replication. FalconStor offers a complete line of solutions to maximize business continuity and improve backup efficiency. Their solutions provide comprehensive data protection, fast recovery, and backup simplification. FalconStor solutions are used by thousands of customers worldwide across many industries.
Health can be defined as physical, mental and social well-being, while illness refers to the presence of diagnosed diseases. Disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of an organism. Health geography studies the interaction between people and the environment and how place impacts health, well-being and disease. Medical geography considers the distribution of specific diseases and human characteristics in relation to geographical features. Key approaches in health geography include the positive, social interaction, structuralist, and post-structuralist approaches, while approaches in medical geography include disease ecology, man-environment interactions, disease mapping, and associative analysis.
This document summarizes and critiques Australia's public health approach to refugee health. It argues that the public health system views refugees as "empty vessels" that lack knowledge, and focuses only on treating diseases rather than prevention or a holistic understanding of health. The system is reductionist and top-down, prioritizing biomedical solutions over cultural and social factors. This fails to provide culturally competent care and can exacerbate health issues for refugees. The document calls for more participatory, community-based approaches that incorporate refugees' perspectives and understandings of health.
This document discusses an ethnographic study examining how health information provided by community cardiac nurses is incorporated into the daily lives of coronary families. It addresses the challenges of health promotion and whether nurses can reasonably expect changes in patient health behaviors. The author conducted an ethnography of five coronary families to explore their health beliefs, behaviors, and lifestyles in their domestic setting. The paper considers the advantages and difficulties of using ethnography in a health care context and emphasizes the need for rigor and addressing issues of reliability, validity, and researcher bias.
This document provides an overview of medical anthropology and its applications to health care. It discusses how medical anthropology addresses the interfaces between medicine, culture, and health behavior. It describes how cultural systems models examine the influence of culture on health through infrastructure, social structure, and ideological superstructure. These include factors like environment, social relationships, individual behavior, health services, and beliefs. The document emphasizes that understanding a community's cultural values and engaging community members are important for effective health programs and assessing health needs. Medical anthropology aims to incorporate cultural perspectives to improve health care delivery and public health programs.
This document discusses the history and evolution of the field of epidemiology from Hippocrates in ancient Greece to the 21st century. It describes how epidemiology began with Hippocrates' observations relating diseases to personal and environmental factors. It then discusses key figures throughout history that advanced epidemiological concepts and methods, such as John Graunt, James Lind, and John Snow. The document outlines how epidemiology evolved from primarily studying epidemics to its modern definition of examining the distribution and determinants of health states in populations. It traces the field's growth and increasing interdisciplinary nature over the 20th century.
Scope and content of population geographyMithun Ray
This document provides an overview of population geography as an academic discipline. It discusses key thinkers who established population geography as a subfield of human geography. It also outlines major topics of focus for population geography, including population size and distribution, dynamics of growth, and qualities/characteristics of populations. The document contrasts population geography with related fields like demography and population studies, noting geography's emphasis on spatial variation and relationships between places. It also briefly discusses the development of population geography as a topic of study in India.
This poster presents an examination of interdisciplinary perspectives in biomedical anthropology. It addresses the root causes of medical problems and the lack of anthropological perspectives in healthcare. The poster suggests making medical and biological fields more holistic by applying theoretical biomedical anthropological ideas to applied medical practice, such as an upstream approach to health and addressing why basic needs aren't being met. It proposes taking theoretical concepts of biomedical anthropology and applying them to create a symbiosis between practitioners of biological and medical fields, including anthropologists.
research in geography it is help full for the students of geography and artstanadas
Geography is the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments. Geographic research involves systematically collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of cultural and physical phenomena in particular locations. The purposes of geographic research include developing new insights, reviewing existing knowledge, investigating situations or problems, offering solutions, generating new knowledge, and directing sustainable population growth and environmental management. Key types of geographic research include descriptive and analytical research, as well as qualitative and quantitative approaches. Geographic research is significant as it contributes to scientific understanding, helps integrate the relationships between people, places, populations and resources over time, identifies the distinctiveness of different locations, and provides insights relevant to addressing issues of interest to science and society.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in populations and the factors influencing health. It combines elements of biology, social sciences, and ecology with statistics to describe disease occurrence and investigate causes. Epidemiology provides opportunities to prevent and control diseases by identifying risk factors, evaluating treatments, and improving health services. It covers disease distribution, causation, and health-related events in populations and is considered the basic science of prevention and social medicine.
