This document discusses normal and abnormal breathing patterns and oxygen therapy. It outlines various abnormal breathing patterns such as apnea, tachypnea, bradypnea, and Cheyne-Stokes breathing. It then describes different oxygen delivery systems including low-flow nasal cannula and high-flow venturi mask and non-rebreather mask. Various oxygen delivery devices are explained and their capabilities to provide different concentrations of oxygen are compared. Potential side effects of prolonged oxygen therapy like oxygen toxicity are also mentioned.

1. Dr. Sanjay Pandian
Abnormal Breathing and O2
Therapy
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2. Normal vs Abnormal Breathing
 A normal breath sound is similar to the sound of air
 Abnormal breath sounds may include:
 rhonchi (a low-pitched breath sound)
 crackles (a high-pitched breath sound)
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3. Parameters of Assessing
 Rate
 Depth
 Rhythm
 Character
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Abnormal Breathing Patterns
 Apnea
 Tachypnea
 Bradypnea
 Hyperventilation
 Kussmaul Breathing
 Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
 Obstructed Breathing

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Tachypnea
Bradypnea
Apnea
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Kussmaul Breathing
Abnormal Breathing Patterns

5. Treatment Options
 Behaviour Modification
 Surgery
 Medications
 Oral Devices
 Oxygen Therapy
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6. Oxygen Therapy
 Definition - Administration of oxygen at a concentration of pressure greater than
that found in the atmosphere
 Purpose - To increase oxygen saturation in tissues
 Used in the treatment of hypoxemia, severe respiratory distress, severe trauma,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, acute myocardial
infarction
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7. Classification of Oxygen delivery Systems
 Low-flow systems
 provide oxygen at flow rates that are lower than patients' inspiratory demands
 E.g., nasal cannula, simple mask, non-rebreather mask, partial rebreather mask
 High-flow systems
 Deliver specific and constant percent of oxygen independent of patient’s
breathing
 E.g., venturi mask, trach collar, T-piece
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8. Nasal Cannula
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 It is a disposable
 Plastic devise with two protruding
prongs for insertion into the nostrils,
connected to an oxygen source
 Used for low-medium concentrations of
Oxygen (24-44%)
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Nasal Cannula

9. Simple Oxygen Mask
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 Simple mask is made of clear, flexible ,
plastic or rubber that can be molded to
fit the face
 It delivers 35% to 60% oxygen
 A flow rate of 6 to 10 liters per minute
 Often it is used when an increased
delivery of oxygen is needed for short
periods (i.e., less than 12 hours)
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Simple Mask

10. Non-rebreather Mask
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 This mask provides the highest concentration of
oxygen (95-100%) at a flow rate6-15 L/min.
 It is similar to the partial rebreather mask except
two one-way valves prevent conservation of
exhaled air.
 The bag is an oxygen reservoir
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Non-rebreather Mask

11. Partial Rebreather Mask
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 It is used to deliver oxygen concentrations up to 80%
 The oxygen flow rate must be maintained at a
minimum of 6 L/min to ensure that the patient does
not rebreathe large amounts of exhaled air
 The reservoir bag of the mask must remain inflated
during both inspiration & expiration
 The remaining exhaled air exits through vents.
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Partial Rebreather Mask

12. Venturi Mask
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 It is used to deliver high flow oxygen
concentrations up to 40-50% at a flow
rate of 4-15 L/min
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Venturi Mask

13. T-piece
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 Used on end of ET tube when weaning
from ventilator
 Provides accurate FIO2
 Provides good humidity
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T-piece

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14 Equipment Flow FIO2 Special Notes
Nasal Cannula 1/2 - 6 L/M .24 – 44 6 L/M Maximum
Simple O2 Mask
(Without Bag)
6 - 10 L/M .35 – 55 Use 5 L/M Minimum
Reservoir Mask
(With Bag)
10 -15 L/M .60 -80 Bag to not
Collapse
Venturi Mask 3 L/M
6 L/M
.24, 26, 31,
.35, .40, .50
Read enclosed
instructions
Nebulizer 8 L/M OR > .28, .30, .35
.40, .50, 70
Mist must be visible
Shows that FIO2 varies with different F, VT, inspiratory flow rates.
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15. Side Effects and Complications of Oxygen
Therapy
 Oxygen toxicity
 It is a condition in which ventilator failure occurs due to inspiration of a high
concentration of oxygen for a prolonged period of time.
 Oxygen concentration greater than 50% for over 24 to 48 hours can cause
pathological changes in the lungs.
 Retrolental fibroplasia
 Absorption atelectasis
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16. Thank You
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