It is a book related to engineering

1. ADVANCED BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION AND
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
TECHNOLOGY
5th Semester

2. List of books for reference:

3. SYLLABUS :
• Introduction.
• Pile foundation.
• Building planning and orientation.
• Fire protection and building acoustics.
• Earthquake.
• Seismic performance of RCC building.
• Ductile detailing of RCC building.
• Strengthening and retrofitting of existing building.

4. Introduction:
Excavation- Setting out of foundation trenches.
• Setting out of foundation trenches is the process of laying down the
excavation line and centerline etc.on the ground as per the drawing or
foundation plan. The setting out process is also called as ground tracing
that is performed before commencing the excavation process.
• Once the design of foundation is complete, a setting out plan or foundation
layout is prepared for a suitable scale and the plan is dimensioned
accordingly.
• There are two main purposes of this process-
1. The excavation of foundation trenches can be started immediately after
this setting out process is completed.
2. The lines or marks established by this process serve as a guide and
provides checks in the construction of the foundation work.

5. The basic steps involved in setting out the
foundation trenches are:
1.The initial step is to mark the corners of the building. After which, the
lengths of the sides are checked by diagonal measurements.
2. The centre line of the longest outer wall of the building is first laid down
over the ground by stretching a string between wooden pegs. For big
project reference pillars are used which are 20cm thick and 15cm wider
than the width of the foundation trenches.
3. Small nails are fixed at the head of the peg for accurate measurement.
Each peg may be projected about 2.5cm to 5cm from the ground level and
2m from the edge of the excavation.
4. The line can be transferred to the ground by using dry lime powder .
5. The centre lines of the other walls which are perpendicular to the longest
wall are then laid down by forming a 3,4,5 triangle or theodolite or
compass.

7. Excavation Procedure for Foundation
• After completion ground tracing or setting of foundation trenches,
excavation of foundation can be started.
• Workers should be instructed to dig only within the demarcated lines.
Excavated soil should be deposited on the both sides of the trench by
leaving some suitable space so that excavated soil may not fall back
into the trench.
• For small buildings, excavation is carried out manually by means of
pick axes, crow bars, spades etc. In case of large buildings and deep
excavation, mechanical earth cutting equipment can be used.
• For hard soils when the depth of excavation is less than 1.5 m, the
sides of the trench do not need any external support. If the soil is
loose or the excavation is deeper, some sort of shoring is required to
support the sides from falling.

9. 1. Stay bracing
This method is used for supporting the sides or a trench excavated in
fairly firm soil, when the depth of excavation does not exceed about 2
metres. The method consists of placing vertical sheets or polling boards
opposite each other against the two walls of the trench and holding
them in position by one or two rows of struts.
The sheets are placed at an interval of 2 to 4 metres and generally,
they extend to the full height of the trench. The polling boards may
have width of about 200 mm and thickness of 44 to 50 mm. The struts
may have size 100 x 100 mm for trench upto 2 m width and 200 x 200
mm for trench upto 4 m width.

10. Stay bracing.

11. 2.Box Sheeting:
• This method is adopted in loose soils, when the depth of excavation
does not exceed 4 metres. The box like structure, consisting of
vertical sheets placed very near to each other (some times touching
each other) and keeping them in position by longitudinal rows
(usually two) of wales. Struts are then provided across the wales.

12. Box sheeting

13. 3.Vertical Sheeting:
This system is adopted for deep trenches (upto 10 m depth) in soft
ground.The method is similar to the box sheeting except that the
excavation is carried out in stages and at the end of each stage, an
offset is provided, so that the width of the trench goes on decreasing as
the depth increases. Each stage is limited to about 3 m height and the
offset may vary from 25 to 50 cm per stage. For each stage, separate
vertical sheeting, supported by horizontal wales and struts are
provided.

14. Vertical sheeting.

15. 4. Runner System:
This system is used in extremely loose and soft ground, which needs
immediate support as excavation progresses.The system is similar to
vertical sheeting of box system, except that in the place of vertical
sheeting, runners made of long thick wooden sheets or planks with
iron shoe at the ends, are provided. Wales and struts are provided as
usual .These runners are driven about 30 cm in advance of the progress
of the work, by hammering.

16. Renner System.

17. 5.Sheet piling:
• This method is adopted when
1. soil to be excavated is soft or loose .
2. depth of excavation is large.
3.width of trench is also large.
4.There is sub-soil water.
• Sheet piles are designed to resist lateral earth pressure. These are
driven in the ground by mechanical means (pile driving equipment).
They can be used for excavating to a very large depth.