1) This document summarizes a capstone project examining geographic accessibility to healthcare in Kenya. It discusses factors that affect healthcare access, including availability, affordability, and geographic access.
2) In Kenya, poor infrastructure and lack of transportation contribute greatly to limited geographic access to the few existing healthcare options. Travel time to facilities is used to measure geographic accessibility.
3) Previous studies have found associations between increased distance to healthcare and higher health risks, particularly in developing countries. The capstone project aims to model healthcare accessibility in Kenya based on travel time and examine relationships with health outcomes.
This document discusses epidemiology and various definitions of epidemiology from different sources. It discusses how epidemiology has evolved over time to include concerns about infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, and the ecology of health and disease. Various organizations conducting epidemiological work in the Philippines are mentioned, along with some of their research studies and goals. Additional health-related information about the Philippines is also provided.
Discipline and ideas in the social science week 1eiram030382
1. The document discusses several social science disciplines including history, anthropology, geography, political science, sociology, demography, and linguistics.
2. Social science is concerned with understanding society and finding solutions to social problems. It studies human behavior and societies.
3. The main social science disciplines covered are history, anthropology, geography, political science, sociology, demography, and linguistics. Each discipline is briefly defined.
There are several aspects in which the components of geography and ecology are similar in their concepts and applications.
In several areas, these two subjects also go hand-in-hand.
Geography and ecology are related to each other. An understanding of ecology and its relation with geography is needed. This module explains their inter-relationships.
This document provides an overview of human geography. It defines human geography as the study of human activity and how it relates to and is influenced by the earth's surface. It discusses the key branches of human geography such as culture, population, political geography, and economic activities. It also outlines the scope of human geography, noting its focus on human aspects like society, culture, economics as well as qualitative research methods. Overall, the document introduces the key concepts and areas of focus within the field of human geography.
The document provides an analysis of the film "Iceman Reborn" which reveals the relevance of the concept of holism to the story of Otzi. Holism means that parts of a whole are interconnected and cannot be fully understood separately. The story of Otzi includes research from various sources like scientists, radiologists, and archaeologists. Without the collaboration of these sources, their research would not be as advanced.
From diagnosis to social diagnosisAuthor Phil Brown Mercedes Lys.docxshericehewat
From diagnosis to social diagnosis
Author Phil Brown Mercedes Lyson, Tania Jenkins
Abstract
In the past two decades, research on the sociology of diagnosis has attained considerable influence within medical sociology. Analyzing the process and factors that contribute to making a diagnosis amidst uncertainty and contestation, as well as the diagnostic encounter itself, are topics rich for sociological investigation. This paper provides a reformulation of the sociology of diagnosis by proposing the concept of ‘social diagnosis’ which helps us recognize the interplay between larger social structures and individual or community illness manifestations. By outlining a conceptual frame, exploring how social scientists, medical professionals and laypeople contribute to social diagnosis, and providing a case study of how the North American Mohawk Akwesasne reservation dealt with rising obesity prevalence to further illustrate the social diagnosis idea, we embark on developing a cohesive and updated framework for a sociology of diagnosis. This approach is useful not just for sociological research, but has direct implications for the fields of medicine and public health. Approaching diagnosis from this integrated perspective potentially provides a broader context for practitioners and researchers to understand extra-medical factors, which in turn has consequences for patient care and health outcomes.
Highlights
► “Social diagnosis” recognizes interplay between social structures and illness manifestations. ► Case study shows how Mohawk Akwesasne dealt with rising obesity. ► Provides broad context for practitioners and researchers to understand extra-medical factors.
· Previous article in issue
· Next article in issue
Keywords
Diagnosis
Risk
Social movements
Environment
Public health
USA
Canada
Reservations
Introduction
Sociological analysis of diagnosis has achieved considerable influence in the last two decades, providing important insight into how we understand health, disease, and illness. It has also expanded how we view the social and cultural influences that shape our knowledge and practice on health and illness. This includes studies of diagnosis that have gone beyond the interaction between physician and patient, to take into account the larger social, structural, and temporal forces that shape diagnosis (see, for example, the categorization of homosexuality as a mental disorder and the role of gay rights activists in the American Psychiatric Association’s deliberations) (Cooksey & Brown, 1998).
Recently we have also seen the emergence of diseases whose etiologies, symptoms, and, therefore, diagnoses, are often contested or uncertain. This combination of medical and social uncertainty leads us to propose a reformulation of the concept social diagnosis as a new way of thinking about the sociology of diagnosis. This paper explores social diagnosis by first, outlining a conceptual framework of social diagnosis; second, discussing the different acto ...
developments of human centered theoriesPooja Kumari
This document provides information about behaviouralism in geography. It discusses how behaviouralism developed due to dissatisfaction with positivist models based on economic rationality. The behavioural approach emphasizes subjective and decision-making variables that influence human-environment relationships. It lists the objectives and fundamental arguments of behavioural geography, including that people have environmental images that influence decision-making. The document also provides details about humanistic geography and its criticisms of quantitative models.
Rev. Latino-Am. Enfermagem
2010 May-Jun; 18(3):459-66
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Corresponding Author:
Flavio Braune Wiik
Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Letras e Ciências Humanas.
Departamento de Ciências Sociais
Campus Universitário. Caixa-Postal 6001
CEP 86051-990 Londrina, PR, Brasil
E-mail: [email protected]
Anthropology, Health and Illness: an Introduction to the Concept of
Culture Applied to the Health Sciences
Esther Jean Langdon1
Flávio Braune Wiik2
This article presents a reflection as to how notions and behavior related to the processes of
health and illness are an integral part of the culture of the social group in which they occur.
It is argued that medical and health care systems are cultural systems consonant with the
groups and social realities that produce them. Such a comprehension is fundamental for the
health care professional training.
Descriptors: Culture; Anthropology; Health Care; Health Sciences.
1 Anthropologist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Full Professor, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
2 Social Scientist, Ph.D. in Anthropology, Adjunct Professor, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Email: [email protected]
Original Article
460
www.eerp.usp.br/rlae
Antropologia, saúde e doença: uma introdução ao conceito de cultura
aplicado às ciências da saúde
O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar uma reflexão de como as noções e comportamentos
ligados aos processos de saúde e de doença integram a cultura de grupos sociais onde
os mesmos ocorrem. Argumenta-se que os sistemas médicos de atenção à saúde,
assim como as respostas dadas às doenças, são sistemas culturais, consonantes com os
grupos e realidades sociais que os produzem. A compreensão dessa relação se mostra
fundamental para a formação do profissional da saúde.
Descritores: Cultura; Antropologia; Atenção à Saúde; Ciências da Saúde.
Antropología, salud y enfermedad: una introducción al concepto de
cultura aplicado a las ciencias de la salud
Este artículo presenta una reflexión acerca de como las nociones y comportamientos
asociados a los procesos de salud y enfermedad están integrados a la cultura de los
grupos sociales en los que estos procesos ocurren. Se argumenta que los sistemas
médicos de atención a la salud, así como las respuestas dadas a la enfermedad son
sistemas culturales que están en consonancia con los grupos y las realidades sociales
que los producen. Comprender esta relación es crucial para la formación de profesionales
en el área de la salud.
Descriptores: Cultura; Antropología; Atención a la Salud; Ciencias de la Salud.
Introduction
Perhaps it seems out of place to address the theme
of culture in a journal dedicated to the Health Sciences
or to argue that the concept of culture can be useful
for professionals of this area. Everyone has a common
sense idea of what “culture” means. We say that a person
“has culture” when he or sh ...
This document provides an overview of anthropology and its branches. It defines anthropology as the scientific study of humanity, both past and present. The key branches of anthropology discussed are biological/physical anthropology, which studies human adaptation and evolution; archaeology, which analyzes material remains to understand past cultures; linguistic anthropology, which examines human communication and language; and cultural anthropology, which is the focus of the seminar and analyzes systems of meaning across societies. The document emphasizes that anthropology promotes understanding of human diversity and cultural differences.
Human geography is the study of how humans interact with their environments and the relationships between people, place, and space over time. It focuses on patterns of human social interaction and how these relationships influence and are influenced by the natural environment. Human geography has a long history but grew in importance in the 18th and 19th centuries. It uses methods from social sciences and humanities to provide geographic analysis of topics like culture, economics, health, politics, population, transportation, and urbanization while applying geographic concepts of space, place, mobility, and nature. The scope of human geography is broad, examining how physical environments influence human societies and how human societies use and change the environments and landscapes in which they live.
Similar to About Geography of Health: Reflections on Concepts & Relevant Techniques by Dr. Smita Gandhi (20)
About Geography of Health: Reflections on Concepts & Relevant Techniques by Dr. Smita Gandhi
1. A National Seminar on
Spatial Dimensions on Health Care-
Use of GIS in Health Studies
Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes
(CEHAT)
Vakola, Santa Cruz (East), Mumbai- 400055
and
Department of Geography,
University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Kalina, Mumbai 400 098
24 September 2010
2. About Geography of Health:
Reflections on Concepts and Relevant
Techniques
Smita Gandhi,
Department of Geography,
University of Mumbai
3. Introduction
Whereas Survival is a basic instinct of living beings, Concept of Health and
Health Care is essentially a manifestation of human culture.
Struggle for life, therefore, is conditioned by “good” or “bad” health and is
intricately linked with insights into human body as space on one hand
and the situated spaces of human body, its senses and cognition on
the other.
Being healthy and seeking/organising Health Care is thus utmost place
space specific and vary quite dramatically across space and time.
It is in this context discourse on Health and Health Care is conditioned by
the spatiality of Society, Economy and Environment.
4. Knowledge Base on Health and Health Care:
Transcending Beyond the Regime of Bio-medical
Sciences
With the development of medical science in the post industrial revolution
period, the focus of the knowledge base shifted from considering health as
a product of an individual’s essential character to that of the bacterial agent
as interpreted by the Germ theory.
This shift rendered human body to be the object of the institutionalized
gaze of the medical practitioners (Foucault, 1976: 59).
Yet the etiological interpretations of disease, health and health care
systems could extend cutting across the boundaries of the natural and
especially bio-medical sciences and permeate into the realms of social
sciences, since the mid 19th century, which paved way for geographical
discourses on diseases and health.
5. Evolution of Approaches to Geography of
Health
Discourses on Geography of Health have evolved coinciding with various
phases of paradigm shifts in Human Geography, which have led to
emergence of ecological approach in the form of conventional Medical
Geography in the mid 20th century.
In the initial stage, Geographers involved in unfolding various
interrelationships between man and natural environment as their core
concept, strengthened the ecological approach to health. Thereby, they
contributed to the emergence of the sub-field like Medical Geography.
Remaining within the confines of the idiographic traditions, in its inception
this branch narrowly focused on environmental contextuality through
descriptions of distribution of diseases and sought interrelations of causes
of morbidity and conditions of mortality varying across space.
By 1950s however this field adopted the philosophy of Positivism and the
conceptual bases of spatial analysis.
6. Evolution of Approaches to Geography of Health
Gende Age
r
The interpretations drew upon
coincidence in time and space
Genetic
of agent, host and s
environment (May, 1950). Population
Medical Geography thus
facilitated replacement of Germ Habitat Behaviour
Natural Beliefs
theory by multifactorial disease
causation theory and the
epidemiological triangle
Built Social Technolo
Social
focused on interrelations Organisatio y
n
between Population, Habitat and
Behaviour as the basic elements
Medical Geography and
and through which extending to
The Triangle of Human Ecology
the specificities of their ( Meade and Erickson , 2000:25)
individual dimensions such as
gender, age and genetics as
illustrated in case of population.
7. Typology of Research Themes in Medical Geography
Researches in Medical
Geography can be broadly
classified under four major themes
(Dev,1991:10):
I.Disease Mapping or Mapping of Ill
Health
II.Environmental Health Hazards
and Ecological Associative Analysis
related to: Disease Ecology,
Cultural Ecology , Diet Nutrition,etc.
III.Disease Diffusion Studies
Relating to Specific Diseases and
their Spread over Space and Time
and
IV.The Geography of Health Care
Studies based on descriptive,
inferential and synthesising
cartographic and quantitative
techniques and models have been
effectively employed by the
geographers to analyse the paths
of epidemics and pandemics (Dey,
2004:118) that have enriched this
subfield and offered an insight into Types of Research Theme and Spatial Scale of their
various medical phenomena. Universe
( Thomas, M. 1988:15)
8. Relevance of Welfare Human Geography Approach
in Health care Studies
With the emergence of Welfare Human Geography School as an explicit critique of
the positivist traditions, Geographical inquiry became increasingly multifaceted
and socially relevant (Gandhi, 2007:394-402).
The word 'welfare’ sometimes defines social security, at times it may also define
a set of social policy measures. A distinction is commonly made between
economic and general social welfare, the former denoting the consumption of
goods and services in lieu of money and the resultant satisfaction, while the latter
embraces all items contributing to the quality of human existence (Smith, 1973).
Although a crucial requirement of any social service is its viable location in the
right place where people need it, it has been consistently found that either a
distance- decay effect or an ‘inverse-care law’ exists in their locational dimension.
This mismatch induced geographers’ interest in 1970s to study the price of
accessibility and costs of proximity to these services and ultimately answer the
seminal question of the Welfare Human Geography, ‘who gets what, where and
how ?” (Dev, 1991:30)
Among these pertinent questions, who denotes individuals or social groups, what
relates to goods and services and aspects of wellbeing while where indicates
locales and territorial distribution. The last and most crucial of these questions, ‘how’
relates to the underlying fabric of social organization and the economy , its goals and
value systems. All these relate to the criteria and strategies of redistribution of goods
and services.
Significant query therefore is whether these services are spatially and socially
concentrated or diffused and dispersed? This last question therefore probes into
9. Development of Geography of Health
in the Arena of Social Geography
The underlying thrust of the Welfare in Human Geography thus lies on the
interdependence of the spatial organization and the structure of the social,
economic and political sub-systems in society with respect to fulfillment of needs
of all the segments of society as organized in place and space so as to ensure social
welfare and quality of living.
Harvey’s (1973) arguments on spatial and territorial justice become very crucial in
this context. His emphasis on making the deprived state of existence and spatially
variable condition of welfare of millions of people in the real world as the focal theme
of geographical studies provided a great impetus to the research on quality of living
that was set to examine and explain territorial index of well being. Studies on Health
and health care became one of the major thrust areas of such research.
Subsequently, sub-fields like Geography of Health emerged as off-shoots of
Social Geography and adopted newer qualitative and critical approaches,
though social geographers of health care also used the spatial models to examine the
distribution of medical services (Earickson, 1970; Misra 1970; Shannon and Dever
1974; Shannon and Spurlock 1976; Pyle 1977; Phillips, 1981).
The humanistic turn to the research in this field interpreted health and illness as
the socio-cultural constructs with an emphasis on ethnographic approaches and
explicit qualitative methodology.
12. Conceptualising Spatiality:
Dialectical Relation between
Social and Spatial Structures
The churning in Geographical thoughts
persisted in the 1980s and post-1990s as
well, contributing to the emergence of
Radical and Critical Geography
perspectives.
Patterns of healthiness and the associated
therapeutic spaces are now conceived to
be structured by the interrelationship
between socio-spatial structures that are
the product of historical processes
operating in the resultant socio-cultural
and politico-economic framework.
These structures mediate and at times
regulate, how people gain access to the
needed resources related to their bodily
as well as mental and emotional health
(Casino, Jr., 2009: 99).
These shifts have not only fused the
Geography of Health Care with the spatial
interpretations of Social Well Being and
Quality of Life but have also facilitated
inclusion of
in ensuring territorial and social justice in
the provision of health care.
13. Geography of Health Care:
Illustrative Case Studies
In the context of these conceptual developments in the arena
of Geography of Health, present study draws upon and
collates the findings of some relevant case studies on Health
Care from Maharashtra.
These researches unveil spatio-social imbalances in
distribution of health facilities.
Analysis of their accessibility conditions reflect on gaps in
territorial justice and quality of life status as observed within a
city and between city and city region.
The first case study analyses the spatiality of Drugstore as an
auxiliary healh function in Pune City, in 1981 (Joshi/Gandhi,
1985)
14. Delineating Spatio-Social Levels of Accessibility to Drugstore,
An Auxiliary Health Function in Pune :
A Second Ranking Third World Metropolitan City
This case study draws from a research ‘On The Spatial Pattern of Drug-retailing in
Pune City’ in the early eighties (Joshi/Gandhi, 1984,1986) in the framework of Urban
Economy and Geography of Marketing, a sub-field of Economic Geography.
This study illustrates how the spatiality of a health care input like a drugstore is essentially
produced by the economics of effective demand rather than need based demand.
Range for a drug store is defined in terms of distance covered by walking in five, fifteen
and thirty minutes1. Thus, the map area of Pune city showing the distribution of
drugstores in 1980 has been covered by a suitable grid network and each point of
intersection of the grid is assumed to be the probable point of consumption of drugs and
medicines.
Considering each of these points as a centre, circles with radius equal to five minutes
walking distance in city and fifteen minutes in the periphery have been drawn. The number
of drugstores circumscribed by each circle in this manner is counted and thus, the
drugstore accessibility score is then assigned to each of the grid intersections conceived as
the consumption points. Choosing appropriate interval, the isolines delineating conditions
of accessibility to drugstores have been constructed.
This study analyses the observed spatial pattern of drug-retailing in Pune City in
1980-81 by perceiving a drug-store as a need-based function auxiliary to health
care, which, therefore, is expected to be located in close proximity to the place of
residence.
Using quantitative and cartographic techniques like regression residual and isoline
mapping based on time distance, this study delineates differentiated patterns of
accessibility to drugstores in Pune city.
15. Factors Influencing Spatiality of Drugstores
Volume of Traffic and Location of
Concentration in Relation to Population Drugstores
16. Threshold and centrality
The following observations can be made :
Conditions of Drugstores in
(i) In general, threshold requirements for drug-retailing terms of Dispensaries and
increase with increasing distance from the core and doctors
declining centrality conditions. However, factors such as
variations in the conditions of accessibility and flow of potential
customers, socio-economic composition of residential areas,
occurrence of the initial retail nucleus, etc., explain the
anomalies.
(ii) The spatial pattern of drug-retailing has been better explained
by the demand variables establishing the functional
interdependence (doctors and dispensaries).
(iii) The areas in the inner core characterise the traditionally
developed retail and commercial core of the city and its role has
been further strengthened and intensified as the city has
undergone industrial and urban development.
(iv) Inner periphery promises enough conducive
environment to develop as a secondary retail nucleus as the
residential areas have tended to disperse away from the city.
(v) Both the core and the periphery reflect varying levels of retail
and urban development and outermost core and outer periphery
reflect similar threshold conditions.
(vj) Outer peripheral areas reflect varying characteristics.
Occurrence of slums, industrial workers colonies,
commercialisation of agriculture in the hinterland of the city
as well as well developed accessibility conditions together
have led to the development of retail facilities in some of the
units, while some other have experienced a time-lag in the
initiation of the same.
(VK) In spite of the absolute growth in the number of
establishments and the subsequent decline in the threshold
requirements, the spatial pattern of drug-retailing and variations
in the threshold conditions confirm the fact that drug-retailing is
still a semi-specialised retail function.
17. Conceiving Accessibility from Supply Side:
1. The above analysis focusing on the demand
component of a drugstore has been also The patterns of intense, moderate
complemented by introducing the dimension and low overlap of the service areas
of supply within the same framework of five, have been distinguished and also the
fifteen and thirty minutes walking distance. areas remaining un-served have
2. Taking the location of each drugstore as been demarcated (Fig.1).
centre, circles with the given radius have been
drawn to delimit the market areas of the given
outlet.
18. Spatio-Social Accessibility to Drug retailing
in Pune City in 1981
The isoline map is drawn to
attempt regionalisation defined
by need base consideration of
a) 5 minutes walking distance
from point of consumption in the
core area of the city of Pune
b) And 15 minutes in the
extended areas including the
periphery of the city.
The isoline map delineates the
areas of high, medium and low
accessibility, which in turn
indicate areas of varying degree
of concentration of drugstores in
contrast to those having dearth
of the same.
19. Projecting Spatio-Social Inaccessibility to
Drugstores in Pune: A Synthesis
A Synthesised pattern of accessibility to
drugstores is obtained by delineation of zero or
no accessibility to drugstores within the given
limit of 15 minutes walking distance.
This pattern highlights zero accessibility
areas as also the potential areas for locating
drugstores in Pune.
These findings simultaneously expose gaps in
spatial and social accessibility to the ancillary
function of health care in Pune City.
Thereby these also provide an objective
measure of the welfare content in urban
planning as implemented in the second ranking
metropolis like Pune in 1980s.
In case of Pune city this need base analysis of
accessibility to drugstores has not only been
helpful in demarcating the outer peripheral
parts of the city that experience poor
accessibility conditions
but it has simultaneously revealed the areas
of relative inaccessibility to drug retailing in the
core areas of the city which coincide with the
residential areas of low class as well as caste
status.
20. Accessibility to Private Hospitals in Mumbai, 1980s
(with >than 50 Beds)
Demand based: 45 minutes Walking Distance Supply Based: 30 Minutes walking distance
from point of consumption: the residence circumference
( By Thomas M., 1986)
21. HEALTH FACILITIES IN PUNE
This case study examines Distribution of Health Facilities in Pune in 1980s. It study
deals with the spatial distribution of health facilities in Pune district and attempts to
bring out the disparity in the distribution at two levels (Joshi/Gandhi and Banerjee,
1986 ),
(i) in Pune metropolitan region and the remaining talukas of Pune district and
(ii) in Pune city and the other settlements within Pune metropolitan region.
The former brings out the disparity at a wider regional level, while the latter reveals
the inter-urban disparity and the supremacy of the metropolitan core.
Ten indicators have been selected to denote health care facilities, namely :
(i) number of family planning centres, (ii) number of primary health units,
(iii) number of dispensaries, (iv) number of drug stores,
(v) number of doctors, (vi) number of beds in hospitals,
(vii) number of minor community hospitals,
(viii) number of major (specialized) hospitals and nursing homes,
(ix) number of hospitals with teaching facility and
(x) expenditure on health and sanitation facilities by village panchayats,
municipalities, cantonment boards and corporation for respective settlements.
Data on 'the above indicators have been computed for Pune metropolitan region
including Haveli taluka and the remaining talukas of the district.
From percentage share of these talukas for each indicator the mean percentage
share has been calculated and analysis accordingly done.
23. Dominance of Metropolitan Region in
Distribution of Health Facilities
Mean % of Health Facilities in Primacy of Health Facilities in
Pune Metropolitan Region (PMR), PMR
1980
Sr. Unit Percentag
No. e
1 Pune City 79.0
2 Pune 11.0
3 Cantonment
Kirkee 02.0
4 Dehugaon 00.14
5 Pimpri Chinchvad 05.0
6 Dehu Road 0.71
cantonment
7 Khadakvasla 0.85
Urban Total 97.0
Rural Total 03.0 Dispensaries, Doctors and Minor Hospitals are
the only few functions that have marginally
penetrated beyond PMR
24. Explaining Socio-Spatial Inequality to Health Facilities
in Pune District
The disparity attains greater magnitude in Pune City, the PMR and District as one takes into
consideration the range of facilities.
Like any other commercial or retail function, spatial organization of health facilities and their range
also seem to be affected by the correlated factors of physiographic constraints, land use pattern,
development of agriculture, nature, type and location of industrial units and various demographic
characteristics. A cumulative effect of positive or negative interaction of these factors has contributed
toward a spatial pattern of effective demand; and the distribution of health facilities responds to this
effective demand neglecting the needs of the people.
A dominance of the metropolitan region with Pune city as the core is evident, having facility counts
ranging from 800 to more than 1600.
(ii) Commercialization of agriculture in the northern and northwestern parts of Pune district has
resulted in a consequent size of effective demand and purchasing power. This has occurred due to
the expansion of the hinterland of Bombay and Pune markets as well as the growth of agro-based
industry, especially, sugar mills. In Baramati taluka, 29 per cent of the total settlement with 57 per
cent of the total population enjoys some sort of health facility having counts between 300 and 400.
However, one-third among these represents urban centres accounting for 60 per cent of the total
count.
(iii) The inaccessible hilly areas of the western talukas like Velhe, Mulshi and
Bhor with total number of settlements ranging between 130 and 185, face a dearth
of facilities. Only less than 10 per cent of the settlements in these talukas has
direct access to some facilities. ,
25. Core-periphery hiatus and Rural-urban bias
(iv) Along with core-periphery hiatus, a -rural-urban bias is also distinct. In the
southern, southeastern and northwestern talukas like Purandar, Bhor, Daund and
Maval the few urban centres controlling the economy of the taluka account for more
than 50 per cent of the total count. In Maval talukas out of 38 per cent of the total
population having direct access to a health facility, 31 per cent is urban.
(v) In the rural areas health facilities are located in the bigger villages and/or trade
centres located along the major transportation routes. This is observed in the
northern talukas of Khed, Ambegaon, Junnar and Sirur. Settlements having some
sort of health facility are often weekly markets with a population of 1000 and a
proximity to bus routes. health facilities at a micro-level.
In Pune, the pattern of disparity in the distribu-tion of health care is well pronounced.
In the metropolitan region, Pune city has a share of 79 per cent of total facilities,
while in the district Pune metropolitan region enjoys 89 per cent of the total.
It is thus evident that in the process of allocation of these facilities much
debate still awaits between the need-based and demand-based policies.
26. Healh Care Provision Reveals Trends of
Market Based Cumulative Growth Trends
In less developed countries the spatial distribution of health care
services and the modern health facilities still continues to remain
highly centralized.
Riddell (1970) states that this pattern owes its origin to the old
colonial administration whose attention was focused on the provision
of medical services for government personnel and administrative
centres.
Subsequently, under independent government also the locational
policies go to choose the already developed economic centres.
This delays the process of equitable distri-bution of facilities.
In combination with this process, Harvey (1973) argues, the more
affluent in the present society organize themselves through the
political system to maximize their real income, thus leading to
considerable inequality in resource allocation.
The above case studies corroborate these observations and
emphasise that
in the process of allocation of these facilities much debate still awaits
between the need-based and demand-based policies.
27. The Context of the Reciprocal Relationship Application of GIS in Health Studies: GIS is
between the Three Elements that Shape and Primarily Capable of Analysing various
Aspects of the Absolute Space. That Leaves
Reshape Human Landscapes : out the Entire Gamut and Complexities of
Related to Health and Wellbeing Relative Space, to be Explained by the
Theoretical Understanding about the
The conceptualisation of thereaupatic spaces and Interrelationship of Spatial and Social. That
those of Health and Health Care is necessarily warrants Researches in Health Studies to
embeded in the reciprocal relationship between Transcend Beyond the Technical
relatively long- term structural forces and short Complementarities Offered by GIS
term routine practices of individual agents, as
mediated by the institutional forms
28. Ilustrating Role of the Institutions
Apathy of the State and the Private Sector in
Controlling Chronic Trends of Epidemics:
Where is the Integrated Policy of Health,
Global Concern regarding Housing and Employment to ensure Social
Chronic Diseases! Well-Being
29. Appropriation of Resources by the Corporate Sector and
Exclusion of the Poor from Health Care under PPP
PIL Filed at New Delhi High Court as Private
Case of Andheri’s Seven Hills: The Hospitals Deny Free Access to Hospital
Corporate Hospital in Mumbai Beds To the Poor and Flout the Rules
30. What is the Role of the State in
Organising Health Care?
So many Invitations to the Researches on
Health and Health Care
That need to integrate
Social and Spatial
With or without GIS Applications is
Merely a Methodological Choice